East Prussia: nhoroondo uye modernity. Map, miganhu, nhare namaguta, tsika East Prussia

Kare mukupera yeMiddle Ages nyika, iri pakati penzizi Neman uye Vistula, akawana zita raro East Prussia. Kubvira ivepo, simba kuenda kuburikidza siyana nguva. nguva ino Order, uye Prussian duchy, uye ipapo umambo, uye mudunhu uyewo pambiru-hondo nyika, kusvikira renaming pamusoro redistribution pakati Poland uye Soviet Union.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa zvinhu

Sezvo kwe Prussian nyika rokutanga kwave emakore anopfuura gumi. Pakutanga, vanhu vaigara mundima idzi, rakakamurwa dzavo (madzinza) vakanga vakatsaurwa kwakajairika miganhu.

The yakakura expanses ari Prussian Estates kufukidzwa huripo iye zvino Kaliningrad nharaunda, chikamu Poland uye Lithuania. Izvi zvaisanganisira Samba uye Skalov, Warmia uye pogesanians, pomesanians uye Kulmskaya nyika natangians uye Bart, Galindo uye Sassen, Skalov uye nadruvians, Mazovia uye ngarava.

wanda pfuma

Prussian nyika yose zvayo kuvapo, ndaigara pasi kuedza kukunda pamusoro chikamu vavakidzani simba uye nehasha. Saka, muzana remakore namaviri pamusoro vapfumi uye kukoka akazaruka dzezvimwe rakasvika Teutonic Knights - Dzorudzidziso. Vakanga akavaka nhare zhinji nemisasa, semuenzaniso Kulm, Reden, Zvishavane.

Zvisinei, muna 1410 pashure yakakurumbira Hondo Grunwald Prussia akava chokuchinja mumaoko muPoland uye Lithuania.

War Years nomwe 'regumi namasere remakore vasanyanya simba hondo Prussian uye kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vamwe nyika vokumabvazuva vakanga aizokundwa Russian Empire.

Negore ramakumi maviri remakore hondo uyewo haana akaponesa idzi. Kubvira muna 1914, East Prussia chaibatanidzwa World War Chokutanga, uye muna 1944 - iri Second World War.

Uye pashure kukunda mauto eSoviet muna 1945, zvakanga kazhinji havasisipo uye tinoshandurirwa Kaliningrad mudunhu.

Kuvapo pakati hondo

Panguva World War First, akatambura kurasikirwa kukuru East Prussia. Map 1939 vaitova kuchinja, uye kunatsurudza mudunhu yakanga inotyisa ezvinhu. Mushure zvose, ndicho chete nzvimbo muGermany, iyo woga kurwa hondo.

The kusaina kuti Chibvumirano Versailles akabhadhara chaizvo kuti East Prussia. Vakundi vacho vakasarudza kutapudzwa nharaunda yayo. Naizvozvo, kubva muna 1920 kusvika muna 1923 muguta Memel uye nharaunda Memel akava chaMarudzi kutarisira uchibatsirwa French mauto. Asi pashure January Mhirizhonga muna 1923 zvinhu zvakachinja. Uye kare muna 1924 nyika ino ive zvionera nharaunda yakava chikamu Lithuania.

Uyezve, East Prussia, uye akarasikirwa neimwe ndima Zoldan (Dzialdowo guta).

In zvachose, rakachengetedzwa akochonorwa zvuru 315 hectares nyika. Uye ichi ndicho diki ndima. Somugumisiro kuchinja izvi kuramba mudunhu aiva quandary, achiperekedzwa zvikuru matambudziko ezvoupfumi.

Economic enyika mamiriro ezvinhu ari 20s uye 30s.

Mukutanga maviri, mushure normalization pamusoro nedzenyu ukama pakati Soviet Union uye Germany, mararamire muEast Prussia zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuvandudza. yendege Moscow-Königsberg yakavhurwa, kutangazve okumabvazuva zvakanaka German, akatanga kushanda Kenigsbergsskaya redhiyo dzomumaguta.

Kunyange zvakadaro, munyika yose zvoupfumi haana akaponesa idzi dzekare. Uye kwemakore mashanu (1929-1933 gg.) Chete Königsberg zvakanga kusauka nemakambani mazana mashanu nenhatu siyana, uye ari kushaya mabasa mwero akasimuka zviuru zana vanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, uchishandisa chokwadi uye asina chokwadi nzvimbo hurumende ano, reNazi Party wadzikamisa mumaoko avo.

redivision yendima

The mepu East Prussia kusvikira 1945 anoita inokosha mari shanduko. Chete zvakaitika muna 1939, pashure basa kwePoland nemauto yeNazi Germany. Somugumisiro, mashoko zoning itsva vokuPoland enyika uye Klaipeda (Memel) munharaunda Lithuania dzakatangwa mudunhu. A guta Elbing, neguta reMarienburg uye Marienwerder vakava nhengo itsva kudunhu West Prussia.

VaNazi vakatanga chinzvimbo urongwa redivision muEurope. Uye map Eastern Prussia, mu pfungwa dzavo, vakanga vava musimboti upfumi nzvimbo pakati kuBaltic uye Black makungwa, pasi accession maererano nenharaunda Soviet Union. Zvisinei, urongwa izvi hahwaikwanisa kwechokwadi.

The post-hondo nguva

Sezvo pakasvika mauto eSoviet Eastern Prussia uyewo shandurwai zvishoma nezvishoma. Simbisai hofisi rehondo commandant, urwo pedyo April 1945, paitova matatu nematanhatu. zvinangwa zvavo vaiva kurondedzera German vakawanda, asi uwandu uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kuti upenyu rehurumende.

Mumakore iwayo, yose ndima East Prussia dzokuaviga zviuru vakuru German nemasoja akaita mapoka dzinobatanidzwa sabhoteji uye dzokupandukira. Chete muna April 1945, hofisi muchiuto commandant wacho vakatapa nevaFascist vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu nezvombo.

Zvisinei, munharaunda Königsberg uye nzvimbo dzakapoteredza musha nyore uye German vagari. Paiva nevanhu vanenge zvuru 140.

Muna 1946 muguta Königsberg Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Kaliningrad, zvichizoita yakaumbwa uye Kaliningrad nharaunda. Uye mune ramangwana nayo yachinja mazita nezvimwe yawo. Maererano kuchinja izvi kwave redone uye iripo mepu pamberi 1945 East Prussia.

East Prussian dzinotaurwa nhasi

Mazuva ano, aichimbova ndima Kaliningrad nharaunda iri Prussians. East Prussia vakaguma kuvapo muna 1945. Uye kunyange zvazvo nharaunda iri chikamu Russian Federation, vari munharaunda yakakura vakaparadzana. Kuwedzera kune muzinda - Kaliningrad (kusvika 1946 akaberekera zita Königsberg), tsime kunyatsobudirira maguta akadai Bagrationovsk, reBaltic, Gvardeisk, Amber, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk, Krasnoznamensk, Neman, Ozersk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk. Nzvimbo ine nomwe dzomumaguta maruwa, maguta maviri navaviri nemaruwa. Main vanhu vanogara mundima ino - munhu Russian, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, vokuArmenia uye vokuGermany.

Kusvika panguva Kaliningrad nharaunda pokutanga kutanga pakuburitswa rinopenya, kuchengetedza ayo pachipfuva vamwe makumi mapfumbamwe muzana yayo yose reserves.

Attractions ano East Prussia

Uye kunyange nhasi iri map Eastern Prussia achinja mhiri kuziva, pamwe nenyika iri maguta avo nemisha uye ikozvino kuyeuka zvakapfuura. Mweya anyangarika nyika huru uye achiri akanzwa yanhasi Kaliningrad nharaunda mumaguta, vakanga mazita Tapiau uye Taplaken, Tilsit uye Insterburg, Ragnit uye Waldau.

The vashanyi dzakakurumbira Tours ichiitwa panguva mhete papurazi "Georgenburg". Waivapo pakutanga namatatu remakore. Georgenburg nhare yaiva mahombekombe panopinda Knights German uye Dzorudzidziso chikuru chikonzero kuti bhiza maberekero.

Kusvikira zvino, kereke zvakanaka vakachengetedzwa, yakavakwa regumi namana remakore (mune yaichimbova mumaguta Hayligenvalde uye Arnau), uyewo kukereke navatanhatu remakore ari munharaunda aimbova guta Tapiau. Zvivako izvi rakaisvonaka vari vachiyeuchidzwa vanhu yekare nguva Teutonic Order nokubudirira.

Knight kuti Castle

nyika zvikuru vekare akapfuma rinopenya reserves akakwezva zvisingaiti German. Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu machinda Polish, pamwechete Teutonic Knights zvishoma nezvishoma vabata zvinhu uye vakavakazve navo vakawanda nematende. Zvakasara vamwe vavo, ari mapurani pazvivako, uye nhasi kuti zvirambe zviri venguva yake. Mukuru nhamba Ages nematende dzakavakwa nemana uye namashanu emakore. Dzavo nzvimbo Zvivako vakabatwa Prussian Valenod-yevhu nhare. Kana kuvaka nhare hazvo kuchengeta tsika mumagadzirirwo nebhanhire Gothic mavakirwo mukupera Middle Ages. Uyezve, zvivako zvose zvinoenderana chete chirongwa kuvakwa yavo. Nhasi rekare Castle Insterburg akavhura kujairika panze miziyamu.

Pakati Vagari uye vakakokwa of Kaliningrad nharaunda Vakawanda musha pamisara. Zviri yakasiyana nedzimwe remunharaunda miziyamu pamwe yekare wedzimba Waldau Castle. Pashure kushanyira izvozvo, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti pamberi ake kutsvaira nhoroondo yose East Prussia, kubva panguva Prussians vekare uye kupedza nenguva Soviet vatama.