Chii chinyorwa NKVD? Tsanangudzo yekubata. Nhoroondo yezvisikwa, mabasa, mabasa

Pakati pezvimwe zvivako zvemasimba zvakasiyira muitiro weNyika yedu yeAmai, nzvimbo inokosha inoshandiswa neyo yakagara ichinyorwa muyeuke yevanhu netsamba dze NKVD. Kugadzirisa USSR, RSFSR nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinowanzotarisana, asi zvinyorwa zvisingashandisi hazvikonzeri matambudziko, asi mazita akafuridzirwa ehurumende imwe neimwe yehurumende inofanira kutsanangurwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kune vamiririri vechizvarwa vaduku. Uye zvakatonyanya kukosha ndekuvataurira pamusoro peizvo izvo NKVD iri.

Zvisikwa zvehurumende itsva yehurumende

Maererano nemurairo weCentral Executive Committee yeU.SR yaJuly 10, 1934, boka guru rakagadzirwa, iro rakagadzirisa zvirongwa zvose zvakabatanidzwa pakurwisa uipi uye kuchengetedza hurumende. Akasarudzwa netsamba ina-ye NKVD. Kujekesa kwechirevo chacho kwaive nenzira inotevera: People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs.

Pamwe chete nemapato akangobva kuumbwa, vashandi vehutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika avo vakarasikirwa nehurumende yavo, asi kwete iyo yakaparadzwa, vakapinda zvakare. Uku ndiko kuberekwa kwesangano yakazova chiratidzo chekuparadzwa kwakaitwa nehurumende yeStalinist pamusoro pevanhu vayo.

Chii chinyorwa NKVD?

Chimiro chakanga chachangobva kusikwa chaiva nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemhosva, asi panguva imwe chete uye masimba asingagoni kuenzaniswa. Saka, muhutano hwehutano hwayo hwaive kutonga pamusoro pezviitiko zvehurumende dzehurumende dzakabatanidzwa nehutano, huvakwa uye zvese zvemabhizimisi ose.

Mukuwedzera, va NKVD vaipindira mune zvematongerwo enyika, kuongorora kwekunze, kudzivirirwa kwemuganhu wehurumende, kushanda muhurongwa hwekurangwa kwechirango nehutano hwehondo. Kuti vabudirire kuzadzisa mabasa avo, ivo NKVD vakapiwa kodzero yekutonga chero ipi zvayo, kusanganisira chirango chekufa, kunze kwematare. Maererano nekugadzirisa kweCentral Executive Committee yeU.SR, vakanga vasina kukwidzwa uye vakakurudzwa pakarepo.

Kubvumirana kwekodzero ye NKVD troikas

Masimba akadaro asina kumbobvumira kuti sarudzo iyi ishande kunze kwenyika yepamutemo yakakonzera imwe yenjodzi dzinotyisa dzinowanikwa neamai vedu. Kuti zvive zvakajeka kuti izvo NKVD iri chii, mumwe anofanirwa kuyeuka kuverengwa kwemashure kwemashumi matatu, chikonzero chikuru chiri nhengo. Mamiriyoni evanhu veSoviet vakazova vasungwa veGulag uye vakapfurwa pamhosva dzekutengesa vakapomerwa mhosva dzezvinonzi troikas chaiyo.

Izvi zvakasarudzwa zvakasanganisira: munyori wenharaunda yedare remukati, muchuchisi uye mukuru webazi remunharaunda kana reguta re NKVD. Kutsiva kwemhosva yevatongi, sekutonga, kwakanga kusina kuitwa, uye mitsara yezviitiko zvakakonzerwa haina kuiswa pamutemo wekushanda, asi chete maererano nechishuwo chavo chavo, icho chakanga chiri chikonzero chekusarura.

Kubviswa kwevanhu uye kubatana neGestapo

Mukuwedzera, vanhu veKurumende yeZvenyika vakazvidzivirirawo nenzira yakadaro yekudzvinyirira kwezvematongerwe enyika sekudzingwa kwevanhu munyika yose. Munguva yemakore eStalinism, nyika dzose dzakadzingwa kubva panzvimbo dzavo dzekugara dzichienda kuFar North neSiberia. Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko anozivikanwa, mabhuku e NKVD akaita kuti kubudiswa munyika gumi. Izvi zvinosanganisira: Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Germans, Koreans, Ingrian Finns, Ingush, Karachais, Meskhetian Turks, Kalmyks uye Balkar.

Mumazana makumi mashanu, pamusana pekubudisa pachena unhu hwaStalin hwehuunhu uye kugadziriswa kwevakawanda vehutongi hwehurumende yake, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakapupurira kubatana kwepamberi yehondo ye NKVD neGestapo. Mutsamba yemakore iwayo ikoko kwakaonekwa mazita evanhu vakawanda veGermany neAustria vanopesana nefascist vachitsvaka kupotera mune zvematongerwe enyika muSoviet Union, asi vakaonekwa se "zvisingadikanwi" uye vakaiswa mumaoko ehurumende dzeGermany.

Vatungamiri vekutanga chechimiro chechirango

Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekusikwa kweNKVD (chidimbu chinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa), mutungamiriri womuviri uyu aive GG Yagoda, achangobva kusarudzwa yevanhu veCommissar yeZvenyika. Mushure mekushandira kwemakore maviri, iye pachake akave akabatwa nehurongwa hwake. MunaSeptember 1936, akabviswa kubva pachigaro chake uye akasungwa pamhosva dzekutengesa. Mushure mokupedza makore maviri pasi pekutsvakurudzwa, mutungamiri wekutanga wehurumende yose ane simba akatemwa.

Pakarepo mushure mekudzingwa uye kusungwa kwaG. G. Yagoda, vanhu vatsva vaKumissar vakagadzwa munzvimbo yake. Akave nhengo yePolitiki yeCPSU (b) NI Ezhov. Icho chiri nezita rake rinobatanidza nekushandiswa kwe "kusatya kukuru" kwakashata, kwakatorwa naStalin muna 1937-1938.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iyewo haana kukwanisa kuwedzera basa rake kuburikidza nekupfuura mutungamiri wake. Pakupera kwaDecember 1938, akasungwawo pamusana pemhosva yepamusoro yekupandukira kwepamusoro ipapo, uye pashure pokunge apedza makore maviri achiongorora, akarasikirwa nehupenyu hwake nekuda kwekutongwa kwake rufu.

LP Beria naSN Kruglov

Mutungamiri akareba kwazvo-akashumira we NKVD aiva LP Beria. Achipinda iyi chinyorwa musi waDecember 25, 1938, iye muna 1946 chete akagumburwa kumutsivi wake - SN Kruglov. Kufamba kushanda muSocialRro yeU.SR, Beria kusvika pakufa kwaStalin yakaramba iri umwe wevanhu vanokosha muhurumende. Zvisinei, njodzi inosuruvarisa yevatungamiri vake uye akange asingakwanisi kupukunyuka. Akabatwa muna 1953, akakurumidza kugamuchira, pamutongo weDare Repamusorosoro, rake rakakodzera zvakakodzera.

Pakati pevatungamiri vana ve NKVD, iyo yakaparadzwa munaMarch 1946, SN Kruglov chete aiva nerombo . Mugumo wakamupa kuti ararame kusvika kumakore akwegura. Zvisinei, haana kufa nerufu rwake. Sezvo ari mubatanidzwa mukudzvinyirira kwakawanda, muna 1959, nechisarudzo chemudare, uyo aimbova mukuru wekare aibviswa mari yake yepenjeni, pamwe neimba yakakura pakati peguta guru. Kurarama pamuzinda wepasi peMoscow "Pravda", musi waJuly 6, 1977, akapedza upenyu hwake pasi pemakumbo engoro.

Basa reN NKVD mukurwisana ne fascism

Zvisinei, kuitira kuti zvipindure zvakakwana mubvunzo wekuti chii icho NKVD iri, munhu haagoni kuzviisa pabasa rakaoma iro chimiro ichi chakaitwa munhoroondo yenyika yedu. Icho chingava chikanganiso chisingakanganwirwi kubvisa zvaakabudirira mukurwisana nekupara kwemhosva, uye pamwe neveGermany-fascist vapanduki munguva yeGreat Patriotic War.

Maererano nenhoroondo yezvinyorwa, munaJune 1941 NKVD mauto akabatanidza mapoka gumi nemaviri, mabhirigadhi ane gumi nemasere, pamwe nemitemo inopfuura makumi maviri yezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Kubva pamazuva okutanga ehondo, masimba aya akakandwa muhondo uye akaita basa rinokosha mukukunda muvengi.

Izvi zvinofanira kuonekwa zvakare kuti chikonzero chekukunda kuri fascism chakanga chisisarirwi nevashandi pachavo, asiwo nevanoda kusvika mamiriyoni evanhu vatinonamata navo kubva kune vaimbova vasungwa veGULAG, vakachengetedzwa navo uye vakatsvaga pamunyengetero we NKVD hutungamiri nekuda kwekutumira mberi. Ichi chiyero chainyanya kubudirira mukutanga-makore akaoma zvikuru ehondo.

Frontier uye mauto mukati

Hazvibviri kuderedza basa re NKVD mukuchengetedza nyika yehurumende yenyika yedu. Pakupera kwemashumi matatu matatu mauto evanhu vashoma vaiva 167 zviuru zvevanhu. Basa ravo raiva rokudzivirira kupinda kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eesori, masaga uye vatengesi kupinda munharaunda yeU.SR, pamwe nekurwisana nevasviki vehurumende. Mazita evanhu vazhinji vari kumiganhu yevarindi vave nekusingaperi vakapinda munhoroondo yeZvondo zveSoviet Union.

Inoshamisa zvikuru inhamba dzinoenzanisa basa rakaitwa panguva yehondo nemapoka evanhu veN NKVD. Maererano nenhare iripo, chete mukurwisana nehurumende yakaita mabasa anopfuura 9,5 zviuru, izvo zvakabvumira kusagadzirisa vanenge 150 mhombwe. Pamwe chete navo, miganhu yehondo yakakwanisa kukonzera 829 makambani akasiyana-siyana ehondo, ayo aisanganisira zviuru makumi mashanu zvevapambi vemhosva.

Basa reNVD mune zvehupfumi hwemakore ehondo

Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano uye masangano akawanda ehurumende vari kuedza kuongorora kukosha kwebasa revasungwa veGulag mukuvandudzika kwehupfumi hwenyika. Sezvo sangano rekodzero dzevanhu rinozivikanwa reChirangaridzo rinotaura, kuma1930 apera, iyo NKVD yakatanga mitambo yakadaro yechisimba iyo nemhaka yeiyo shure kwezvibato pakutanga kwehondo kwaiva nevanenge 1 680 000 varume vakagadzirira, vachiverenga 8% yezvese zvebasa renyika panguva iyoyo.

Mukugadzirisa hurongwa hwekugadzirisa hurumende yakagamuchirwa nehurumende, nhamba yakawanda yezvombo uye zvimwe zvakagadzirwa zvakakosha kumberi zvakabudiswa pamabhizimisi akaiswa munzvimbo dzevasungwa. Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvakagadzirisa kupiwa kweuto, asi panguva imwechete iyo inofanira kuonekwa kuti kubereka kwebasa rakadaro rakamanikidzwa raiva rakanyanya kuderera.

Makore apera

Nezvemakore emashure-hondo, kunyange munguva iyi basa re NKVD mukusimudzirwa kwehupfumi hwenyika hazvigoni kuonekwa sekaratidzika. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuiswa kwemisasa yeGulag munzvimbo dzakaderera dzekuwana kuchamhembe kwenyika, Siberia neHarare East zvakabatsira pakuvandudza kwavo, asi kune rumwe rutivi, basa risina basa revasungwa rakava chipingamupinyi mukushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda yemari.

Izvi zvinoshanda zvakakwana pakuedza kushandiswa kwekumanikidzirwa kwevasayendisiti nevarongi, vazhinji vavo vanotambudzwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwemazuva eStalin . Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti miviri ye NKVD yakagadzira mapurisa akadai, ayo aizivikanwa zvikuru kuti "sharashkas". Mavari, vamiririri vezvesayenzi uye vashandi vezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro, vanotongerwa pamhosva yezvinyorwa zvakakonzerwa neavo "chaiwo troikas", inotaurwa pamusoro apa, vaifanira kushandiswa mune zvesayenzi.

Pakati pevaimbova vasungwa ve "sharashek" akadaro vaiva vasayendisiti veSoviet vanozivikanwa saS. S. Korolyov naA.N. Tupolev. Chigumisiro chekuedza kuisa chikonzero chekugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi chakanga chiri chiduku uye chakaratidza kusakwana kwekuita kweizvi.

Mhedziso

Mumakumi mashanu, mushure mekufa kwaStalin, nzira yakawanda yekugadziriswa kwevakashungurudzwa nehurumende yakagadzirwa naye munyika yakatanga. Mhosva dzakapiwa kare kunorwisana nevavengi vevanhu dzakagamuchira chikonzero chakanaka kubva kumasangano ehurumende uye maonero evanhu. Mabasa ehutano, anonzi NKVD, akabudiswa pachena, uye zvinyorwa, nhoroondo uye basa iro rakazova musoro wenyaya ino. Muna 1946 dhipatimendi iri rakakurumbira rakashandurwa rikava rehuro rezvemukati weU.SR.