"Mafungiro Asina Pfungwa": Gorky anofungidzirwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwemweya weRussia

Kuguma kwezana remakumi maviri nemakumi makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemazana emakore makumi maviri nemashanu. Takaona kuti iyo yose yakareba kwenguva refu, yakagara makore makumi maviri ekupedzisira, yaiva nechinangwa chekrete. Uye pfungwa iyi yakanyatsoratidzwa neveorist ye socialist. Kunyatsobudisa mhirizhonga, nzvimbo isina kugadzikana kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore yakakwanisa "petrel" yenguva iyoyo Maxim Gorky mubhuku rake rine musoro unoti "Zvisina kufunga."

Iri basa harisi pasina chikonzero chinonzi rugwaro rwehupenyu rwekuvandudza. Mubhuku risina mapurisa uye nyora, nzvimbo yemunyori inoratidzirwa maererano neChitungu Revolution, zvigadziriswa zvayo, migumisiro uye kuuya kwechimwe simba idzva reBolshevik. "Pfungwa dzisina kufanira" dzaive basa rakarambidzwa kusvikira perestroika. Kwenguva yokutanga nyaya yacho yakabudiswa naNovaaya Zhizn, iyo yakanga yakavharwawo pasi pekufungidzira kwehutsananguro hwemutsara.

Gorky akabatanidza "Mafungiro Asingagumi" nevekuvandudza, sechimiro chezvinhu zvose zvepamusoro zvevanhu. Akafunga kuti ichi ndicho chirevo chekusimudzirwa kwemweya, chikonzero chekudzoka kwemazwi akareba kwenguva yakareba evanhu vomunharaunda yavo, uye chiito icho vanhu vachazogona kutora mukana wavo pachavo munhoroondo yavo pachavo.

Saka zvakanga zviri mumashoko ekutanga ekutenderera (pane makumi mashanu mune zvose). Asi kare mushure mokutanga kwegore raOctober, Gorky akaziva kuti kupandukira kwakanga kusinganzwisisiki sezvaaitarisira. Anokumbira kuhutungamiri hwevanhu, avo vakakunda, nemubvunzo wekuti kukunda uku kuchaunza kuchinja kune "mararamiro ezvakaipa zvekuRussia", kana chiedza chichapenya murima hwehupenyu hwevanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, pano ikozvino mazano ambotaurwa nemunyori akadanidzira kuti revolution inotanga kuenzaniswa neicho chaiicho chekugadzirisa mazuva, ayo pasina aigona kuona, kunyange Maxim Gorky.

"Mafungiro asina kufanira" anoratidza kutaura kwemunyori kunyanya kurondedzera, unhu hwavo hwemhando dzinopa kodzero yekudana nheyo imwe yemabasa ake akanaka. Kune mibvunzo yakawanda yehupenzi, zvakajeka zvakagadziriswa, kugunun'una kwepfungwa. Mhedziso yekupedzisira yezvinyorwa zvizhinji ndeyekusiyana kukuru kwemaonero aGorky nemashoko echiBolshevik. Uye chikonzero chikuru cheizvi maonero anopesana pamusoro pevanhu uye mafungiro akasiyana zvakasiyana pamusoro payo. Gorky anocherechedza kusateerera uye panguva imwechete utsinye hwevanhu, nesimba risina simba rinowira mumaoko ake. Uyu munyori anoruramisa mamiriro ehupenyu hurefu, umo maisava nechiedza: kwete kuremekedza munhu, kana kuenzana, kana rusununguko.

Zvisinei, kuchinja, se "Mafungiro Asina Pfungwa" akatiratidza kwatiri, zvakanga zvakadaro zvisinei. Chimwe chinhu ndechekubatanidzwa kwekusunungurwa kwemaonero ne bacchanalia yeropa, iyo inogara ichifamba nemakumbo ose ehurumende. Pano "Pfungwa" inoita chiitiko chinonakidza chekuzvitsoropodza kwenyika. Gorky akatiratidza unhu huviri hweunhu hweRussia. Munhu uyu haakwanisi kuratidzwa kwezuva nezuva kwemaitiro anowanzogamuchirwa emufambiro, asi, zvisinei, anogona kuita nekuzvipira uye kuzvipira.

Somugumisiro, chikonzero chekukundikana, maererano naGorky, hachisi izvo zvinoshamisa zvinowanzozviona. Kwete "sloths" kana kuti vatsigiri-revolutionari vane mhosva yekusafara - asi chiRussia chisingadi kushaya njere, kusava netsika uye kunzwisisika kwekuchinja kwezvakaitika. Maererano nemunyori, vanhu vachiri kunetseka kwenguva yakareba nebasa ravo rakaoma kuti vanzwisise hupenyu hwavo, kuti vacheneswe muuranda hwakakwira mazviri, moto unopenya wemutsika.