Umambo hweSpain: tsanangudzo, nhoroondo uye mureza

Umambo hweSpain munguva yaro ye simba hwakanga humwe humwe hukuru huripo hwakambovapo munyika. Zvisikwa zvaro hazvina kunyatsobatanidzwa ne nguva yeGreat Geographical Discoveries, apo yakava simba rekoloni. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, mureza weMambo weSpain wakagadzirwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzakawanda dziri muEurope, uyewo muAsia, Africa, America neOceania.

Kubva kwenyika

Vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanofunga kuti Spain semumambo yakatanga kuvapo pakupera kwezana remakore rechina, apo sangano reCastilian-Aragonese rakasayirwa muna 1479, zvichibva pakuita kuti Isabella I muKaturike naFerdinand II vatange kutonga nyika dzakabatana. Zvinonakidza kuti, sevakaroorana, madzimambo akatonga nharaunda imwe neimwe sezvaaifarira, asi semitemo yekunze kune dzimwe nyika, saka maonero evanhu vanotonga vakaroorana nguva dzose.

Muna 1492, maSpanish mauto akatora Granada, iyo yakagumisa Reconquista - hondo yekusununguka kwevaKristu kunoparadza vaMuslim. Zvino, apo Iberian Peninsula yakakundwa, ndima yavo yakava chikamu cheumambo hweCastilian. Mugore rimwe chete, Christopher Columbus akaisa pamba rake rokutanga rokutsvakurudza, iro rakanga richienda kumadokero. Akakwanisa kuyambuka Atlantic Ocean ndokuzarura Europe kusvika America. Ikoko akazotanga kusika yekutanga kune dzimwe nyika kumakoloni munhoroondo.

Kuwedzera kusimbisa

Mushure mekufa kweMambokadzikadzi Isabella weKaturike nemurume wake Ferdinand II, muzukuru wake Carl V Habsburg akakwira pachigaro. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti akanga asiri muSpanish, asi ndiwo waiva mutemo wake unobatanidzwa nezera rendarama reumambo.

Mushure mokunge Charles V akabatanidza mazita maviri - mambo weSpain uye Mutsvene weRoma Roma, simba rake rakawedzera dzimwe nguva, sezvaakagara nhaka Flanche-Comte, Netherlands neAustria pamwe nekorona. Kuvhiringidzwa kweCommanderos muCastile kwaiva muedzo chaiwo kwaari, asi wakatsungirira nayo. Kupandukira kwacho kwakadziviswa, uye Charles V akatanga kutonga umambo hukuru muEurope, iyo yakanga isina kukwana kusvika Napoleon Bonaparte akaonekwa pasi pose.

Mutemo weCharles V

Kwemakore mazana maviri, Umambo hweSpain hwakatongwa nehutongi hweHabsburg. Iri jenari raive rakapfuma kwazvo, sezvo rakange riine guru rakakura resirivha negoridhe, uye rakagarawo pachigaro chesimba guru guru renyika, risingatauri neSpain chete nemakoloni ayo, asi inenge yose yeEuropean states.

Sezvakataurwa pakutanga, nyika yakabudirira munguva yekutonga kweHabsburgs. Vakanga vasiri nharo uye vainge vari vapfuri vemutsa mune nyaya yemaitiro. Zvisinei, mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvisina kunaka. Kunyangwe pasi peCharles V, Umambo hweSpain hwakatarisana nechinetso chikuru: simba guru harina kubatana zvechokwadi, nokuti nyika dzakawanda dzayo dzaida kuzvimiririra. Munyaya iyi, mambo aifanira kuparadza hondo dzakawanda kunyange nevatongi vake, kusanganisira kuchamhembe kweEurope. Pasinei noukuru hwose hweMambo weSpain, Charles V akanga akaoma kurwisa France neItaly. Hondo nenyika idzi dzakanga dzakakura, asi hazvina kutungamirira kukunda kwerumwe rutivi.

Bhuku raFiripi II

Mushure mekufa kwaCharles V, muzukuru wake akagara nhaka yechigaro. Firipi II, kusiyana nekurukuru vake, akapedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yake mumuzinda weEsscheral. Uyu mambo muhucheche hwake akawana dzidzo yakanaka panguva iyoyo, ainyanya kuzvipira uye akatsigira Inquisition mune zvose. Pasi pake, kusawirirana kwechitendero kwakasvika kune apogee: kwete maKaturike chete, asiwo maPurotesitendi akatambudza vahedheni muEurope yose.

Pasi Piripi Firipi II Spain yakazosvika pakureba kwayo. Sezvakafanirwa mberi kwake, iye akarwa nevanze kunze kwevavengi. Somuenzaniso, muna 1571, pasi peLepanto, ngarava dzake dzakakunda chikwata cheTurkey, nokudaro chakadzivharira nzira yekufambira mberi kuEurope.

Hondo yeAnglo-Spanish

Muna 1588 pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeEngland iyo inonzi "Great Armada" yaFiripi II yakakundwa zvakanyanya. Gare gare, muna 1654, masimba maviri aya acharwa zvakare pagungwa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell aiva nechivimbo chokuti nguva yasvika apo iye anogona kuwedzera kuvepo kwekoloni yehurumende yake muWest Indies. Kunyanya, aida kutora chitsuwa cheJamaica, icho panguva iyoyo chakanga chava neUsia hweSpain.

Hondo neEngland nokuda kwechikwata ichi chepasi yakaitwa nekubudirira kwakasiyana, asi yakatofanira kubvumira. Muna 1657-1658 vaSpanish vakaedzazve kukunda Jamaica, asi havana kubudirira. Nekubvumirwa kwezviremera zveBritish, Port Royal yakava nheyo yepirate, kubva kwavakarwisa zvikepe zveSpain.

Dambudziko muhupfumi

Inofanira kuonekwa kuti kutanga kwekumabvazuva kwemakoloni kwakanga kusingabatsiri uye kwakaunza kukanganisa chete. Zvechokwadi, pane dzimwe nguva dzaive nemigumisiro yakanaka pamabhizimisi, asi vakanga vasina kukwana. Zvinhu zvose zvakatanga kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma, apo muma1520 vakatanga kuvhara sirivha pane zvatainge zvangobva kuwanikwa zveGuanajuato. Asi chaiyo chaiyo yeupfumi ndiyo yaive yakachengetwa iyi yesimbi, yakawanikwa muZacatecas naPotosi muna 1546.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemazana matanhatu nematanhatu, Umambo hweSpain hwakatumira ndarama nesirivha kubva kumakoroni ayo kusvika kune imwechete yehafu yemadhora madhora (1990 matengo). Pakupedzisira, nhamba yekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha yakatanga kupfuurira kuwedzera kwemitengo, izvo zvisingatauri zvakaita kuti kuwedzera. Kuderera kwehupfumi kwakatanga mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana remakore rechi16 kwakagadziriswa pakutanga kwekuzotevera. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechokudzingwa kweMorisco neVaJudha, avo vamiririri vekare vaibatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemaoko nekutengeserana.

The Collapse of the Empire of Spain

Kuparara kwepakati pehurumende iyi yakawanda kwakatanga kare shure kwekufa kwaFiripi II. Vatsigiri vake vakazova vezvematongerwe enyika vakaipa, uye Spain zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kutadza kukanganisa nzvimbo dzayo kutanga kondinendi, uyezve kumakungwa emhenderekedzo dzekumavirira.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, ruzivo rwemarudzi ehurumende uye anti-colonial rwakasvika kune runyararo rwayo, nemhaka yekuti hondo yeSpain-America yakatanga, iyo iyo United States yakatanga kukunda. Umambo hweSpain hwemakoloni hwakakundwa uye hwakamanikidzwa kubvisa nzvimbo yaro: Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico neGuam. Pakazosvika 1899, akanga asisinazve nyika mune America kana Asia. Zvitsuwa zvakasara muPacific Ocean akazvitengesa kuGermany, achichengetedza nzvimbo dzeAfrica chete.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Spain yakarega kurega hutano hwemakona ayo, asi yakaramba ichingoshandisa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekocoa umo vashandi veNigeria vakashanda. Muchirimo ra1988, zviremera, pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kuUnited Nations nemunharaunda yenyika, vakamanikidzwa kutaura kuti Equatorial Guinea yakazvimiririra.

The Heritage

Umambo hweSpain, hune nhoroondo makore mazana mashanu, hwakanganisa kwete kukura kweWestern Europe. Vakakunda vakatakura kutenda kweRoma Katurike uye mutauro weSpanish pamwe navo kuAmerica, Africa uye East Indies. Nguva yakareba kwenguva yakareba yekoloni yakabatsira pakubatanidzwa kwevanhu: Latin America, Europe neIndia.

Pamwe chete nevaPutukezi, Umambo hweSpain hwakabva hwava tateguru wenyika yose yekutengeserana, iyo yakazarura nzira itsva dzekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika. Yaiva mari yake yakazova mari yekutanga yenyika pamusoro payo iyo American dollar yakasimuka. Somugumisiro wekutengeswa kweNyika Yekare neItsva, kwaive nekutsinhanisa kwehuwandu hwezvipfuwo zvemhuka nemiti yakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, mombe, makwai, mabhiza, nguruve uye mbongoro, pamwe nebhari, gorosi, maapuro, nezvimwewo, zvakaendeswa kuAmerica.VaEurope, ivo, vakatanga kuedza mbatatisi, tomato, chibage, chili, fodya. Mugumisiro wekutsinhana kwakadaro kwaive nekuvandudza kukuru mune zvekurima zvekurima kweAmerica, Europe neAsia.

Hatifaniri kukanganwa nezvemaitiro emutsika. Inowanikwa mune zvose: mumimhanzi, unyanzvi, zvivakwa uye kunyange mukunyora mitemo. Kubatana pakati pevanhu vakasiyana-siyana kwenguva yakareba kwakaita kuti kuve nekusanganiswa kwemitemo yavo, iyo yakapindirana nenzira isingazivikanwi uye yakawana fomu yavo yakasiyana, iyo inoonekwa nhasi munzvimbo dzaimbova dzekoloni.