Tsar's General Dukhonin: biography, rufu uye chokwadi chinonakidza

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika, maReds nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana anonzi chirango chekufa chisingaiti, kuratidza kuurayiwa. Chirevo chepamutemo chekuurayiwa chakanzi "Shoot!". Asi paiva nemimwe mitauro yakagamuchirwa yakafanana neyo "Kutumira kumadzitateguru". Uye mumakore ekupedzisira muna 1917, mutsara wokuti "Tumira kuGeneral Dukhonin's Staff" yakabuda. Ngationei kuti ndiani mukuru, iyo mahofisi makuru ayo vaBolshevik vakanga vatumira varwere vavo.

Historical portrait

Mumatambudziko eRussia ezana ramakore rechi20, General Dukhonin akaita basa risina kujairika. MunaNovember 1917, Dukhonin akagadzwa Mukuru Mukuru-mukuru-mukuru weRussia Army. Hurumende Yepurogiramu, iyo yakamuisa pabasa iri, yakanga isipo panguva iyoyo. Simba reBolshevik rachangobva kuzaridzirwa raida kuisa kune vose pfungwa yekugumisa runyararo neGermany pane zvachose chakaipa, chinonyadzisa uye chekutonga kweRussia. Izvi hazvikwanise kuwana General Dukhonin, uyo ane mafananidzo anoratidza mauto ake.

Basa reDukhonin muvusiki ra1917 paimba yepamusoro yeMogilev yakagamuchirwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare sevasingazivikanwi uye vanozvidzivirira. Mukuru mukuru anonzi akaregererwa nekusateerera kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende yeBolshevik, iyo mukuru, pamwe neuto, asina kupika kuvimbika.

Izvozvo, zvati zvazadzisa izvi zvisarudzo, General Dukhonin aikwanisa kuparadzanisa mberi, hapana anofunga. Mukuru wega akanga ari oga pamberi pe "hondo yezvematongerwe enyika," uyo, achishandisa kuwira kwesimba, aida kuparadza masimba ehondo ndokupinza nyika kupinda muhurumende yeBolshevism. Maitiro ehurumende aive mashoma zvikuru, asi akaita zvose zvaaigona, izvo zvaakazourayiwa. Mabasa akashinga uye rufu rwakashata rweGeneral Dukhonin anopa kodzero yekumudana zita rechokwadi reRussia.

Ubwana uye Dzidzo

Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin akaberekerwa mudunhu reSmolensk, December 13 (December 1 mumutambo wekare) muna 1876, mumhuri yevanokudzwa. Muna 1894, akapedza zvidzidzo zvake kuVladimir Cadet Corps muguta reKiev uye ndokuenda kuMoscow kunodzidza kuChishanu cheAlexandrovsky School. Mushure mokunge apedza chikoro kubva muna 1896, Dukhonin akapinda mune imwe sangano rekudzidzisa zvechiuto - Academy ye General Staff. Muna 1902, akapedza zvidzidzo zvake pachikoro, akakurudzirwa kumutungamiriri wevarindi veVarindi uye akabva atumirwa kune General Staff.

Basa reuto reDukhonin rakakurumidza zvikuru. Akarova censorship yemukuru wekambani nebhatalion, munaNovember 1904 akava muchengeti mukuru wevashandi vekuchecherwa kwevana. Muna 1906, Nikolai Nikolayevich akagamuchira chikamu chechitatu cheChirongwa cheSt. St. Stanislaus naSt. Anne, uye akagadzwa kuhofisi yemukuru mukuru weKieyi Military District. Paakasvika kuKiev, Dukhonin akaroora Natalia Werner - musikana akanaka uye akadzidziswa uyo aiva mukunda weKyivan anoremekedzwa.

Basa rekutanga

Mumakore ekupedzisira muna 1908, Nikolai Nikolayevich akatanga kudzidzisa masayenzi akawanda kuKiev Military School. Muna 1911 akapiwa mukana weColonel mberi kwepurogiramu. Uye mumakore ekupedzisira e1912 Dukhonin zvakare akadzoka kuhofisi yepamusoro, kwaakazova mutongi mukuru.

Nikolai Nikolaevich, sezvo akadzidzira mune zvematongerwo enyika, akavandudza hukama hwakanaka naGeneral Alekseev, mukuru wevashandi venharaunda yacho. Kubatana nekukurukurirana kwevanhu neAlkseev kwakasiya chikamu chisingaoneki muNikolai Nikolayevich's memory. Alekseev, achitaura nezveDukhonin, akacherechedza huwandu hwakawanda hwehutano hwake nevashandi vechikoro.

Muzhizha ra1913, Colonel Dukhonin akapiwa rwendo rwebhizimisi rokutungamira mauto eAustro-Hungarian semucherechedzi. Panguva apo Europe yakanyanyisa kupinda muHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, uye Austria-Hungary yakawira kunze sevengi mukuru weRussia, rwendo urwu rwakanga ruchikosha kupfuura. Sezvo apedza kubudirira basa rake, korori yakagamuchira Mutemo weSt. Vladimir wechina yechina, uyezve kukurudzirwa muKievine masvingo ehondo - nzvimbo yepamusoro webazi rekuchenjera.

Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga

Apo Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Ikutanga yakatanga, Dukhonina akasarudzwa kuhofisi yemutongi mukuru wekota yekota yevatungamiriri vekota guru rehondo yechitatu yechiteshi cheuto cheKiev. Hondo, iyo iri chikamu cheSoutheast Front, yakabatanidzwa muhondo yeGalicia, iyo yakaitika kubva munaAugust 5 kusvikira kuSeptember 8, 1914. Basa reDhibkhonin raiva rekutarisira huchenjeri. Nezvisungo zvakatemerwa pamusoro pekolori, akashanda zvakajeka. Nekugamuchirwa kwegore ra1914 kunhare yePrzemysl, gamba rekukurukurirana kwedu rakagamuchira Mutemo weSt. George wechina.

Mukomana uyu haana kugara padzimbahwe, uye muna 1915 akaomerera pakutumira kwake mberi. Saka Dukhonin akagadzwa mutungamiriri we 165th Lutsk Infantry Regiment. Pasi pemurairo wake, gwaro rakavhara kudzoka kwe 42nd Infantry Division muhondo pedyo nomusha weKokre ((chiUukrane) zita. Nokuda kwehutungamiri hwehutungamiri uye ushingi Dukhonin akapa Mutemo weSt. George, ikozvino chidimbu chechitatu. Uyu mubairo wairemekedzwa zvikuru, nokuti Mutemo wechipiri chechipiri yenguva yose yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakagamuchira vanhu vana chete.

Muna May 1916 Dukhonin akava gurukota guru redzimbahwe re Southwestern Front uye mubatsiri weGeneral Brusilov, mutungamiri-mukuru-mukuru wemauto epamberi.

The February Revolution

Kuzviitiko zveFebruary Revolution, Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin akapindura zvinyararire. Iye, ari munhu anonzwisisa, akanzwisisa kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu emabasa ehondo kusateerera hurumende itsva uye kuronga mhirizhonga pamusoro pemabhanhire matsvuku isingabatsiri uye haigoni. Pasina kudzokorora ruzivo rwevamwe vakuru (Miller naKeller), Dukhonin akabvumirana kushanda pamwe neHurumende Inotarisira, achizviisa semudziviriri wenyika, uye kwete mumiriri wezvaanoda. SezvaA A. Kerensky akanyora, Dukhonin aiva munhu asingatauri uye akatendeseka uyo akanga ari kure nemanyengeri ezvematongerwo enyika. Iye, maererano naKerensky, akanga ari mumwe wevakuru vechidiki avo vakagamuchira unyanzvi hwokukunda kubva kuSuvorov naPeter Mukuru, iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvaireva kuzvikudza kune vane pasi.

MunaMay 1917, Général Nikolai Dukhonin akatungamira mukuru we South-Western Front. Mukutanga kwaAgasti wegore iroro iye akava Lieutenant-General uye Mutungamiriri weVashandi veWestern Front. Musi waSeptember 10, mushure mekunge General Alekseev atsigira, Dukhonin akatungamira mukuru weMukuru-mukuru-mukuru-Kerensky.

Hezvino izvo Lieutenant-General Denikin akanyora pamusoro paDukhonin: "Kerensky nevamiriri vezvematongerwe enyika vakawana zvakanakisisa zvavakamirira. Akanga ari murwi akashinga uye mukuru wemauto, uyo akaramba zvachose kusarura kwezvematongerwo enyika. " Jenerali Nikolai Dukhonin akabvumirana nebasa rake, zviri pachena kuti akaisa pangozi mukurumbira wake, uye gare gare nehupenyu hwake kuti aponese nyika yake, Denikin akati.

The October Revolution

Mukutanga kwaOctober General Dukhonin akatendeka akaita basa re "technician adviser", uyo akaedza kuchengetedza Provisional Government. Nekuraira kwaKerensky, Nikolai Nikolaevich akatumira mazana emasimba ehondo akasimba kune nzvimbo dzekutambudzika kukuru. Gare gare, maBolshevik akabudirira pakuwedzera zvikamu izvi zvose.

Apo Kumuka Kwegore kwaOctober kwakatanga muPetrograd, General Nikolai Dukhonin akagadzira boka rakananga kuMogilev kuti agadzirise zviitiko mukati mekumativi. Asi kuti kudzivisa kuputsika kweuto, iyo panguva iyoyo yakazosvika apogee yayo, yakanga isati yamboita.

Gumiguru 25, 1917 Dukhonin akatendeukira kuuto, achiedza kumuyeuchidza kuti basa kumunharaunda yake rinoda kuti azvidzora zvakakwana uye agare, nzvimbo yakagadzikana muzvipo uye rubatsiro kune hurumende. Akatumira teregiramu kuPetrograd achikumbira kuti vaBolshevik vasiye zviito zvavo pakarepo, vakasiya kubatwa kwemauto nesimba uye vanoteerera Hurongwa Hwezvinhu. Zvimwe zvisingaiti, maererano naye, hondo ichasimbisa izvi zvinoda nechisimba. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo hondo yakaparara zvachose, uye maGermany kuMadokero vanoshandisa iyo, zvose izvo vanhu vese vanogona kuita ndezvokutumira kutengesa teregiramu.

Pausiku hwaNovemba 26-27, apo akaziva kuti "simba rakasungwa nemauto" rakatumirwa kuKerensky, General Dukhonin akazvipira kuti atarisana navo ne "mabhiri maviri akatendwa nengoro". Somugumisiro, mauto eBolshevik aingova nyore uye akangokunda Winter Palace. Mangwanani e27, Nikolai Nikolaevich akatumira teregiramu kwavari nechikumbiro chekumisa zviito zvavo zvechisimba uye kuzviisa pasi peHurumende inoshandiswa. Maawa mashomanana gare gare, Stavka, pamwe nemakomiti euto, akasarudza kutora matanho ekubatsira Moscow. Zvaisakwanisa kubvumirana nematare euto, mangwanani eOctober 29, Dukhonin akafonera kuna A. Kaledin ndokumukumbira nezvekugona kutumira musasa weDon Cossacks kune guta guru kuitira kuti kugadzirisa kupandukira muMoscow uyezve kuenderera kuna Petrograd. General Dukhonin haana kumirira kuti apindure.

Nzvimbo yeMukuru Mukuru-mukuru-mukuru

Apo purogiramu yaipikisa Petrograd yakakundikana, usiku hwaNovember 1, Kerensky akagadza Dukhonin Mutungamiriri Mukuru-mukuru-mukuru, nekuda kwekuenda kwake kuna Petrograd. Mukuru, achizivisa mauto ekugadzwa kwake, akavakurudzira kuchengeta nzvimbo dzavo. Musi waNovember 1, Dukhonin akagamuchira tsamba kubva Kornilov, umo Lavr Georgievich akayeuchidza mukuru wekuoma kwebasa rakawira pamapfudzi ake uye kudiwa kwematanho ekugadzirisa kuronga kurwisana nechisimba chinouya.

Mukuru Nikolai Dukhonin akanzwisisa kuti njodzi huru inofanira kutarisirwa kubva kumashure, uye kwete kubva mberi. Akafunga kuzvipira kwake kutsigira Hurongwa Hwakagadziriswa sechiremera chete chepamutemo. Kutya kuwana mukurumbira wechirwere chikuru cheHondo yeVanhu, akanga asina kukwana pane zvaakaita. Mutemo Mukuru wakaratidza mafungiro ake kuHondo Yenyika apo paakabudisa chirevo chekuti vamise mauto achienda kuPetrograd. Dukhonin yakarambidza imba huru yeBolshevik simba, asi chaizvoizvo akasara ari oga.

Musi waNovember 7, mukuru weuto tsarist, Dukhonin, akagamuchira murairo kubva kuChristian People's Commissars, maererano nezvaaifanira kutendeukira kune vatungamiri vehondo dzevavengi uye kuvakoka kuti vadzivise hutsinye uye vagare pasi patafura yekutaurirana. Panguva imwe chete, aifanira kutumira mashoko ose kubva kune hurukuro kuna Smolny. Apo vaBolshevik vakapa urongwa uyu, ivo vakapikisana nemaonero evanhu vose. Kusakwanisa kutevedzera urongwa kunoreva kuti vane chikonzero chekuziva Dukhonin semuvengi wavo, uye naizvozvo muvengi wevanhu.

Achiziva kuoma kwemamiriro acho ezvinhu, musi waNovember 8, tsarist General Dukhonin akapedza zuva rose achifunga nezveizvi. Somugumisiro, akasarudza kutenga nguva, achishandisa zvakanakisa kuti iyo radiogram neyo chirongwa chakanga chisati chagadzirwa maererano nemitemo. Dukhonin telegraphed kuna VaMutungamiriri weHondo iyo, pamusana pekukosha kweiyo radiogram, haagoni kusarudza pane zvayo, sezvo pasina zuva uye nhamba pairi.

Nhamba inouraya

VaBolshevik havana kuda mutungamiri weGener Dukhonin. Usiku kubva munaNovember 8 kusvika ku9, Gungano revanhu reComminars mumunhu waLenin, Stalin naKrylenko vakadana Dukhoninin kuti vatsanangurire chinzvimbo chake pamusoro pehurumende. Mukuru wekutanga akatanga mhinduro yake kuburikidza nekukumbira mapurisa evanhu kana veAllies vachibvumirana nekukurukurirana murugare. Akabva aratidza kufungidzira kwake kuti vaBolshevik ivo pachavo havagoni kutaurirana nevasangano, saka saka vanoda vamiririri vehurumende. Vatendi havana kutaurirana pamusoro pemashoko ehurumende uye vakangomubvunza kana ainge akagadzirira kupa mhinduro isina kufanira kumutemo uye kuita chirongwa.

Mukuru Nikolai Dukhonin akaramba kuravera mirairo yeBolsheviks. Somugumisiro, akadzingwa. Sezvo kwakanga kusina munhu aizotsiva Glavkoverha pakutanga, akaramba ari munzvimbo yake achitsvaga mudiwa akakodzera. Nenguva isipi, panzvimbo yake yaifanira kusvika mureza weKrylenko.

Mushure mekunge husiku hukurukuri dzenhare nevatungamiri veBolshevik, General Nikolai Dukhonin akagumisa kuti vanhu vevanhu, avo vasina kunyanya kuzivikanwa, vakasarudza kuedza kutaurirana kuburikidza nemukuru-mukuru, vane simba rehondo rakakodzera.

Chirevo pamusoro pekutenderwa kweArististice

Musi waNovember 10, mashoko akaonekwa kuti muMogilev maBolshevik akabvumira mauto kuti azvigadzirire kupinda muchidziviriro pamwe nemuvengi, pasina kuwana chibvumirano che Stavka. Nhaurirano dzakabvumirwa kujoina masangano akasarudzwa, achitanga nemakomiti ehurumende. Uye chete pakusayina chibvumirano chezvombo zvehondo, hurumende yaifanira kutora chikamu. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga munhoroondo yepasi apo tsika yakadaro yekupedzisa truce yakashandiswa. Paakadzidza nezveizvi, Dukhonin akashamiswa zvikuru. Akaona mumutemo iwoyo kukundwa kwemhirizhonga uye kuparadzwa kwakakwana kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Mutungamiri mukuru haana kuzviisa pasi pechisarudzo cheChristian People's Commissars, pasinei nokuti ivo vaizivikanwa nehondo imwe pashure peimwe.

Musi waNovember 13, Mutungamiriri Mukuru Mutsva Krylenko akasvika kuDvinsk, uko Fifth Army yeNorthern Front yakanga yakamira. Zuva rakatevera, vamiririri vake vakapinda mukukurukurirana nemurairo weGermany, vachiputsa rusarudzo rweRussia. Musi waNovember 15, Dukhonin akataura pachena kuti kusati kwapera kukunda muGermany bloc aizoita zvose kuRussia kuti azadzise basa rayo kune vashandi.

Kunyange zvakadaro, General Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin akanzwisisa kuti mazuva eStvka akaverengwa. Mukukurukurirana naGeneral Shcherbachev, akakumbira wekupedzisira kuti atore mitoro yeMutungamiriri-mukuru kana pane chimwe chinhu chakaitika kwaari pachake. Mukupindura, Shcherbachev akakurudzira Dukhonin kutamisa Stavka kuKiev. Ikoko panguva iyoyo Central Rada yaiva musimba, iyo yakanga isingazivi hurumende yeSoviet. Chinhu ichocho Nikolai Nikolaevich akakurudzira Lieutenant-General Lukomsky.

Pakupedzisira, musi waNovember 18, vashandi vaStavka vakatanga kumusiya, asi mukuru wega akagara. Paakadzidza kuti chitima chakadzivirirwa nevakasununguka chakanga chiri kuenda kuMogilev, akaziva kuti mugumo we Stavka wakange watofanorongerwa. Zuva rakatevera, apo vatungamiri vemapurisa akakwira vakaungana kuti vamire kuGHQ, Dukhonin akavaraira kuti vabve muguta. Akanga asingadi hondo yehurumende. Pausiku hwaNovember 20, mukuru wehurumende akatumira vamiririri vake ku Bykhov kuti asunungure General Kornilov nevamwe vake. Zvinhu zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka, uye husiku huno vakabva muguta. Izvo chete General Nikolai Dukhonin haana kuronga kutiza. Akabvuma kuti aizomusungwa kana kutopfutirwa, asi chii chakazoitika, chakapfuura kunyange zvirevo zvinotyisa zvikuru.

Rufu rweGeneral Dukhonin

Musi waNovember 20, General Krylenko akasvika kuMogilev kugamuchira basa reMutungamiriri Mukuru kubva kuDukhonin. Nikolai Nikolayevich akasarudza kusamirira Krylenko mune chivako chisina chinhu cheStvka, kwaaigona panguva ipi zvayo kuva murwi wemutoja wevarwi. Paakanga akapfeka nguo dzisiri dzevanhu, akaenda kuchipatara kuti ape zvinhu kune "mutungamiri" wake, asi wechipiri akaenda kuguta racho. Zvino Nikolai Nikolayevich akaenda kumukuru wechitima kuti amiririre Krylenko. Hafu yeawa imwe gare gare, nhau dzekuti Dukhonin agere mumotokari yemotokari yakakurumidza kupararira pedo nechiteshi. Nenguva isipi boka revanhu vakashonga vakaungana pamativi emotokari, iyo yakashongedzerwa chete nechitarisiko chaKrylenko pachake. Zvisinei, kwete kwenguva refu.

General Dukhonin, mapikicha zvisingakwanisi kusiyana hwakanaka, akatanga pachake uye akaedza kutaura mutsivi wake, asi haana kuteerera. Krylenko zvose pfungwa yakanga nezvezvakanaka vasingadzoreki vazhinji, uyo aida kuti atsive Dukhonin. Vamwe vezvikepe kunyange apinda mumotokari uye unceremoniously akasundudzira Krylenko, anoedza yokungoita parutivi. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu chose kudzora, Dukhonin vasvika kuchaunga, achiti, "Iwe aida kuona General Dukhonin? Ndiri pamberi penyu. Ndakaenda ... ". General kuiripa haana kupiwa. Iye yakarohwa kumashure ane bhayoneti uye akakanda kure ngoro. Zvoutsinye bvamburwa mukuru muviri, vafambisi vakaenda kuguta kuuraya mukadzi wake. Apo vazhinji akaputsa muimba mukuru, mukadzi wake akanga asiri pamba. Natalia wakange ari mukereke, uko iye akawana shamwari. Achitaura pamusoro sei mukuru akaurayiwa Dukhonin musikana Natalia akavanda kumba.

Gare gare, AI Denikin, akanga asiri kukuchidzira ari echimurenga nokuchiva Dukhonin, asi akanga chikwereti hwake, akati kuti Nicholas aiva murume akatendeseka, uyo aiziva musimboti Murwi chikwereti kumeso nomuvengi. "Asi pakati kuzvipokanidza zvose izvi echimurenga Nikolai tariro kuvhiringidzika" - Iye akataura Denikin.

By November 21 zvinhu zvakanga normalized muna Mogilev. Krylenko akakwanisa kumisa lynchings uye dzishandise kuchengeteka chinonyanya kukosha zvinhu. On mirairo ake Dukhonin chitunha akanga mubhokisi uye akatapa kuchiteshi chivakwa. Mangwanani pasi murindi akaenda Natalia. Mumiriri idzva Mukuru Wehondo akamutora kuti pabhokisi uye vakauya mashoko ekunyaradza kubva Krylenko chiso. General pachake haana kuzviratidza meso wechirikadzi. Pane imwe shanduro maererano iyo Dukhonin muviri atenga mudzimai wake ari dzisingadzorwi vezvikepe, kununurwa muKiev uye vakavigwa mumwe uye makuva nemakanzuru. Ndiyo nyaya yake yapera General Dukhonin. Paguva Nikolai Nikolaevich 1934 iri Lukyanovka kumakuva muguta Kiev.

Zvazvinosarira chete kuwedzera kuti musi 21 November muguta Brest-Litovsk, ivo Bolsheviks vakatanga kwakadzama pamusoro kwemamiriro Brest rugare, aisagona kurondedzerwa sezvinonyadzisa. Last yavose sezvavakatarirwa, asi chipingamupinyi zvakavaomera zvikuru General Dukhonin chiso akanga panyama chapedzwa.

mhedziso

General Dukhonin, ane Biography aiva nyaya kukurukura kwedu, chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa inofananidza yeRussian nenyonganyonga remakore rechimakumi maviri. Zvinoratidza zvakaoma sei kuva mudziviriri musha wechokwadi - akatendeseka uye wakasimba. Mashoko okuti, "anotumirwa kumuzinda General Dukhonin" kusonganirana rufu unonyadzisa mumaoko emvura nemhomho abvume kuti Avengers. Asi iwe kunyadziswa pachake Dukhonin vakanzwa, kuenda rwendo rwake okupedzisira?