Tyuring Alan: Biography, mapikicha, basa. Mupiro Computer Science

Alan Mathison Turing - musayendisiti nyika yakakurumbira kuti shasha, bumbiro mudariki, piyona kombiyuta nesayenzi, mumwe murume ane kunoshamisa mugumo, izvo aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira kukura noruzivo rwemakombiyuta.

Alan Turing: pfupi Biography

Alan Mathison Turing akaberekwa muLondon musi June 23, 1912. baba vake Yulius Tyuring aiva yaitonga mukuru vaitakura vehurumende muIndia. Ikoko vakasangana uye vakaroora amai Alan vake - Ethel Sara. The vabereki vakanga zvachose mugari muIndia sevana (Alan naJohani, mukoma wake) akadzidzisa mudzimba mu England, apo vakagamuchira vaitofanira kurerwa.

Kukwanisa wayo kuchireva sayenzi , Alan akaratidza kamwe munguva kupikiniki. Kuti afarirwe nababa vake, mukomana nyore nokufunga kuwana hwedondo. Kuti izvi zvidaro, iye akataura kuti mitsetse iro nyuchi vakanga kubhururuka, uye nhungamiro yavo kutiza. Zvadaro, kuvakoka mupfungwa mitsetse iyi, ndakawana pfungwa dzavo mharadzano akawana negomba nouchi.

Mutsindo nemano sayenzi chaiwo Alan akazviratidza panguva zvidzidzo ake panguva zvakakurumbira Shernborskoy chikoro. Muna 1931, ave akarongeka nyanzvi mukomana akaramba zvidzidzo ake pana waMambo College, Cambridge University. In chinyorwa ake pamusoro kuguma nechepakati muganhu theorem no kuti mukana, iro kumutsidzirwa, asingazivi nezvokuvapo basa rakafanana yapfuura. Muchikoro, Alan akanga ari Science College munzanga, chinyorwa wake paakavapa mubayiro unokosha. Izvi zvakapa jaya mukana wakanaka kuwana bhezari uye utevere kuzvigutsa mumunda sayenzi chaiwo.

Turing Machine

Muna 1935, musayendisiti Alan Tyuring wokutanga kushandisa mano avo mumunda kwemasvomhu pfungwa uye akatanga kuita tsvakurudzo, izvo yakaratidza gore rinokosha zvabuda. Akatanga pfungwa computable basa, izvo zvinogona chinozoiswa panguva inonzi Turing muchina. Nekubatwa mudziyo uyu une zvose zvinokosha zviri ano mienzaniso (danho nedanho nezvaaiita, ndangariro, kudzora software) uye aiva kumumvuri ari digitaalinen kombiyuta, yakaitwa makore gumi gare gare. Muna 1936, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Alan Turing akatamira America uye aivapo curator pana Princeton University, muna 1938 rakanga paakavapa ukuru chiremba wouzivi ndokudzokera Cambridge, angoramba yemasvomhu John of Neumann kugara uye basa iri kuchikoro sezvo mubatsiri.

British mashandiro "Ultra"

Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, Britain akazivisa pakuparurwa hwokushanda "Ultra", chinangwa rakanga kuti wiretaps vezvikepe German vavo dudziro. Nyaya vanobatanidzwa iri muna London raida chikoro hurumende Codes uye ciphers (encryption Chief of British uchenjeri Unit), izvo imhaka ngozi yechiFascist kurwisa akanga nokukurumidza kuendeswa Bletchley Park, iri pakati England.

Nhasi dzimba Museum of coders rwokugadzira kombiyuta. Zviri munzvimbo ino pakavanda intercepted kugamuchira nhepfenyuro vakagamuchira ungwaru zuva nezuva; uwandu coded mashoko mumazana dzakabatana. Nokuti mumwe kuuya chinyorwa Fixed: redhiyo kakawanda, zuva, nguva kuvhura uye Okutanga. In yokupedzisira chine IDs pakati pomumbure, kudana chiratidzo kugamuchirwa yemapurisa yatumira, nguva nokutuma mashoko.

Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister - akadana Bletch Park huku dzenyu kuti mazai yendarama. The purojekiti maneja ndiye Alastair Denniston - musoja uto njere. Tsvimbo cryptanalysts, akawana hapana njere vashandi uye vanachiremba kuti navanopinda Profile: mathematicians, nyanzvi dzemitauro, wechesi, Egyptologists, vaitsigira kugadzirisa Crossword Puzzles. In yakadaro siyana uye unyanzvi boka raiva yemasvomhu Alan Turing.

Turing pamusoro "kutadza kunzwisisa"

Division Turing akapomerwa rimwe basa; kushanda pamwe encrypted rugwaro, nokusika mudziyo "kutadza kunzwisisa" - muchina, patented muNetherlands muna 1917 uye pakutanga zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rwezvemabhengi kushandiswa. mhando iyi uchipinda kushandiswa kuparadzira redhiyo mashoko Wehrmacht pakuvhiya achiitiswa nezvikepe uye mhepo simba. Ciphers "kutadza kunzwisisa" kuti pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II vaiva kupfuura simba panyika. Zvaidavirwa kunyange kuti kutsemuka navo vanenge zvisingaiti.

Kuti tinzwisise encoded wenyaya, kunodiwa kuti zvakafanana muchina, kuziva yaro yepakutanga zviruva, kuvhara tsamba imwe nzira ari kukurukurirana panel, uye zvose zviri kumhanya negwara. In mutengo ichi kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti nenhungamiro encryption kiyi uye achinja kamwe pazuva. Encrypting kuti Wehrmacht akaedza omesa anoratidza kuti kupararira pacharo cryptanalysis: Message Length haafaniri kupfuudza 250 vatambi, dzikavatambidza tsamba 3-5 zvikwata.

Hard basa cryptographers inotungamirirwa Turing aiva ubudirire: nayo akasikwa zano kuti anogona nzwisisa mashoko anonongedzera "kutadza kunzwisisa." Kuwedzera kune ose kwemasvomhu mazano, sezvo mazano anoshandiswa zvakafanana stereotyped mitsara izvo akakurukura vokuGermany, uye chero yokudzokorora. rwezuva. Kana Mazano havana kukwana, mudzivisi afunge pavo. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe wakananga mined mumwe chikamu yegungwa, uye ipapo vakateerera Mitsara vokuGermany pachiitiko ichi.

Kubudirira Alan Turing

Somugumisiro okunyatsoshanda muna 1940 zvakatanga cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "bhomba", inova cabinet hombe (uremu - imwe tani, pamberi paneeli - 2 x 3 metres, rotor mapoka 36 payo). Kushandiswa mudziyo uyu zvinoda unyanzvi uye pane zvakananga novimba zvinodiwa yevashandi uye basa. In Bletchley Park nguva zvakatanga anopfuura mazana maviri michina izvi kuti kubvumira kuti decipher zvuru 2-3 pazuva.

Tyuring Alan akafara nebasa ravo uye migumisiro kubudirira. It chete akatsamwisa zviremera zvemo uye kutema zvemari yavo. Sezvineiwo, pashure akatevedzana hasha pamutemo manotsi chirongwa wadzikamisa Winston Churchill, kuwedzera mari yayo. "Kutadza kunzwisisa" encryption nemimwe michina German rakatyorwa, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakakwanisa kuziva anotsvedzerera aibuda zvinokosha njere.

VeGermany kupfuura gore haana pfungwa nezvokuvapo "Mabhomba", uye kuwana vhinza, vakaita chaizvo kuita kuti maximize kunzwisisa encryption.

Zvisinei, Turing havana kutya; zviri nyore kutsungirira dambudziko mutsva, uye mukati memasvondo matanhatu British aiva kuwana ruzivo muvengi.

Mhedziso Kuvimbika Cipher muHondo Yenyika II hakusi mubvunzo, vokuGermany, kusvikira pakuguma kutsvaka nechikonzero leakage mashoko anokosha kwese, chete kwete "kutadza kunzwisisa". Kuziviswa "kutadza kunzwisisa" bumbiro akanyatsosiyana mararamiro Hondo Yenyika II. mashoko anokosha kwete chete kubatsira kudzivirira kuBritish Isles, asiwo kune zvakakodzera kurovedzwa pamwero mukuru kuvhiyiwa pamusoro kondinendi, akaronga parutivi German. British cryptographers kubudirira chaiva chipo chakakosha kukunda Nazism, uye Tyuring Alan zvakananga 1946 vakagamuchira mubayiro iri Order of British Empire.

Eccentricities kombiyuta shasha

Vomunguva akatsanangura Turing somunhu zvishoma eccentric murume, kunyanya akanaka, runako muchetura uye nokusingaperi nesimba.

• Sezvo sema, Tyuring Alan antihistamines nzvimbo chifukidzo. Mairi, akaenda mahofisi zvinomera maruva. Zvichida ichi anotsanangura kusada kwenyika strangeness kukanganiswa parutivi zvinokonzerwa zvinodhaka - kureva, nehope.
• Chimwe chinhu aiva masvomhu pazvinhu bhasikoro rake, izvo pane vamwe zvikamu akabhururuka cheni. Tyuring Alan, kwete kuda kubata naye kupora, pfungwa kwaanoda chinoramba chichingorerutsa mitemo panguva uye kuwana pasi kubva bhasikoro cheni kuswatura maoko.
• Own Mug pana Bletchley Park, musayendisiti matarenda tacked kusvika bhatiri redunhu, kuti harina yakabiwa.
• Kurarama Cambridge, Alan haana kuisa wachi kune zvakarurama nguva, iye mawana izvozvo mupfungwa, kugadzirira nzvimbo imwe nyeredzi.
• Kamwe Alan akadzidza pamusoro pokuwa kosi British pondo, iye chakambopfavisa zvinowanikwa mari uye vakaviga kunoguma sirivha Gráfica kumwe mupaki, uye ipapo kukanganwa zvachose nzvimbo yokuvanda.
• Turing aiva mutambi akanaka. Kunzwa kudiwa kuti mhosva, akamhanya kure, yokuzvisarudzira kuti chaizvo mutambo. Zvadaro, muna rekodhi nguva ndakahwina 3- uye 10-kwemaira rwendo mukirabhu, uye muna 1947 rakava reshanu ari yedaro refu.

Eccentricities pamusoro Alan Turing, vane mabasa Anokosha kuti Britain, vashoma zvakakonzera nokuvhiringidzika. Vazhinji navo yeuka kufara uye nechido nako kombiyuta nesayenzi shasha akatora kufarira pfungwa yake. Turing aiona noruremekedzo rukuru, sezvo iye akamira mavambo kwepfungwa uye enyu njere. A unyanzvi yemasvomhu, ane zvose makings ari mudzidzisi anokwanisa, kukwanisa kugadzirisa uye tsanangura chero anowanika, kunyange kujairika basa.

Alan Turing: mupiro kuti kombiyuta nesayenzi

Muna 1945, Alan vakaramba kushanda zvebudiriro kuCambridge University, uye pamusoro dzinoenda kuna M. Newman akabatana National Chaiko Laboratory, iyo panguva iyoyo vakaumba boka yokugadzira uye pakasikwa ACE - kombiyuta. Mukati 3 years (1945 kusvika 1948) - nguva kuvapo boka - Turing akaita yokunyora nokudhirowa vokutanga uye akaita mamwe mazano chakakosha nepurani yayo.

Report pamusoro ACE musayendisiti akapa varikutonga komiti iri NFL March 19, 1946. Munzvimbo muchipo chitsamba kuda yakati kuti basa kunobva EDVAG chirongwa. Zvisinei, basa racho akanga vakawanda pfungwa inokosha zvaiva zvakananga Chirungu yemasvomhu.

Software wokutanga kombiyuta uyewo akanyorwa Alan Tyuring. Computing pasina okunyatsoshanda ichi nyanzvi matarenda ndisina asvika pamwero akadai nhasi. Panguva iyoyowo, uye chirongwa wechesi rokutanga rakanyorwa.

Muna September 1948, Alan Turing, ane Biography ari hwose aishamwaridzana masvomhu aidururira kushanda paUniversity of Manchester. Dzinonzi, iye akagadzwa Mutevedzeri mutungamiriri yezvirwere makombiyuta, chokwadi, zvakafanana nhamba iri kwemasvomhu dhipatimendi pakati M. Newman, uye akaita kuti mapurogiramu.

Bad rombo musara

Chirungu yemasvomhu, uyo akaramba pashure pehondo, kushanda pamwe ungwaru, vakauyisa basa idzva: kuti decipher bumbiro Soviet. Panguva iyi, dambudziko kwainge utsinye chinosekesa pamwe Turing. Rimwe zuva imba yake yakanga kubirwa. The mbavha akasiya chokuchenjerera haana kumbofadzwa chisingadiwi kumapurisa, asi akatsamwa Alan Turing pakarepo akadana nzvimbo. Nokufamba kuferefeta zvakanzi vakawana kuti mbavha yakanga shamwari Alan kuti anoda. Panguva uchapupu Turing aifanira kubvuma ungochani kwavo, kuti mumakore iwayo yaiva mhosva muEngland.

Nenzwi yavasina chinozivikanwa nyanzvi kuramba kwenguva refu. Akakokwa makore maviri mujeri kugutsikana, kana kemikari kurapa kubvisa chido chokurara.

Alan Turing (mufananidzo pamusoro rapera) akasarudza okupedzisira. Somugumisiro pakurapa zvinodhaka simba kupfuura urwo rwakatora rimwe gore, panguva Turing yakatanga kusabetsera, uye gynecomastia (zamu akawedzera). Criminally kutambudzwa Alan akabviswa basa muchivande. Uyewo, British aitya kuti ngochani inogona basa ne vasori eSoviet. Musayendisiti mhosva kushora hakusi, asi vadziviswa kubva kukurukura basa rake ari Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Nyaya Alan Turing kwakaita makasuwa musimboti: yacho kwemasvomhu shasha adzingwa basa uye tarambidzwa kudzidzisa. mukurumbira wake payakarovera zvachose. At 41 jaya akakandwa mugungwa kunowanzoitika mutinhimira upenyu, vakasiya pasina basa rake anodiwa, ane yakakuzvuka psyche uye rikaparadzwa utano. Muna 1954, Alan Turing, vane Biography uye ikozvino yakabata pfungwa vanhu vazhinji, vakawana akafa mumba make, uye pamusoro nightstand parutivi mubhedha ndikaisa akarumwa apuro. Somugumisiro pashure, rakanga rakazara cyanide. Sezvo Alan Turing anosikwa sezvinhu kubva rwaunofarira rungano "Snow White" muna 1937. Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, ichi ndicho chikonzero nei muchero razova chiratidzo munyika akakurumbira "Apple" kambani kombiyuta. Uyezve, Apple achiri chiratidzo chivi, zvebhaibheri ruzivo.

The pamutemo shanduro rufu unyanzvi yemasvomhu - kuzviuraya. mai Alan vakatenda kuti chepfu netsaona, nekuti Alan nguva dzose nokusaziva kushanda makemikari. Pane shanduro Turing nemaune akasarudza nzira iyi kupukunyuka upenyu, kubvumira vanamai havatendi kuzviuraya.

Rehabilitation of Chirungu yemasvomhu

The yemasvomhu huru rehabilitated paakanga afa. Muna 2009, Britain Prime Minister Gordon Brown ave ruregerero pachena kuti kutambudzwa akatambudzika nokuda kombiyuta nesayenzi shasha. Muna 2013, Turing akanga pamutemo vakaregererwa mhosva zvinonyadzisira Elizabeth II - Mambokadzi Great Britain.

basa Alan Turing huri kwete chete kukura mashoko michina: panoperera upenyu musayendisiti akazvipira mibvunzo zvipenyu, kureva - akatanga kuva yaakapa zvizere kutamba kuti wemishonga kwaniso makemikari dzidziso morphogenesis, kuti zvakarurama uye pakuridza yemasvomhu, muzivi, azere pfungwa yepakutanga. The yokunyora nokudhirowa pakati dzidziso yokutanga anorondedzerwa rokutanga muThe 1952 uye mushumo yakaonekwa mushure musayendisiti afa.

Zvikuru nomukurumbira mubayiro mumunda kombiyuta nesayenzi ndiye "Turing Award". Her mubayiro chinoitwa gore negore Association nokuda Computing Machinery. Sponsored mubayiro ichi, uwandu iyo iye kuruoko 250, 000, pasi Google dzesangano uye Intel. Wokutanga inokosha mubayiro munyika 1966 yakanga paakavapa ari Alan Perlis kusika compilers.