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Lyrical mabasa: zvinhu, mhando, mienzaniso. Izwi rinoshanda ...

Basa reLyrical - ichi chinhu chinoshamisa mumabhuku. Iyo inovhura zvenyama yakavanzika yenyika yemusiki wayo, saka ine zvimwe zvinhu. Hazvisi nguva dzose kugonekana kusiyanisa mazwi kubva kune epic kana mutambo (mamwe mazita emitauro). Dzimwe nguva hazvigoni kupedzerwa mundima stanzas, asi muchirevo. Izvo zvinokwana kuyeuka kurira kweGogol, Pushkin, nhetembo mubhuku raTurgenev. Uye zvakasiyana, mabasa epic anogona kuratidzwa zvinyorwa. Iko zvino inouya mupfungwa "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin kana "Vasily Terkin" Tvardovsky. Regai tiongorore zvikamu zvebasa rekuimba uye izvo zvakasiyana kubva pane zvakaoma uye nenyaya.

Mhando yemabhuku

Unyanzvi, kusanganisira mazwi, chiratidzo chehupenyu hwomunhu, saka hwakawanda, hwakazara nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvisingabviri kuiratidza zvakakwana, uchishandisa chete chirongwa. Saka paiva nemabhaibheri ekuzvarwa - epic, rwiyo nemutambo. Hongu, ivo vakafanana mune izvi sechionioni hupenyu hwevanhu hunoratidzwa, asi hunopesanawo mune zvakagadzirirwa zvimwe zvinhu. Ngatimbokurukura muchidimbu.

Basa rakakosha rinoratidzwa nemashoko pamusoro pezviitiko zvipi zvomufananidzo wenhoroondo. Uye inogona kuva sechikamu chiduku chehupenyu, saka tiri kutaura nezvemhando dzenyaya kana nhau, uye chiitiko chikuru, nhoroondo yemhuri kana hurumende (inovhura, inoverengeka). Mhedzisiro huru ndeyokuti zvinhu zvose zvinoratidzwa nenzira yakarondedzera, dzimwe nguva munyori anotarisa kunotsanangurwa kana kufungidzira.

Dhiyabhorosi inewo imwe chigadziro, asi haisi kubva pane zvinyorwa-zvinyorwa, asi pakurongeka zvakajeka kwekutaura kwevatambi (mazwi). Nokudaro, isu tinogona kutaura kuti rudzi urwu rwemabhuku runobatanidza zvikamu zve epic nemashoko, nokuti mukati mokupedzisira, basa rokutanga rinotambidzwa nekutaura. Kubvira panguva yekare, kune maviri emhando ye dramaturgy: dambudziko uye comedy. Mukutanga, kusimbiswa kunowanikwa mukurwisana kwegamba naiye pachake, kutambudzwa kwake mumweya (yeuka Shakespeare's Hamlet kana Salieri Pushkin's). Iyo nyanzvi inotsanangurawo mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu, dzimwe nguva kusava nekusawirirana kusina maturo (Shakespeare yegumi nembiri usiku). Tragicomedy rudzi rwakaratidzwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Inosanganisira zvinhu zvembiru mbiri yemutambo.

Rwiyo: tsanangudzo yemutauro

Ndeipi basa reyimbo? Iyi ndiyo mhando yemabhuku anoratidza nyika yomukati yemunyori. Uyezve, haisi yakasimba: nyika inoona uye manzwiro anowirirana naro anogona kuchinja, sekufanana nemafungiro emhare.

Kazhinji kacho, chirevo chetsananguro chinoshandiswa kushandura basa rekuimba. Zvichida, mhando dzemitambo inonyanya kufanana mukuenzanidza ne epic kana nharaunda. Zvechokwadi, nyika yemanzwiro ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo uye isina kugadzikana. Kunyange mukati meimwe nhetembo, mafungiro emunyori anokwanisa kusiyana nekusuruvara kusvika kune mufaro. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika mubasa "Ndakakuda" naPushkin.

Rwiyo hero inobata nzvimbo inokosha mubasa rekuimba. Anokwanisa kuratidza zvose manzwiro nemafungo emunyori pachake, uye kupopotedzana naye. Kuti unzwisise pfungwa iyi, zvakakwana kuyeuka "Eugene Onegin" naA. Pushkin. Pano hero inonakidza haisi protagonist ye "rake" Onegin, asi munyori pachake, iye sekuti kubva kune rumwe rutivi anotaura nezvezviitiko izvi. Zvisinei, Eugene mune imwe nzvimbo achiri kutora chikamu chemhanzi mukuru kana achinyora tsamba kuna Tatiana.

Literary genres

Mitauro yeyimbozha yemabasa, pamwe chete neyekare uye inoshamisa, inowanzonzi "mavara." Zvakanakira kuti maGiriki ekare emhando ipi neipi yezvinyorwa zvemashoko aive nemhosva ye museki wavo. Izvi zvisikwa, mwanasikana waZeus naNememosyne, mwarikadzi wekurangarira, vaiva shamwari dzomutsa dzeApollo, dzinofanirwa nehutano. Paiva nemapfumbamwe muses. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akanga ane unhu hwake uye rudzi rwemabasa. Saka akakurumbira uye panguva imwechete yakasimba Polyhymnia yaiva nebasa rekuimba kwakanyanyisa (nziyo), uye Kalliopa, uyo aive nemhosva yezvakawanda, asi zvakasiyana, yakanga yakawanda sebhizimisi uye yakadzikama.

Chii chinyorwa chemavara? Ichi ndicho chikonzero chebasa racho, rudzi rwemasaga ane munyori kana mudetembi anogadzira basa rake rakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, ngano dzinozivikanwa kubvira kare, dzakanyora uye Krylov. Izvozvo zvinonzwisisika pakarepo, izvi zvinoratidzwa nemafungiro ezvinyorwa uye imwe tsika. Izvi zvichava zviratidzo zvakasimba zvemavara "fable".

Zvakakoshawo kuti muverengi azive rudzi rwemhando yaanotora, nokuti nenzira iyi mafungiro akasiyana anogadzirwa, mutambo webasa unotarirwa.

Dhigiriyumu inoshanda, mienzaniso yadzo inokurukurwa pasi apa, inoparadzaniswawo mumhando. Vanogona kuumba sechinhu chakakomba, chinokurudzira, uye chakasuruvara, kunyange kusuruvara.

Ode nenziyo

Sezvatave tataura, nheyo dzenziyo huru, nziyo, ndiPolynia. Anokudzwa, ane simba, asi panguva imwechete akadzivirirwa zvikuru. Aya mabasa anosiyaniswa nehutano hwakakosha, basa ravo nderokukudza. Nziyo dzinoratidza kurumbidzwa kweiyo hero hero. Uyezve, kukoshesa, kwakasimba, simba uye simba iyo munhu asingadi kubvuma kumira paanenge achiiverenga. Ndeapi mienzaniso inogona kutaurwa? Iyi ndiyo kutanga kwenzikurumbira "The Bronze Horseman" naAlexander Pushkin. Nenzira, ndima iyi inonzi rwiyo rwekuchamhembe kweguta guru, St. Petersburg. Mitsara yokutanga: "Ndinokuda iwe, zvakasikwa naPetro ..." pakarepo akaisa simba rine simba nesimba.

Iyo nziyo inogonawo kuratidzwa mune fomu yeprosaic. "Rwiyo rweStormy Petrel" naMaxim Gorky ndizvo chaizvo. Inonzi rwiyo rwekusununguka. Ndicho chiitiko icho chinomiririra petrel yakavhuvhuta, iyo yakakanda dambudziko rezvinhu zvinorwisana naro.

Chimwe chinyorwa chinonyanya kushandiswa chikafu. Izvozvo, zvakasiyana nenziyo, inoridza imwe nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare ("Ode nokuda kwezuva rokubatanidzwa ..." raLomonosov), chiitiko ("Rusununguko" rwePushkin) kana munhu ("Mwari" Derzhavin).

Elegy

Rwiyo rune basa harisi simba chete uye ruremekedzo. Chikamu chinokosha chemashoko anoratidza kunyarara manzwiro, kakawanda, rudo. Nemabasa akadaro, vaGiriki vekare vaibatanidza Erato Muse. Mumufananidzo wake, kazhinji pane zvipo zvekutambura uye unyoro. Iyi ndiyo nhetembo dzenzira "elegy". Mabasa aya anosuruvara, azere nekufunga nezve rudo, uye nezvehupenyu kana chinangwa, chinangwa chake.

Rudzi rwemagetsi haruna kugara kare, vazhinji vanyori nevanyori vakashandisa zvakashandiswa. Nokudaro, Pushkin's "Ndakakuda" kana "Kuenda kugungwa", Lermontov's "Ndiri kuenda ndoga kumugwagwa", kune mienzaniso yezvinyorwa mumabhuku ezana remakore rechi20, somuenzaniso, Akhmatova ane "March elegy", uye Blok's "Autumn" Elegy ".

Epistle uye epigram

Inonyanya kufarirwa mumabhuku iyi epistolary lyric basa. Ichi hachisi chinhu kunze kwemashoko. Iyi ndiyo nzira inokubvumira kuti uratidze hukama hwepedyo zvikuru nezvido. Zvakakosha kukuyeuka chete muenzaniso webhuku remashoko - Pushkin's "To Chaadayev." Kana nhetembo ya S. S. Yesenin "Tsamba yaamai." Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kune dzimwe nguva apo rudzi urwu runosanganisira zvinhu zvegygy. Somuenzaniso, shoko raPushkin kuna AP Kern (rakakurumbira "ndinorangarira nguva yakanaka"). Pano, kunze kwekutaura kune vadikanwa vako, panewo mafungiro emanzwiro ako, kuratidzwa kwezvakangoitika kwezvakaitika kumudetembi panguva yemisangano neaanoda.

Epigram (inonziwo "satire") chimwe chimiro chemhanzi. Mabasa aya akafupika, basa ravo guru ndekuseka mumwe munhu. Kushushikana kunogona kukura zvakanyanya, inorambidza kusangana kwevanhu. Mumutauro uyu makanga ari munyori wenyanzvi yeChiremir ye XVIII.

Sonnet

Mwananetnet anofanirwa kunyatsotarisirwa. Iyi nyanzvi yekunyora inoda mudetembi kunyatsoteerera fomu. Chinhu chikuru mu sonnet mitsara 14. Kusiyanisa chinyorwa cheChirungu (matatu quatrains uye vaviri vakaroorana) uye French (maviri quatrains uye maviri nendima). Iyo yekupedzisira yakadzika midzi munguva yevanyori vekufananidzira. Yakashandiswa naBlok, Balmont, uyewo naBrousov. Iyo yakawanda yeChirungu sonnet inozivikanwa kunyika kuburikidza nemabasa eShakespeare.

Zvinyorwa zve sonnet zvakare zvinotungamirirwa. Dunhu rega rega nderokufungidzira kune chero ripi zvaro, izvo izvo muverengi anodzidza mumiganhu yekupedzisira. Iyi nyanzvi yezvinyorwa inonziwo "intellectually poetic".

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