The hurongwa zvemari the Russian Federation - a ... RF bhajeti. Modern maitiro of Russian Federation zvemari

Kubva mamiriro mari ichaita kunobva zvachose padanho upenyu nyika. In macroeconomics zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha akakwirira. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, unofanira kudzidza zvakadzama mari yokuti Russia uye kuti kukosha ino. Zvakakodzera yokunyatsoongorora zvikuru kupinda zviito zvigadziriswe kwayo kushanda musimboti.

tsananguro

Pari mari ichaita the Russian Federation - ndiyo chinhu achitsungirira gakava uye gakava. Kune nyaya dzakawanda panguva iyo zvinofanira kubata. Somuenzaniso, kushomeka kuti zvinodiwa nomumwe nomumwe, mukuru zvemagariro kusawirirana, ari disproportionate kukura zvoupfumi okunze, asi inokanganisa dzokubereka mutoo, mumwe kuoneka lag mu Kuchinja ari zvemari uye zvimwewo mumisika chinokosha uye anononoka kumhanya okukura. Mari ichaita the Russian Federation - ndiro mamiriro ezveupfumi, izvo dzikarongwa nemumwe musi imwe hwaro. A yakafanana Kusonganirana inobata zvine chokuita ano upenyu hwevanhu. Ukama izvi zvinogona simuka pakati vanhu, vanoverengeka pamutemo mapati, uyewo siyana inoti. Saka, mumwe mabhora upfumi nekuita ndedzinotevera: bhajeti mhuri, pachedu mari uye nemhuri. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore - vanhu guru.

hwakadzama mashoko

Pfungwa wokuRussia mari gadziriro kunoonekwa sechinhu seti zvoupfumi ukama. mamiriro ayo oga mumwe mabhora uye Links. Chero pamwero rekubata mari ndiwo zvinhu munzanga kugadzira, pasina izvo kuvapo uye kushanda wegadziriro hadzisi noitika. Uyewo haana zvinogoneka pasina kwavari:

1) The mangwanani Sumo mberi itsva mune zvesainzi;

2) kuramba chokuwedzera redunhu kugadzirwa mari (zvose pachena uye pasiri);

3) mutemo miganhu uye Industry upfumi hurongwa;

4) ndokugutisa zvimwe zvinodiwa vemo.

Mamwe zvinodiwa ari mamiriro uye masangano. Izvi anotsanangura kwaita siyana ukama, izvo zvinosanganisira mari ichaita reRussia. Zvino, vamwe vanamazvikokota mumunda havazivi nesungano pakati vanhu vaviri 'zvoupfumi ukama. Zvisinei, pane zvakasiyana-siyana mabhuku, iyo inorondedzera sangano mari ino. Mabhuku inopedzerwa mhuri uye pachedu consumables-zvinobatsira zvirongwa, iri pfuma mumhuri.

Kuronga uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu

The zvemari hurongwa Russia ine miviri anoverengeka interconnected nemasangano. Chinangwa chikuru upfumi ndiko kusangana dzakasiyana-siyana evanhu zvinodiwa. Kusakarongeka pakati Finance akafukidza nyika yose munyika uye nyika kutandadzana. Generality izvi mananara imhaka nezvokuvapo dzinokosha masangano mukati mari marongerwo. Inobva kumusoro, pane pfungwa dzakawanda yeRussian upfumi. The zvemari hurongwa nyika:

1. raora pamusoro siyana masangano, chimwe nechimwe paChikoro nokuumbwa uye kushandiswa dzairamba kwayo runoenzanirana mari mari.

2. nenzanga masangano kushandiswa uye miviri iyo tiite mabasa mari mukati kugona kwaro.

Upfumi achiumbwa kubva kudyidzana pakati nemasangano akasiyana kuti vane mutoro yokudzora pakusikwa, redistribution uye kushandisa mari. Zvakakurukurwa Kugadzirwa munyika panguva yezwi kumusika mamiriro zvakasimba sei mari hurongwa. Saka, mamiriro reRussia zvoupfumi inosanganisira zvinotevera mari mari uye nomutemo masangano kuhupenyu kwavari,

1. The budgetary hurongwa munyika. Zvinosanganisira zvemari yeko, yeUnited masangano uye Federal zvakananga.

2. pamusika wemari.

3. State chikwereti.

4. Extra-budgetary mari munyika.

5. Finance masangano.

mari inishuwarenzi 6..

General mamiriro mari. Pfungwa, marongerwo uye chinangwa

Panobva mari nenyika ndivo zvemari akasiyana-siyana aifamba siyana. boka iri zvinosanganisira pfungwa dzakadai pachena anomukweretesa uye nemagariro kure-bhajeti mari munyika. In nokugadzirisa dzakasiyana-siyana zvoupfumi kwema nokuparadzirwa ukama makro chikuru basa ndorwevaya kwakadai mari. inotungamirwa kwavo nokuparadzirwa centralized. Ichi chinhu wegadziriro iripo pehurumende omunharaunda uye hurumende. Panguva micro pamwero pakugadzirisa zvoupfumi kwema kusangana pezvokuvamba makambani zvemari, inishuwarenzi uye zvikwereti uye rwezvemabhengi gadziriro. Kunyange zvakadaro, hatigoni kufungidzira kuti zvinobatanidza izvi hwenyika zvinesungano chete pachiyero zvoupfumi masangano avo Mupfungwa yakazara. Izvi imhaka kune gobvu interconnection pakati zvose chezvinonhuwira zvikamu zvemari yezvinhu. State anoita paumbwe centralized uye decentralized zviwanikwa kuburikidza upfumi. Kuti aite mabasa iwayo, nemirau siyana uye kuMudzidzisi mitemo. Uye zvokuridzira ayo ndiwo Pricing zvenhengo chikwereti hurongwa, mitero uye zvakawanda. Munyika Russian mari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe navamwe upfumi. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe unoreva zvakawanda zviripo. GDP Nde tsime replenishment kuti bhajeti zveminda zvese. It achiumbwa nokure zvinhu kugadzirwa. Zvadaro, kuburikidza mitero pave Russian bhajeti iri uye mari pamagariro. Panguva iyoyowo, muitiro rakawedzerwa kubereka riri kuitwa emakambani, kwete chete nokuda kwavo nhoroondo. Vakashandisa mamiriro chikwereti kana zvakananga kubhengi manotsi kubva bhajeti.

Basa vanomutswa mari

Own mari emakambani zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe chikwereti hurongwa. Kana munhu vanodzishayiwa mari, unogona kushandisa kuminamato mabhanga. Kakawanda, imwe guta munyaya pakuguma kushanda. Uyewo, kuti vagadzirise matambudziko avo ezvoupfumi wekambani angada rinoreva zvimwe zveupfumi masangano. Somuenzaniso, dzakadai siyana masangano, mabhengi, makambani inishuwarenzi uye nevamwe. Kwakadaro mabasa anogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, kuti vawedzere Nokutendeka vari kutendeukira kuna corporatisation. Uyewo, nyaya mabhiri uye zvisungo inoitwa nokuda kwezvikwereti. Pakupedzisira, ukama-siyana zvemamiriro mari ichaita nokuda kwavo risiri repamutemo. Hurumende wakakurira inokosha basa kukura vanhu, zvose zvoupfumi uye mumagariro. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ayo dziripo akabata zvikuru mari iyoyo. It anotakura navo kuburikidza nokushandisa Russian bhajeti, ruzhinji zvikwereti, uye mari yakasiyana-siyana. Yesangano dzakasiyana rwezvemabhengi masangano uye inishuwarenzi vari inoumbwa kukwezva wakasununguka guta. Own Mari masangano ezvokutengeserana vari kuwanda kwavo.

Zvinoitwa Russian zvemari hurongwa. Features

zveupfumi uye zvemari ezvinhu inotongwa chikuru chishandiso - layered marongerwo. Panguva mumatanho zvose configuration iyi yakasarudza panguva senyika huru basa: paumbwe uye zvekushandisa zviri zvayo mari mari. The mamiriro yose inosanganisira dzeko, kwematunhu uye batana zvemari. Mazuva ano kudyidzana basa yesangano nechimwe nyika kuve hwaro upfumi kuchengeteka kwayo. Kubva pakukura kwavo uye zvivako kuvimba:

- social zvirongwa;

- kwerunyararo uye kushanda mupomerwi hurongwa;

- nechokwadi nhanho dzose hurumende;

- Kugadzirwa yepamusorosoro uye zvine urongwa maindasitiri;

- kutsigira upfumi uye ayo constituent masangano mukati hurumende, uyewo zvakawanda.

Ezvinhu munyika zvemari rinoumbwa zhinji zvinhu. Vamwe vavo vari mari mukati vakagamuchirwa urongwa havashandisi mari yakawanda uye zveminda, vamwe - kwete. Somuenzaniso, kuti nekuisa zvirongwa vari munzanga kana mishonga wezwi, muri nemamwe-budgetary mari. Hurumende, senhengo dzomunyika musika hurongwa, anogona kuita mukwereti wacho mari mari nezvimwe kumusika vechikamu. Lenders muchiitiko ichi chichava pamutemo masangano uye vanhu vane zvavo dziripo vakasununguka mari yesangano. Kudiwa zvikwereti yakura iri paumbwe dhefisiti iri bhajeti. Anomukweretesa rinoshandiswa kwenguva pfupi aizomupa mari mune zvimwe sectors hwenyika kuti tirambe zvemari isimbe munyika. In Kana apo hurumende yave kuita nokukwereta kubva nemamwe masangano kana vanhu, pane chikwereti. Maererano zvachiri, rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: nechinzwano zvokunze (zvichienderana nenzvimbo mukweretesi kunoita kunyoresa). Chimiro, chikwereti chakakonzerwa namaneja neHurumende, inogona achimiririrwa:

- Credits;

- zvikwereti hurumende, akaita kushandisa kusunungurwa kumusika kuti kuchengetedzeka;

- zvimwewo zvikwereti.

Changes akaita pashure pokuwa USSR

Development of Russian Federation pane zvemari maitiro nemhuru zvinoonekwa achangopfuura makore. Mune dzimwe sectors National upfumi iri kuchengetwa zviratidzi kukura, asi maindasitiri akawanda vari kusangana munguva kurega kunotanga uye zvishoma kuwedzera. The rwezvemabhengi maitiro akanga pashure ari 1998 dambudziko kudzorera zvinenge zvachose functionality kwegore. Vachishingaira dzichiri nzvimbo achiposa iyoyo inokosha kukanganisa zvoupfumi ezvinhu munyika. Panguva iyoyowo mugove zvikwereti kune private nemauto, kunoramba kuwedzera, izvo zvinoratidza kuvandudzika vanhu akadini seboka. Mumakore gumi adarika isu wakawedzera mumatanda, vakawedzera dzakawanda chikwereti ratings kuti reRussia zvemari pakusimba. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhamba kukwezva vatorwa guta kupinda mari ichaita wenyika, zvichienzaniswa upfumi dzakabudirira (Germany, USA, France), achiri pasi. Zvisinei, kuti varambe kukura indices uye ratings zvinoitawo kuti tio- zvakatipoteredza makambani vavatorwa mudzimba. Mumakore achangopfuura kwave kune zvakanaka emuchina yokukura mari uye kuwa muna mubereko prices pamusoro zvikwereti. The prerequisites nokuti chidzoke idzi mananara dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa sezvo kuwedzera dzimwe zvokutengeserana, mbishi zvinhu rokutengesa mune mari kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uyewo zvinonakisa vatorwa wokuti hurumende. mari Kuwanikwa somugumisiro richikwidibira mubereko prices akanaka kubatsira emakambani pakukura munyika kuwedzera mari basa kwakamutsa kukura kwoupfumi. Modern zvemari hurongwa Russia pashure munhevedzano transformations akatanga basa rayo guru basa - kuitira kukura upfumi.

Kuchinjwa munzvimbo iyi

zvemari utariri maitiro muRussia kwenguva refu asina ndavhiyiwa kuchinja. Muna 2006, mutemo pane mufundisi kuchinja. Ivo akabata pakutanga, paumbwe uye zvekushandisa zviri bhajeti iri Russian Federation. Pane zvidzidzo zvitsva STRUCTURAL. Akanyanya zvemari nomunhu makanzuru uye mumaguta dzakaumbwa. Mune remangwana pamutemo yechinangwa mabasa aya kwave kuchiita kwemisha dzokororo. Mumwe mukuru njodzi yakatarisana mari ichaita of Russian Federation - kwanonoka zvikwereti nechikwereti nokubatira kubhengi. The kukosha zvachose chikwereti ari kukura, ine inokanganisa sectors siyana hwenyika. Uyewo, pemahombekombe kuti kuwedzerwa zvikwereti sungiro kunoda kuramba inflow Mari. Maererano nezvoupfumi, nhamba chikwereti kwakadaro kunogona kumuka 10% of zvachose chikwereti Portfolio mamiriro izvozvo kukanganisa yose zvoupfumi marongerwo. hurumende yeRussia ari kutsvaka nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Zvinonzi akafunga kuwedzera capitalization pakati mabhanga kupfuura tichiregeredza hurumende kusungwa. nzira dziri kukurukurwa kuwedzera inishuwarenzi chikamu dhipoziti uye kushaya kuti marezinesi pakuitisa mabasa zvemari munyika dzinoverengeka "vasingavimbiki" zvemari masangano.

Kwakatangira matambudziko wepanguva

A nhamba mikuru mudzimba nezvoupfumi vanodavira kuti chikonzero neutera, unova hurongwa wokuRussia Federation zvemari - ndiyo nekusagona nekukurumidza ajairane kukurumidza kuchinja musika mamiriro, uyewo vajairira kunyanya mbishi zvinhu uye kushaya makwikwi zvimwe zvikamu. Hurumende, nokusuma zvinhu zvitsva kwoupfumi, kuedza swatanudza yakaoma mamiriro akarirasa bhora. Kuitika majekiseni nguva guta kubva Reserve Fund, izvo zvaizoitawo yakaumbwa panguva yacho bhajeti yemuraudzo (pamberi 2008). Zvisinei, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanobvuma kuti mari yacho vari parunogumira uye pasakurumidza kwemakore mashoma. Modern Russia chinoenda kuburikidza kunzwisisa basa inotungamirwa ayo zvoupfumi mamiriro. Vazhinji kunaka zvinoita muchiridzira chiito ichi Somuenzaniso, zvikwereti nechikwereti mitoro, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaoma kuti anoongororwa kuongororwa. In ezvinhu akadaro zvakaoma zvakakwana kuronga basa rimwe chikuru mashandiro ari pamusika mudanga - the redistribution mari (zvekuvaka) runoyerera mukati maro.

mhedziso

The upfumi, yakavakirwa izvo hurongwa Bank mari, ane mukana wakakwana sei nokukurumidza kune kuchinja. The Reserve Bank ndeyekupedzisira nhengo chikwereti ichi chivako. Panyaya iyi, kukura zvemari wemuTesitamende Russian Federation vanotarisirwa kutanga kusarudzwa zviri rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura, umo inokosha redistribution pakati zvekuvaka Rwako zvichaitika. Kuti aite izvi, unofanira kuva mudanga yakarongeka, ari deletion vose simba vatambi. Zvakakodzera panguva vave misika yemari ari Russian Federation, iyo, pamwe kunze dzimwe kuchinjanisa, vari mangwanani mucheche. Chete izvi ezvinhu zvinobvira kusika munhu utano zvoupfumi nechimwe. Rakanga riri kwake ramangwana chikuru basa iri redistribution mari mukati munyika ichapiwa.