Citadel yeAleppo, Syria: nhoroondo yenhare

Aleppo inoramba iine rimwe remaguta ekare evanhu. Vanhu vanogara pano kwezviuru zvemakore zvisati zvaitika munguva yedu. Nguva yose ino guta racho raifungidzirwa kuti ndiro rinokosha kune vanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye vatongi.

Guta rekare

Zvokuchera matongo zvinotsigira kuti Aleppo akasimuka kwenguva yakareba kusati kwaonekwa kuinyorwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zuva chaiyo renheyo dzayo zvakaoma kuverenga. Kune dzakawanda zvekuchera matongo mumatunhu muguta iro risati radzidza kusvika ikozvino. Izvi zvinokanganisawo nekurwa muAleppo, iyo yave ichienderera kwemakore akawanda nekuda kwehondo yehurumende muSiria.

Kutaura kweimba yakasimba kunowanikwa mumhedheni yeHiti, iyo inoreva kumireniyamu yechitatu BC. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana Aleppo yaiva guta rehutungamiri hwakawanda hwekare. Inova guta rakapfuma munguva yeBhabhironi, apo Mesopotamiya yakavakidzana yakave iyo nzvimbo yevanhu tsika uye sayenzi. Uyewo munguva yekare guta racho raitorwa nevaEgipita nevaHiti.

Antiquity

Muna 333 BC, mutungamiri mukuru Alexander weMacedon akatora guta reAleppo. Siriya yaiva nzvimbo inokosha kwaari. Kubva pano migwagwa kuenda kumabvazuva yakamhanya. Yakanga iri kuburikidza nenyika idzi Alexander akakwira kundorwa nePersia, ndokubva asvika kumiganhu yeIndia.

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, Aleppo yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma Hellenized, ndiko kuti, yakakanganiswa netsika yekare yechiGiriki. Masayendisiti ekune dzimwe nyika akauya pano, zvikoro zvefilosofi zvakavhurwa. Mushure mokunge vaGiriki vauya vaRoma, avo vakatonga pano kwemakore mazana emakore.

Byzantium nevaMuslim

Pakutanga kwemazuva edu, Siria yakava nzvimbo inokosha yekupararira kwechiKristu, izvo zvisingakwanisi asi zvinokanganisa maitiro ekureurura evanhu veAleppo. Mushure mekuparadzwa kweMambo, zviremera zveByzantium hazvina kuzivikanwa kwemazuva mazhinji, zvakagadzirisa kuvaka kwekereke nemamatare.

Vagari vomuguta vakawedzera kuonekwa. Masvingo matsva akavakwa, ayo akapoteredza nhare yeAleppo. Siria yaiva imwe yenyika dzakapfuma yeByzantium, uye zvose nekuda kwekuti yakange iri paGreat Silk Road. Aleppo yaiva inokosha inotamira kune vatengesi vanobva kuMabvazuva. Havana kutakura silika chete, asiwo muvhu, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingawaniki kuEurope.

Muzana remakore reVII, kutyisidzira kweArabhu kwakaisa nzvimbo. VaMuslim vakabata guta reAleppo, Siria yakapfuura chose pasi pekutonga kwavo. Kwemazana emakore mazana ezvo nhare yakabudirira kuburikidza nekuswedera kweDhamasiko, iyo kwechinguva yakave guta guru remakalifa. Muzana remakore rechigumi raive rakapiwa makore 14 neByzantine, iyo yakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru muguta racho.

Machechi

Muna 1096, Papa Urban II akakurudzira vatongi vekuMadokero kweEurope kubatsira vaKristu vekuMabvazuva mukurwisana kwavo nevaMuslim. Panguva ino, mambo weByzantium akaenderera mberi kupa zvikamu zvehurumende yake kune Semujuk Turks ane utsinye.

Kudanwa kwakanzwika. Zviuru zvemakwikwi, masoja, uye varimi vashoma vakabva kuEurope vachitsvaga kutambira uye kubwinya. Icho chinangwa chikuru cheVadzingi raiva Jerusarema, iro raiva guta dzvene kune vose vaKristu. Nhare yeAleppo (Siria yakanga iri pedyo) yakazviwanawo pachavo munzira yavo. Pasinei nekukomba, guta racho harina kutorwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, gore rakatevera vaChrisad vakabata Jerusarema. MuMiddle East, mazita akawanda echiKristu akazviratidza kuti aigara achityisidzira musiramu weSiriya. Kuedza kwechipiri kweVatungamiriri veKusimba kuti vatore nzvimbo yakasimba kwakaitika muna 1124. Yakaratidzawo kuti yakakundikana.

Kudengenyeka kwenyika

Muna 1138, guta rekare reAleppo rakaparadzwa zvachose panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru. Zvechokwadi, hapana dambudziko chaiyo pamusoro pehuwandu hwevarwere. Zvisinei, kunyange zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu (dzinopfuura 220 000 vakafa), kudengenyeka uku kwakange kune yechishanu yevashandi munhoroondo yevanhu vose.

Kurova kwacho kwakanzwa kwete kwete muSiria chete, asiwo munharaunda yemazuva ano Azerbaijan, Iran neTurkey. Aleppo iri pane geological fault, iyo iyo Gungwa Rakafawo chikamu. Izvi ndezvikonzero zvekuti iyo nhare yakatambura zvikuru. Guta racho rakanga rakadzingwa mune rimwe zuva. Nenguva isipi vagari vadzoka, asi kugadziriswa kwemazana emakore akawanda zvakange zvisingagoni kukura kusvika pakukura kwayo. Iko chete muzana remakore rechina reXIX, nhamba yevagari veAleppo yakave yakafanana nepamusi wekudengenyeka kwenyika yekare. Zvisinei, kunyange munguva dzemazuva ano, kora uye denda zvirwere zvakasangana pano.

Hondo yeArabs neMongolia

Muna 1183 musha weAleppo (Siria) wakapfuurira kune akakurumbira Saladin, uyo akakwanisa kudzinga vatungamiriri vechitendero kubva kuJerusarema ndokudzorera kutonga kweArabhu munharaunda yacho.

Zvisinei, yakagara kwenguva pfupi. Muzana remakore rechi13 maMongolian akauya pano. Hondo iri pasi pomurairo weHulagu yakatora guta muna 1260. Masvingo eimba yakakoromoka shure kwemazuva matanhatu ekukomberedza kwakanyanya kubva pamakumbo. Citadel yakagara inenge mwedzi.

Nokudaro, kwemazana makumi emakore, maArabhu akarwisana nemaMongol, achiedza kupikisa ukuru hweSiria. Ikutanga inotungamirirwa neveMambo Mamlyukov. Dambudziko reguta racho raive kuzvipira kuna Tamerlane muna 1400. Zvinenge zvese vanhu vese vakagurwa kunze. Sechiratidzo chekutyisidzirwa, shongwe yeganga yakavakwa pedyo neguta.

Mutongi weTurkey

Muzana remakore re XV, mamiriro ezvinhu muAleppo akachinja: vaTurkey vakakwanisa kutora guta rino. Vakaramba vari vatongi veSiria kwemazana emakore akawanda. Umambo hweOttoman hunotenderera kumakondinendi matatu. MaArabhu aiva pasi pekutonga kwevanhu vane simba.

Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, Umambo hweOttoman hwakaparadzana, uye muSiria, mvumo yeBritish yakagadziriswa zvishoma. Pashure pake, nyika yeArabhu yakaumbwa, iyo ichiripo.

Hondo yehurumende muSiriya

Muna 2011, hondo yevagari vemo yakatanga muSiria. Vazhinji veArabhu vakanga vasina kugutsikana nesimba, iro rakanga rine maAlawites mashomanana akatungamirirwa naBashar Assad. Aleppo yaiva imwe yemaguta makuru munyika, uye nekuda kweizvi zvakamukomba hondo dzakatsamwa dzakabuda, izvo zvinoramba zviripo nhasi. Muzhizha ra2012, hondo pakati pemasoja ehurumende kune rumwe rutivi uye vapanduki pane imwe yakatanga mukumuka kwayo.

Hondo muAleppo yakave iri pakati pekutarira nyika yose apo gasi rinouraya sarin rakashandiswa munzvimbo iri pedyo neguta. Kushandiswa kwaro kunorambidzwa nemagungano emarudzi akawanda. Izvi zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda zvakakonzera rufu rwevagari vemo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubva kune dzimwe nguva kubvongodza kubva kumativi akasiyana muAleppo vanenge vasina zvigaro zvezvivako zvachose. Nguva dzose nzvimbo dzekugara dzinoramba dzichigere kusina magetsi pamusana pematambudziko emisasa. Vagari vomuguta vakaderera kubva pamamiriyoni maviri kusvika kune 1 mamiriyoni evanhu. Vapoteri vakawanda vakatiza munyika, izvo zvakavhiringidza dambudziko muEurope, pakakakavadzana nenyaya yekuvhara miganhu kana kuti kwete.

Siria (Aleppo nhasi inoramba iri inopisa nzvimbo) inoramba ichiwira mu tepi yemasangano ehurumende enyika senzvimbo yehondo yakareba, yehondo inouraya. Yakatanga muArab Spring, apo muna 2011, munyika dzakawanda kuMiddle East neMaghreb, vagari vasina kugutsikana vakakumbira kurega hurumende dzavo.