Alexis de Tocqueville: The Idea of the Ideal State

Mutungamiri wechiFrench Alexis deTocqueville akazvarwa musi wa29 Gumiguru 1805 muParis mumhuri yakanaka. Tateguru vake vaiva mumiririri wepamusoro akakurudzira vaConstre XVI ndokufa munguva yeRevolution yakakura. Mhuri yakaita zvose kuti ivimbise kuti Alexis akagamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro yevanhu. Muhuduku hwake, ave nehofisi yepamutemo muVersailles, haana kuita mutemo kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvikuru Tocqueville aifarira munharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika, kwaakaenda kune mukana wekutanga wakamuka.

Maonero emufumi

Kusiyana naambuya vake nababa, Alexis de Tocqueville, ane mazita ehupenyu hwemurume uyo muupenyu hwake hwose akaisa mararamiro emagariro, haasi iye mutongi wemarudzi. Pfungwa yake yehutano hwakanaka yakaumbwa nekuda kwekuzivana kwepedyo neyo zvishoma zvinyatsonzwisiswa kune veEurope United States.

MuAmerica, Tocqueville yaiva muna 1831. Ari pamusoro pemhenderekedzo yegungwa, akafamba rwendo, maaizofanira kudzidza muhurumende yehurumende yeUnited States. Uyewo Alexis de Tocqueville, nguva iyo ingadai yakave yakasiyana muEurope, dai yakanga isati iri yomuenzaniso wekuda-kuda vanhu vokuAmerica, vaida kuziva ruzivo rwemauto ehurumende yekare yeBritain.

Rwendo rwokuenda kuU.SA

MuAmerica, murume wechiFrench akafamba neshamwari yake Gustave de Beaumont. Pamusoro pegungwa, vakapedza mwedzi mipfumbamwe. Vose venguva iyi vese vaifamba vachienda kumaguta akasiyana-siyana, vaitaurirana nevekudenga, vakawana maonero pamusoro penzira yehupenyu uye chimiro chevanhu vasingazivikanwi.

Mugore iroro, 1831, mutungamiri weUnited States ainzi Democrat Andrew Jackson. Tocqueville aine nhanho - akanga ari munyika ine hutano hunokosha hwekuchinja iye pachake. Mumwe wegumi nematanhatu akabatana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende gumi nematatu. Vaviri vavo (Missouri neLouisana) vakanga vari shure kweRwizi rukuru rweMisissippi. Mushanyi wechiFrench akakwanisa kuzviona pachake kuwanda kwemakoloni enyika dzekumadokero, apo vaitsvaga zvekugadzirira uye nyika itsva vatsvaga.

Muna 1831, vanhu veUnited States vaiva mamiriyoni 13 uye vakaramba vachikura nokukurumidza. Vanhu vakawanda vakabva kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba ndokuenda kumadokero enyika. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekusimudzirwa kwehupfumi. Kumabvazuva kumaindasitiri nzvimbo dzakaratidzwa nekusava nemamiriro ekushanda mumasimo, kusagadzikana kwemabasa uye matambudziko emumba. Nguva yakawanda Alexis deTocqueville akapedza muNew England. Akashanyirawo maGungwa makuru, akatarisa kuCanada, Tennessee, Ohio, New Orleans. Murume wechiFrench akashanyira Washington, kwaakakwanisa kuziva mazano ebasa rehurumende yehurumende.

Tocqueville akasangana uye akazoziva nevazhinji veAmerica vane simba uye vanozivikanwa: Andrew Jackson, Albert Gallatin, John Quincy Adams, Jerid Sparks naFrancis Lieber. Hurukuro hurukuro nemufambi wacho waiva nevamiriri vehupenyu hwose. Tocqueville naBeumont vakakumbira maAmerica mibvunzo yakawandisa. Tsamba dzavo kune shamwari neshamwari dzinopupurira kunyatsogadzirira kukurukurirana uku.

"Democracy in America"

Rwendo rweTocqueville kuenda kuUnited States rune zvibereko - bhuku rinonzi Democracy in America. Kunyora kwacho hakuna kubudirira muFrance chete, asi muEurope yose. Nenguva isipi akaendeswa kune dzimwe nyika gumi nembiri. Zvinyorwa zvinonyanya kukosha zvebhuku racho nderokuti munyori haana mafungiro ehurukuro yake, ruzivo rwake uye ruzivo rwe ruzivo rwehurukuro, pamwe nekuwanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakagadzirwa. Alexis de Tocqueville, ane "Democracy in America" haana kurasikirwa nehutano uye nhasi, nokuda kwake, yakanga yakarongedzwa zvakakodzera pakati pezvinonyanya kuitika mune zvematongerwo enyika zvezana remakore re XIX.

Mubhuku rake, munyori akafananidza hurumende yeUnited States neFrance. Sezvo ari munhu wevanhu vose uye nhengo yemunguva yemberi yeparamende, aida kutengesa zvose zvakanakisisa kubva pane zvakaitika kuAmerica kunyika yake. Nheyo yehurumende yekutonga Tocqueville yakaona mumitemo yevaPuritans, avo vakamira pamakoronike emakoloni muNyika Itsva. Kubatsira kukuru kwehurumende yeAmerica, aifunga kuti kuenzana kwekana kune vose vanogara munyika.

Iko pfungwa yenzvimbo yakanaka

Uyu muongorori akasiyana nechechiFrench chinonyanya kuisa mukati mekudzivirira kwemahotera kune dzimwe nyika (kuva mutsigiri wenguva dzose wekupedzisira). Yakava nokuda kwake, anofungidzira akatenda, kuti muUnited States kwakanga kusina maguta makuru, nyika dzakawanda uye kushaya urombo. Mikana yakaenzana inoita kuti hurumende dzisarudze uye dzinobatsira kudzivisa kuchinja. Zvinonakidza kuti Tocqueville yakasiyana nemaAmerica kwete neFrance chete, asi neRussia, iyo yaaifunga kuti ndiyo nhare yekuvhiringidza chitendero.

Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakanga riri chimwe chiratidzo chemaitiro akanaka, akafunga Alexis deTocqueville. "Democracy in America," zvisinei, kwete kungorumbidza democracy, asi yakasimbisawo kukanganisa kwayo. Yaiva Tocqueville uyo akava munyori wezwi rakakurumbira "tyranny yezhinji". Nemashoko aya munyori anotsanangura kurongeka umo masimba ane simba ane simba aigona kuishandisa zvisina kukodzera kana kuti vose vanopa simba ravo kumudzvinyiriri.

Mufungidzi weFrance akauya kumhedziso yokuti rusununguko rwekusarudza ndicho chivimbiso chesununguko rwose, uye sarudzo yehurumende inotanga kutanga kune yose yekudzivirira nekudzivisa hurumende. Akange aine zvinopesana nemashoko. Saka, Tocqueville akatenda kuti munzanga yekukunda kwekukunda hapana nzvimbo yeunyanzvi. Alexander Pushkin akaverenga "Democracy in America". Murondedzeri wokuRussia akafadzwa zvikuru nezvaakataura mune imwe yezvaakanyorera Chaadayev.

Kutanga kwematongerwo enyika

Mushure mekubudiswa kweDemocratic in America, Alexis deTocqueville akaenda kuEngland, uko bhuku rake raive rakakurumbira. Munyori akanga akamirira kugamuchirwa kunopisa kwekuverengwa kwevanhu vose. Muna 1841, mupfungwa akazova nhengo yeFrench Academy yeScience. Akasarudzwa zvakare semutevedzeri, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yake muwadi yakanga isina kusiyaniswa nechimwe chinhu chakakosha.

Pasina kuva mutungamiri weparamende pasinei nemafungiro ake asingazivikanwe mune zvematongerwo enyika, Alexis deTocqueville haana kumbobvira asvika padombo, asi kazhinji akashanda mumatare akasiyana. Akanga asiri wechiripo, kunyange zvazvo aivhota kubva kuruboshwe uye kazhinji aipikisa Prime Minister veCervidative François Guizot.

Alexis de Tocqueville aigara achitsoropodza hurumende nekuda kwemitemo yake isingakanganisi zvido zvemativi ose evanhu. Muhurukuro dzake dzisinganzwisisiki, vezvematongerwo enyika vakataura nezvekusagadzikana kwekuchinja. Ichokwadi chakaitika muna 1848. Kunyange zvazvo Tocqueville akanga ari mutsigiri wehurumende yepamutemo, akaziva hurumende itsva, achiiona pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chete nzira yekuchengetedza rusununguko rwevanhu.

Mutariri Wezvekune dzimwe nyika muFrance

Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwema 1848, Alexis de Tocqueville akasarudzwa kuChechi yeChishanu. Mariri, akabatana nevakarurama uye akatanga kurwisana neSocialists. Kunyanya nekusingaperi mupfungwa akadzivirira kodzero yehudzi. Kurwiswa kwake neSocialists, Tocqueville yakatenda, kunogona kutungamirira kukuvhiringidza rusununguko rwevagari venyika uye kuwedzerwa kwakanyanya kwenyika. Kutya despotism, akatsigira kukanganisa simba rehutungamiri wenyika, nekugadzwa kweparamende ye bicameral, nezvimwewo. Hapana chimwe chezvirevo izvi chakashandiswa mukuita.

Muna 1849, Alexis de Tocqueville, ane nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika akanga ari pfupi, akasarudzwa kuti ave mushumiri wezvekune dzimwe nyika muhurumende yeOdilon Barrot. Basa guru remusoro wehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika rakaona kuchengetedzwa kweFrance muItaly yevakidzani. Yakanga iri iyo iyo nzira yakareba yekusika imwe nyika yakaguma paApennine peninsula. Muchirevo ichi, kupesana kwakatanga pakati peChechi yeKaturike nevakuru vehurumende veItaly itsva.

Alexis de Tocqueville, ane pfungwa huru dzekuchengetedza hurumende yakazvimiririra yePapa, akaedza kuve nekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemukati muPapa. Akakundikana kuita izvi, nokuti mwedzi mishomanana mushure mekutanga kwebasa rehutungamiri wekune imwe nyika, barro rose rehurumende rakasiya hurumende nekuda kweimwe shanho rezvematongerwo enyika rakabatana netsamba yemutungamiri kwaari.

Kupera kwebasa revanhu

Musi waDecember 2, 1851, imwezve hurumende yakaitwa muFrance. Mutungamiri Louis Napoleon akapedza paramende uye akagamuchira masimba anenge ane masimba. Gore rakatevera, republica yakaparadzwa, uye panzvimbo yaro yakaziviswa kusikwa kweMambo wechipiri. Alexis de Tocqueville, ane mharidzo uye mabhuku akanyevera pamusoro pengozi yezvakaitika zvezviitiko zvakadaro, akazviwana ari mumapoka evanhu vekupedzisira avo vakaramba nyika itsva yehurumende. Nokusateerera mitemo, akaiswa mutorongo mujeri reVincennes. Munguva pfupi Tocqueville akasunungurwa, asi akazopedzisira abvamburwa kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Munyori wacho akashandisa nguva yekusununguka yakanga yawira pamusoro pake uye akaita chiitiko chezvakaitika zvezviitiko zvekuvandudza kukuru kwekupera kwezana remakore rechi18. Kubvunzurudzwa kwekuvhota musi waDecember 2 kwakamuyeuchidza nezvekutsvaira kwe18 Brumaire, zvichibva pane imwe nguva iyo Napoleon yaimbowana simba risingagumi. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu, mufungidzi akapomera mhosva yakaipa yezvematongerwo enyika, umo vanhu, vasina kushandisa rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika, vakagamuchira kodzero dzakakodzana, kusanganisira kodzero dzekusarudzwa.

"The Old Order uye Revolution"

Pashure pemakore akawanda emabasa muna 1856, Tocqueville yakabudisa bhuku rokutanga rebhuku rinonzi "The Old Order uye Revolution," iro rakaguma rava basa rake rechipiri rinokosha (mushure me "Democracy in America"). Bhuku racho raifanira kuva nezvikamu zvitatu, asi rufu rwakamisa munyori panguva yebasa rake rwechipiri.

Chinhu chikuru chekudzidza kwaTocqueville chaive rusununguko rwomunhu. Akarangarira nheyo yekusava nekupindira kwehurumende muhupfumi kuti iite zvakanaka uye yakarurama. Mufungidziri haana kuona rusununguko rwevanhu pasina ruzivo rwekare uye dzidzo yevanhu. Pasina iyo, hapana hurumende inoshandiswa inoshanda, munyori akatenda. Anoona kuti muverengi akacherechedza kubvumirana kwemashoko aya pane muenzaniso wekuchinja kwakakura kwakadaro muFrance kwekuguma kwezana remakore re XVIII.

Alexis de Tocqueville, ane mazwi akachenjera achiri kushandiswa muhupfumi, hupfumi kana mabhuku, zvakanzi rusununguko uye kuenzana kuva chikonzero chehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vanofarira zvikuru wechipiri, kupfuura yekutanga. Vanhu vazhinji, Tocqueville vakataura, vakatozvipira kupa rusununguko rwekuenzana. Nemanzwiro akadaro, mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka pakugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa. Kuenzana kunogona kuparadzanisa vanhu, kuwedzera mukati mavo udyire uye kuwirirana. Zvose izvi zvakaonekwa mubhuku rake naAlexis de Tocqueville.

Basa "The Old Order neRevolution" raisanganisira kufunga kwechido chevanhu nekuda kwebatsiro. Vanhu avo vanojaira kudya vakagadzirira kupa hurumende masimba matsva kuitira kuti igare yakadzikama, kurongeka uye mararamiro ehupenyu. Saka simba rehurumende rinopinda zvakadzika muupenyu hwehupenyu, zvichiita kuti unhu huve hwakasununguka. Izvi zvinoreva kutungamirirwa kwekutonga, izvo zvinopedza hurumende yega-hurumende.

Kudzvinyirira kwevanhu vazhinji

Mune zvinyorwa zve "Old Order uye Revolution," dzidziso yehurumende, yakatanga kutangira mubhuku rokutanga romunyori, yakagadzirwa. Alexis de Tocqueville muchidimbu, asi akakwanisa kutaura pfungwa, dzakawanda dzazvo dzakaumba hwaro hwemazuva ano ezvematongerwe enyika. Mune basa idzva, munyori akaenderera mberi kudzidza chiitiko chekudzvinyirira kwevanhu vakawanda. Zvinowedzera zvakajeka muchiitiko icho nyika inofanirwa kurwisa hondo.

Munguva dzenguva refu kuteura ropa, kune ngozi yekutarisa komutungamiriri uyo akasarudza kutora simba munyika yacho nemaoko ake. Saka, somuenzaniso, waiva Napoleon. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vakaneta nehondo vachafara kupa mukoti kuti ave mutungamiri wenyika yose rusununguko rwavo mukutsinhana kwechivimbiso chekusimbiswa uye mune ramangwana rekugadzirisa nyika yose. Nokudaro, zvinyorwa zvevanhu vanowanzove zvakakurumbira, kunyange pasinei nechinangwa chavo chisingaitiki.

Nzira imwe chete yekudzivisa zvekutonga ndiyo rusununguko pacharo. Ndiye iye anoita kuti vanhu vaswedere pedo, kuderedza udyire uye kubvisa pane zvinhu zvenyama. Bumbiro rezvematongerwo enyika rezvematongerwo enyika chete harina kukwana. Chimiro chakanaka chinofanira kunge chakavakirwa pakupararira kwemasimba akawandisa. Nokudaro, kune nyika huru, nzira yakanakisisa yekuronga isangano. Ndizvo zvakaitwa naAlexis deTocqueville. Akatora pfungwa yemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kubva kune zvakaitika kare zvikanganiso izvo zvake aFrance, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda kubva kumativi ose enyika, akabvumirawo.

Kubatsirwa kwekugadzirisa masimba

Chero-hurumende yega-hurumende inogona kuponesa vanhu kubva pamabasa ekuchengetedza mabasa uye kuvamanikidza kuti vaite mune zvidzidzo zvavo zvezvematongerwo enyika. Mamiriro akakodzera haagoni kuita kunze kwematare akazvimirira oga uye simba rehutungamiri kana zvikashungurudzwa. Iyi ndiyo sangano rinofanira kugamuchira kodzero yekuramba mitemo inopesana nemutemo uye kodzero dzevanhu.

Alexis de Tocqueville, ane nhaurirano dzakakurumidza kupararira kubva mumabhuku evanhu venguva yakazara nevana, uyewo akasimudzira rusununguko rwakakwana rwekushamwaridzana nevepanhau. Panguva imwecheteyo, chivimbiso chokuti hurumende haizovadzvinyiriri haisi masangano, asi tsika netsika dzevanhu. Kana vanhu vane chikumbiro chekusununguka, chicharamba chichienderera mberi. Kana zvichida kuramba kwevanhu vanobva kune kodzero dzavo, havazobatsirwi nemutemo chero upi zvake. Panguva imwecheteyo, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti mutemo uyu unopera shure. Masangano anokonzera kugadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma tsika netsika.

Kukosha kwebasa raTocqueville

Kuedza kunzwisisa kuti unganyora sei bhuku uye kuti ungaita sei mushumo, Alexis deTocqueville akauya kusarudzo inotevera. Mune basa pamusoro peAmerica, akarondedzera zvakajeka kuti democracy yakagoneka sei kupfuura mhiri kwegungwa uye chii chakakonzera. Mubasa rake paFrance, muongorori akagara pazvikonzero zvekukundikana kwekuedza kusimbisa nekusimbisa rusununguko rwevanhu.

Urongwa hwekare hweAlexis de Tocqueville hwakashandisa nzira yakagadzirwa munyika yake muzana remakore rechi18 nekubatana kwevanhu vehuudal uye royal absolutism. Hurumende yakachengetedza kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu munharaunda, vachiona mairi kubhadhara kwekuchengetedzwa kwayo. Vagari vakaiswa mudivi, iyo nhengo dzaro, sekutonga, dzakarumirwa zvakasimba kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Murasi haasi iye wese semugari weguta, asi mutengesi kune gurukota-muridzi weimba. Kupera kwema democratization uye kukura kwezvoupfumi kunogumisa izvi. Iko kupandukira kwakaparadza urongwa hwekare, hwakagadzirirwa hutsva-hwakavakwa pahuenzana hwevanhu pakati pavo.

Zvinonakidza kuti basa raTocqueville raizivikanwa nevanhu vakararama panguva imwechete sevhuku rokutanga risina kwematongerwe enyika pamusoro pezviitiko zvekupera kwezana remakore rechi18 muFrance. Pamberi pazvo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakabudisa tsvakurudzo dzakadzivirira izvi kana kuti rutivi rwekugadzirisa hondo.

Izvi ndezvekusiyana kweiyo basa raAlexis de Tocqueville, uye zvechokwadi mabhuku ake ose akakodzera kubvumirwa kwevana uye akachengeterwa munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare. Haana kuedza kururamisa zviito zvevatongi vehurumende kana vatsigiri vehurumende - aida kutsvaga chokwadi chinobva kune chokwadi. Tocqueville akafa musi waApril 16, 1859 muCannes. Zvakakosha kuvayenzi neshamwari zvakarongedzwa nekudhinda kusunganidzwa kwakakwana kwebasa, kazhinji kacho kwakanyora zvinyorwa zvakare.