Yagoda Henry Grigoryevich, mukuru we NKVD: biography

Heinrich Yagoda aive wePublic's Commissar yeNyika Dzepasi reSUSR muna 1934-1936. Akava mumwe we "vanababa vanovamba" veStalin's GULAG uye mutongi wekudzoka kwemazuva iwayo. Panguva yekutyisa kukuru iye pachake akanga ari mumwe wevaya vakaurayiwa neNKVD. Yagoda aipomerwa nehupenzi uye achigadzirira hurumende uye akazopedzisira apfurwa.

Makore okutanga

Henry Jagoda aibva kuPoland vaJudha. Zita rake chairo ndiEnoki Hershevich Yehuda. Ichinoshanduka chakazvarwa musi waNovember 19, 1891 muRubbinsk, guta riri muRuwa rweRaroslavl. Mwedzi mishomanana mushure mokuberekwa kwemwana, mhuri yakatamira kuNizhny Novgorod.

Yagoda Henry Grigorievich aiva hama yeimwe Bolshevik yakakurumbira - Yakov Sverdlov, uyo aiva mukoma wake wechipiri. Madzibaba avo vakashanda sevatapi vepamusoro uye vakaita mapepa uye matampu, izvo vashanduri vakashandisa kuunganidza mabhuku. Heinrich aiva nehanzvadzi shanu nehanzvadzi mbiri. Mhuri yake yaigara zvakanaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukomana (mushure mokunge mumwe aenda) akapedza kudzidza kubva kuSimbirsk Gymnasium.

Muimba yekudhinda yeYagoda-Sverdlov kwaiva neBolshevik yezvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Nikolai Semashko, ramangwana reLininist People's Commissar Health, rakamushanyira. Nizhny Novgorod aivewo nzvimbo yekuberekerwa yaMaxim Gorky (ivo vakaita shamwari naHenry mushure mekuvandudza).

"Owl"

Chiitiko chikuru, mushure mokunge hupenyu hwemukomana huchichinja zvakanyanya, ndiko kuponda kwemukoma wake mukuru Mikhail. Nenzira iyi, Yagoda Henry Grigorievich akanga akaita saLenin. Mikhail akaurayiwa neCossacks munguva yekuvandudzwa kwe 1905. Chiitiko chinosuruvarisa chakamirira imwe hama, Leo. Akanyorerwa muuto reKolchak, uye muna 1919 akafuridzirwa kuti atore chikamu mukumukira muhurumende yake. Asi kwaiva kufa kwaMichael, uyo akazove ari pamabhaibheri, akaita Henry rechinoshanduka.

Kukura, Yagoda se anarchist communist akatanga kutora chikamu mumutemo wekupinduka kwemutemo. Mapurisa aTsar akamutumidza zita rokuti "Sychom" uye "Lonely" (nokuda kwezvinhu zvinotambudzwa uye zvisingabatsiri).

Muna 1911 kupandukira kwakasvika kuMoscow. Pane mirayiridzo yevadzidzisi vake, aifanira kugadzirisa maitirano neavo vanoita semafungiro evanhu uye kubatsira pakuronga kubhomba kwebhangi. Vasina ruzivo rwekuita rangano, Ramangwana People's Commissar reMamiriro Emukati eU.SR, vakawira mumaoko emapurisa. Neimwe nzira, aive nerombo. Mumwe murume wechidiki aishungurudza akawana zvinyorwa zvenhema chete. Sezvo ari muJudha, iye, achizviwana asina mvumo kuMoscow, akaputsa mutemo paPale of Settlement. Yagoda akaedzwa ndokutongerwa makore maviri ekutapwa kuSimbirsk.

MuSt. Petersburg

Muna 1913, mukukudza kwekupemberera kwemakore makumi matatu emakore emhuri yeRomanov muRussia, hupfumi hwezvematongerwe enyika hwakaparidzirwa. Achitenda kwaari, Yagoda, zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura zvaaive, akanga asina rusununguko. Kubatana kwaSimbirsk kwakapera, uye revolutionary yatotamira kuSt. Petersburg. Nokuda kweizvi, akasiya zvachose chiJudha uye akatamira kuOrthodoxy (iyo Pale of Settlement yakagadziriswa pane kureurura kwete panzvimbo yenyika).

Yagoda Henry Grigorievich uye chitendero chakanga chisina kufanana. Kunyange zvakadaro, maererano nemurairo, akanga asina kodzero yekufunga kuti haatendi Mwari uye saka saka akatamira kuchipfuva cheChechi yeOrthodox.

MuSt. Petersburg, Yagoda akasangana naNikkolai Podvoisky, mushure mokunge hurumende yakava yekutanga yePublic Commissar yeHondo. Achitenda kubatsirwa kwake, kupandukira kwakatanga kushanda mubazi re inshuwarisi pfuriti yePutilov. Podvoisky aivawo mukwambo weChekists Arbuzov uye Kedrov: akazarurira pasi rake nyika itsva yezviitiko.

Muna 1915 Yagoda Henry Grigorievich akanyorwa muuto reTsarist, shure kwaizvozvo akaenda kumberi kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Akasimuka kune imwe nhengo yekodha, asi akakuvadzwa uye munguva pfupi yakasununguka. Muna 1916, Henry akadzokera ku Petrograd.

Revolution uye Cheka

Mushure mokunge February Revolution Yagoda akashanda mumapepanhau "Rural Poor" uye "Varwi 'Chokwadi". Muzhizha ra1917 akabatana neBolshevik Party. Gare gare aireva nhema, kuti akabatana navo muna 1907, asi izvi zvakagadzirwa zvakatsoropodzwa neongororo yevanhoroondo vezvakaitika kare.

Munguva yeOctober zviitiko, Yagoda akanga ari mune dzakawanda zvezviitiko mu Petrograd. Muna 1918 akatanga basa rake muCheka-OGPU. Chokutanga, Chekist yakashanda muuto rekuongorora. Ipapo hama yaSverdlov naDzerzhinsky vakamutumira kuMoscow.

Saka Yagoda Henry Grigorievich akaenda kuDhipatimendi Rinokosha. Akanga ari pedyo zvikuru naVyacheslav Menzhinsky. Apo Dzerzhinsky akafa, iyo yekupedzisira yakaenda Cheka-OGPU, uye Yagoda akava mutungamiriri wake. Uyezve, nekutangira kwechirwere chemukuru wekugadzirira basa rakatanga kupedza simba rehurumende.

Kunetseka mari

Kudzoka muna 1919-1920 makore. Yagoda akakwanisa kushanda muPublic's Commissariat of Foreign Trade. Ikoko akagadzira kubatsirana kubatsirana nemusungwa mukuru wehurumende Alexander Lurie uye akatanga kutora mishoni kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Ava vaviri vakatora zvose zvakange zvakarara ipapo. Pfungwa yacho ndeyokuti hurumende yekutengesa kunze kwenyika kubva pakutanga yaive yakabatana zvikuru neCheka. Hurumende yehurumende yakachengetedza inotora zvinhu zvinokosha, uye dhipatimendi reLurie vakatengesa izvi zvakanaka kune imwe nyika kune imwe nyika.

Yagoda Henry Grigorievich, uyo anotaura nezvake semunhu ane makaro uye ane makaro, mupfungwa iyi yakanga yakasiyana zvakasiyana nedzidziso Dzerzhinsky neMenzhinsky. Uori hweChekist hwakada Stalin. Apo iye paanopera kwe20-30-ies. Akarwisana nesimba rimwe nerimwe, akanyora rubatsiro rwaBerry. Hapana kana imwe haina kurasikirwa. Yagoda kuvhara kune murume uyo akazopedzisira ava mutongi, uye Stalin, achiziva nezvekurumbira kwekunyengera kweYagoda, iye zvino aigona kusvibisa mumwe nekukumbira kuvimbika.

Mutungamiriri wevanhu uye Commissar

Pasinei nokuzvipira kwemudiki kune mutungamiriri weSoviet, hukama hwavo hahukwanisi kunzi hwakanaka. Mukupera kwema1920, Stalin yaiwanzova kutonhora kuYagoda, sekudzivirirwa kwakapiwa naJakov Sverdlov, uye pakati peSverdlov naStalin, kunyange vanhu vasingazivi kubva panguva yekutapwa kweTurukhan vakaona kupesana kunoonekwa. Mapepa eChekist akanyorwa neuchenjeri, kana kwete nekutya.

Dambudziko guru kuna Yagoda mushure mekugadzwa kwaStalin kudzvinyirira kwaiva shamwari yake yekare naBurkharin. Akatotaura zvakare musoro weOGPU seye Chekist chete, waunogona kuvimba naye mukurwisa Stalin. Panguva imwecheteyo, Yagoda akazivikanwa nokuda kwekusava nehanya kwake mukugadziriswa kwemirairo, kushingaira uye mufambiro wechipupuriro chemhosva chero ipi zvayo yomuurayi. Stalin akawana imwe shanho uye munhu mukuru mu NKVD makore mashomanana gare gare. Yaiva Nikolai Ezhov. Asi pakutanga kwetatuti Stalin pasina mubvunzo akatendera Yagoda uye akavaka basa naye.

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs

Yagoda yakashaya erudition yeMenzhinsky uye kufungidzira kweDzerzhinsky. Iye pachake akazvininipisa akambotsanangurira pachake se "muchengeti pamaketani". Mune kambani yakabatana panguva yakawanda yezvipiriso zvekunakidza aifarira kutaura asinganzwisisiki nhetembo, asi mubasa rake akanga asina tarenda yekusika. Zvinyorwa zvakavhurwa Berries dzakanga dzakazara nekusaziva uye kuoma. Mutaundi guru, akazove akaipisisa wesangano uye aigara achitsamwira mapato mazita, akasiyana nekusununguka kukuru uye kusunungurwa. Asi zvakange zvakaita murume akadaro uyo Stalin, kwekanguva, akatungamira chekists munyika yose.

Muna 1934, vanhu vatsva veKNVD vakaumbwa, uye vanhu veCommissar yeZvenyika yeU.SR Yagoda vakawanawo kutonga pamusoro peMukuru Mukuru weHurumende yeHurumende. Akafambisa mhepo yakanyanyisa yakaipisisa yemagetsi, iyo Stalin yakanga iri kugadzirira mishandirapamwe itsva yekurwisana nevashori vehurumende yake.

Mune simba idzva, Yagoda akabata mukusika uye sangano rebasa reGulag. ISoviet Union kwenguva pfupi yakavhara mambure emisasa, yakazova chikamu chinokosha cheStalinist yehupfumi uye imwe yezvinjini zvekumanikidzirwa kushandiswa. Pasi pehutungamiri hwakananga hweVanhu veKuississar, chivakwa chikuru cheGulag chekanguva icho chakanga chakavakwa - kuiswa kweGreen Sea-Baltic Canal. Nokuda kwekutaura kwakarurama kwezviitiko, Yagoda akaronga rwendo ikoko Maxim Gorky. Nenzira, yaive yePublic's Commissar iyo yakabatanidzwa pakudzoka kwemunyori kuU.SR (akanga ararama pachitsuwa cheItaly cheCapri kwemakore akawanda zvisati zvaitika).

Pamusoro pehukama hunozviputika nebhuku rekunyora hazvina kuguma ipapo. Sezvo ari mutungamiriri wemapurisa ezvematongerwe enyika, zvechokwadi akatevera kuvimbika kwekusika intelligentsia nesimba. Mukuwedzera, mudzimai waIda aiva Ida Leonidovna Averbakh. Mukoma wake Leopold aiva mumwe wevatsoropodzi vakakurudzira uye vanyori munguva yake. Ida naHenry vakanga vane mwanakomana mumwechete - zvakare Henry (kana Garik, sezvaaidanwa mumhuri). Mukomana akazvarwa muna 1929. Vanhu veCississar vaida kambani yevanyori, vaimbi uye vanyori. Vakanwa mweya wakanaka, vakataurirana nevakadzi vakanaka, ndiko kuti, vakatungamirira nzira yehupenyu iyo chekist yaifota pamusoro.

Yagoda aivewo nekukundikana kwechiremba. Somuenzaniso, ndiye ndiye akabvumira mutungamiri wekare wemapurisa tsarist kuenda kuFrance. Akave akazvidzivirira. Muma1920s na1930, nhamba yevanhu vakaderera vakaramba vachiwedzera. Stalin chaizvoizvo mamiriro ezvinhu ose ane shungu. Akazvidza Yagoda nokuda kwekusaziva kwake, kunyange kana mupoteri akanga asina ruzivo rwakakosha uye aive akachenjera.

Kutaridzirwa kwedambudziko

Muna 1935, Yagoda akagamuchira zita idzva, rakanga risati rafanirwa kune ani zvake. Iye zvino aizivikanwa se "General Commissioner of State Security". Ropafadzo yakadaro yega yakazova chiratidzo cheStalinist chaiye.

Mutungamiri weSoviet sezvaaida kare kushanda kweKVD yakatsaurirwa. Muna 1936, kutongwa kwekutanga kweMoscow kwakaitwa. Pamuedzo uyu wakaisvonaka, shamwari dzeStalin kwenguva refu dziri muBolshevik Party Zinoviev naKamenev vakaedzwa.

Vamwe vashanduki vakawirawo pasi pekumanikidzwa kwekudzokorora, uyo panguva imwechete akashanda zvakananga naLenin uye haana kubata avo vanotambudza sevane simba risingaoneki. Mumwe wevanhu ava aiva Mikhail Tomsky. Haana kumirira kutongwa ndokuzviuraya. Mutsamba yakatumirwa kuStalin, akataura nezva Yagoda mupfungwa yokuti iyewo aiva wepambani yekupikisa, pamusoro pekunge kuurayiwa kwakaitwa. Vanhu veKississar vakanga vari muhupenyu hwehupenyu.

Kusungwa

Mukuwa kwegore ra1936, Yagoda akawana musarudzo mutsva uye akava mukuru wePublic Commissioner of Communications. Kupera kwekupedzisira paari kwakasarudzwa. Opal yakashandurwa ikava nguva refu yekurwadza. Kunyangwe kunze kunze kubviswa kubva pamusangano wePublic's Commissar weZvenyika uye kusarudzwa kune imwe nzvimbo yakaratidza sechiitiko chebasa rakabudirira, zvisinei Yagoda aisakundikana kunzwisisa zvaiitika. Kunyange zvakadaro, haana kutsunga kuramba Stalin uye akabvumirana kuita basa idzva.

MuCommissionary of Communications, vakanyadziswa Chekist vakagara zvishomanana. Akatova kutanga kwegore ra1937, akarasikirwa negwaro iri. Uyezve, the unlucky People's Commissar vakadzinga VKP (b) kubva pamiganhu yayo. PaFebruary plenum weCentral Committee akatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya nokuda kwekukundikana kwebazi rake.

Musi waMarch 28, Yagoda akasungwa nevasungwa vake venguva ichangopfuura. Kushorwa kwevanhu vemazuva ano vasina kusimba asina simba kwakatungamirirwa neNewVD People's Commissar, Nikolai Yezhov. Ava vaviri, pasinei nekupikisana kwavo pachavo, vakava zviyero zvehutano hwakafanana nehupfumi. Yaiva Yezhov uye Yagoda avo vakanga vari vatungamiri vakakurumbira veStalinist dzakawanda dzakadzoka kuma1930.

Munguva yekutsvaga kwevanhu vakafirwa, vakawana mabhuku eTrotskyite akarambidzwa. Nenguva isipi pakave nechinopomerwa chetsinye, kugadzirira kuedza kwaStalin, kuronga hurumende. Tsvakurudzo yakabatana Yagoda naTrotsky, Rykov naBhukharin, vanhu avochete avo kutambudzwa kwavakanga vachangobva kukurudzira. Chirongwa chacho chakatsanangurwa se "Trotskyite-Fascist". Yagoda's longtime colleagues Yagov Agranov, Semyon Firin, Leonid Zakovski, Stanislav Redens, Fedor Eichmans, nezvimwewo, vakabatana nemhosva dzacho, dzose dzaiva nemunhu asina kukwana uye asina kugadzikana uyo asina kusununguka semunhu uye akamuendesa kune Menzhinsky akadzidziswa uye ane mazano.

Mudzimai weBerry akabatwawo kudzvinyirira. Chokutanga, akadzingwa kubva kubasa remupisiti, ndokubva asungwa senhengo yemhuri yemuvengi wevanhu. Ndinoenda Averbakh pamwe chete nomwanakomana wangu uye amai vakadzingwa kuOrenburg. Nokukurumidza mukadzi wacho akafuridzirwa.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Yagoda akapomerwa mhosva yekuponda kwaMaxim Peshkov - mwanakomana weMaxim Gorky (chaizvoizvo, akafa nechirwere chinonzi pneumonia). Zvinonzwisisika, chisimba chakaitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvevanhu. Yagoda zvechokwadi aifarira Nadezhda Peshkov - Maxim wechirikadzi. Kuponda kwakapomerwawo munyori weSoviet munyori mukuru Pyotr Kryuchkov.

Shooting

Yagoda nyaya yakava chikamu cheitiro rechitatu reMoscow (rainzi Anti-Soviet "Right-Trotskyite bloc"). Dare repamusoro rakapfuura mukati megore ra1938. Yakanga iri pamwe chete nemushandirapamwe mukuru weparamende yeparaganda muhurukuro. Mapepanhau akabudiswa tsamba dzakasununguka dzevanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye vanhuwo zvavo, mavo mavakatumidza vatengesi kuenda kuMamaland, kupa kupa "sembwa dzinopisa", nezvimwewo.

Yagoda akabvunza (uye chikumbiro chakapiwa), kuitira kuti nyaya yeukama hwake naNadezhda Peshkova uye kuurawa kweMaxim Peshkov kuongororwa muhurongwa hwakasiyana mumusangano wega. Zvikamu zvakakosha zvehupenzi uye kupandukira zvakabvunzwa pachena. Yagoda aibvunzurudzwa nemuchuchisi uye mutongi wezvematongerwo enyika Andrei Vyshinsky, munhu mukuru wemiedzo yeMoscow.

Musi waMarch 13, 1938, mumiririri akawanikwa aine mhosva uye akatongerwa rufu. Akanamatira kuhupenyu, Yagoda akanyora chikumbiro chekuregerera. Yakaramba. Musi waMarch 15, uyo aimbova Commissar weNyaya dzePasi akatapurwa. Kusiyana nezvose zvakasarudzwa, Yagoda haana kumbogadziriswa.