Hondo yechitendero muFrance: zvinokonzera, zvikamu, migumisiro

Hondo dzechitendero zveFrance dzakabuda zvisinganetsi kubva muna 1562 kusvikira muna 1589. Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha kumakakatanwa aya maKaturike neHuguenots (maProtestants). Mugumisiro wehondo dzakawanda ndiko kuchinja kwehutongi hwekutonga, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwekodzero yekusununguka kwechitendero.

Zvinotarisirwa

Hondo yechitendero yeropa muFrance pakati peKaturike nemaProtestant yakatanga muna 1562. Akange ane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvepamusoro uye zvikonzero zvakadzama. Muzana remakore rechi16, chiFrench chakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri asingagoni kuwirirana - Catholic and Protestant. Dzidziso itsva yakapinda munyika kubva kuGermany. Vatsigiri vake vakatsigira kurambwa kwemimwe mitemo yeChechi yeKaturike (kutengeswa kwezviperegisheni, zvinyorwa, nezvimwewo).

Nzira yakakurumbira zvikuru yePurotesitendi muFrance yaiva Calvinism. Vateveri varo vainzi Huguenots. Nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa uku dzakapararira munyika yose, ndicho chikonzero hondo yechitendero muFrance yakakosha zvikuru.

Mambo Francis ini ndakava mambo wokutanga kuedza kumira kupararira kwenhema itsva. Akarayira kubviswa kwezvinyorwa zveHuguenot, nekubatsirwa kwaiitwa neKaturike. Kune madzimambo, kushamwaridzana pamusoro pekutenda kwetsika kwaiva kupesana pamasimba avo pachavo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa naValois, nokuti hondo yechitendero yakatanga kuFrance.

Kukanganisa kwekodzero dzeHuguenots

Muteveri waFrancis Henry II kunyanya kushingairira kupedza kuparadzwa kwePurotesitendi munyika yake. Muna 1559, Gungano reKunyararo Romurugare raKato-Cambresis rakasayirwa, iro rinopedza kuguma kweItalia Hondo. Pashure paizvozvo, mambo neuto rake vakasunungurwa. Zvino, pakupedzisira, zvigadzirwa zvisina ruzivo zvakatanga simba, izvo zvavaigona kukanda pakurwisana nekunyepedzera. Murairo yake inotevera, Henry II akatyisidzira vasingateereri nokupisa padanda. Asi kunyange zviratidzo izvi zvehurumende hazvina maturo pakupararira kweCalvinism. Pakazosvika 1559 muFrance pakanga pane mamiriyoni mashanu emunharaunda umo vateereri ve dzidziso iyi vaigara.

Nekutongerwa kuchigaro choushe chaMambo Francis II wechidiki, mapurisa ose epurovhinzi akaisa makamuri emoto. Saka yakanzi mitemo inoshamisa inoshamisa, iyo yakatarisana nematambudziko ePurotesitendi. Aya masangano akatarisirwa naGiza, hama dzine simba dzekakomana wamambo. Kutanga kwehondo dzechitendero muFrance uye dzakawanda zvezviitiko zvavo zveropa zvinosvika pahana yavo.

Amuaz plot

Giza (vanun'una Francois naCharles) vaivengwa nevakuru vakuru - mumwe nekuda kwekusaziva kwavo, imwe nekuda kwechitendero chavo. Aristocrats, vasina kugutsikana nehama dzomambo, nguva pfupi mushure mekugadzwa kwemakamuri emoto vakaronga urongwa. Ava vatungamiri vaida kutora musungwa wevechidiki Francis uye vachikumbira kubva kwaari kodzero yekusarudzwa kwechitendero (iyo isununguko rwehana).

Chirongwa chacho chakaziviswa musi wekupedzisira wekuurayiwa. Francis nevakasimuka vake vakatizira kuAmboise. Kunyange zvakadaro, varongi havana kurega zvirongwa zvavo uye vakaedza kubata mambo nechisimba muguta rino. Urongwa hwacho hwakakundikana. Vakuru vakuru vakawanda vakafa muhondo, vamwe vakaurayiwa mushure mekunge. Zviitiko izvozvo zveMarch 1560 zvaive chiitiko, nekuda kwekurwa kwehondo yechitendero muFrance.

Hondo Inotanga

Makore mashomanana mushure mokunge vanyengeri, Francis II akafa nekuda kwehutano hwake husina kunaka. Chigaro chepamusoro chakaenda kune munun'una wake Charles IX, panguva yekutonga uko kutanga kwehondo dzechitendero kuFrance kwakatanga. Gore ra1562 rakaratidzwa nekuurayiwa kweHuenenots muChampagne. Mutongi weGuise neuto rake akarwisa vapurotesitendi vasina kusagadzikana avo vainyengetera nerunyararo. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuputika kwehondo huru.

Ma Huguenots, sevaKaturike, vaiva nevatungamiriri vavo. Yokutanga yeiyi yaiva muchinda Ludovic de Conde weBourbon. Mushure mechiitiko ichi muChampagne, akatora maguta akawanda, achiita Orleans mutsigiri wePurotesitendi kudzivirira simba. IHuenenots yakagadzirisa hukama nehurumende dzeGermany neEngland, nyika dzavakarwisana nenzira imwechete nechechi yeRoma. Kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwevanhu vekunze kwakasimudzira hondo dzechitendero muFrance kunyanya. Makore aidiwa kuti nyika iparadze zvese zvayo uye, kubuda ropa, pakupedzisira yakasvika pachibvumirano cherugare pakati pemapato.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chekukakavadzana kwaiva kuti pane hondo dzakawanda. Ropa rakabva ratanga, ndokubva ramira, ndokudzoka zvakare. Saka, nekutadza kuduku, hondo yakabva kubva muna 1562 kusvika kune makore 1598. Sero rokutanga rakaguma muna 1563, apo huguenots neKaturike vakapedzisa Amboise Rugare. Maererano nechibvumirano ichi, maPurotesitendi akagamuchira kodzero yekuita chitendero chavo kune dzimwe nyika mapurisa enyika. Mapato akazobvumirana nekuda kwekushandira pamwe kwaCatherine de Medici, amai vemadzimambo matatu eFrance (Francis II, Charles IX naHenry III). Nokufamba kwenguva, akava mu protagonist wemakakatanwa. Iyo Queen Queen inonyatsozivikanwa kune vanogara vemazuva ano vanoonga nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zveDumas.

Hondo yechipiri neyechitatu

Giza akanga asina kugutsikana nekubvumirana kune huguenots. Vakatanga kutsvaga vashandi veKaturike kunze kwenyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, muna 1567, maPurotesitendi, semakore akawanda akapfuura, akaedza kubata mambo. Chiitiko ichi, chinozivikanwa sechishamiso muna Mo, chakaguma pasina. Vakuru vehurumende vakashevedza vatungamiri veHuguenots, Prince Conde uye Count Gaspar Coligny, kuti vatonge. Avo vakaramba kuuya kuParis, iyo yakashanda sechiratidzo chekudzidzira kweropa.

Zvikonzero zvehondo dzechitendero muFrance dzaiva kuti zvibvumirano zvepakati porugare, izvo zvaireva zvishoma kubvumirana nevaPurotesitendi, havana kugutsa chero rutivi. Nemhaka yekupokana uku kusina kubvumirana, kukakavara kwakadzokorora zvakare uye zvakare. Hondo yechipiri yakaguma munaNovember 1567 nekuda kwekufa kweumwe wevatungamiriri veKaturike - Duke weMontmorency.

Asi mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, muna March 1568, kupisa uye kuchema kwemauto kwakavhiringidza paminda yeFrance. Hondo yechitatu yakanyanya kunyanya muruwa rweLouedoc. Mapurotesitendi akadaro akatora Poitiers. Vakakwanisa kuyambuka Ron ndokumanikidzira zviremera kuti vadzoke zvakare. Ropafadzo dzeHuenenots dzakawedzerwa maererano neSangano reSaint-Germain, rakasayirwa musi waAugust 15, 1570. Rusununguko rwechitendero rwakasimbiswa muFrance yose, kunze kweParis.

Kuroora kwaHenry naMargo

Muna 1572, mugumo wehondo dzechitendero muFrance. Muzana remakore rechi16 vaiziva zvakawanda zviitiko zvinouraya uye zvinotyisa. Asi, zvichida, hapana mumwe wavo aigona kufananidzwa nousiku hwaBhatoromew. Nokudaro munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare yainzi kuurayiwa kweHuenenots, yakarongedzwa neKaturike. Dambudziko rakaitika musi waAugust 24, 1572, manheru ezuva remuapostora Bartholomew. Nhasi, masayendisiti anopa kuenzana kwakasiyana kwekuti vangani vapurotesitendi vakaurayiwa nenguva iyoyo. Kuverenga kunopa chimiro chevanhu vanenge zviuru makumi matatu-kukura kusina kumboitika kwenguva yavo.

Kuurayiwa kwacho kwakatangira nezviitiko zvinokosha zvakakosha. Kubvira muna1570, hondo dzechitendero muFrance dzakapera zvishoma. Zuva rekuiswa kwechibvumirano cheState Germain Runyararo Rwakave muzororo kune nyika yakaneta. Asi maKaturike akashinga zvikuru, kusanganisira simba guru reGiza, aisada kuziva iyi gwaro. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, vakanga vari kurwisana nechitarisiko paimba yemambo Gaspar Coligny - mumwe wevatungamiri veHuguenots. Chirongwa chetarenda chakatsvaka rubatsiro rwaCharles IX. Mwami aida kubatana neNetherlands achibatsirwa nemutungamiriri. Nokudaro, vavariro dzezvematongerwe enyika dzakakunda pamusoro pezvitendero.

Ekaterina Medici zvakare kwekanguva akavhunga chido chake. Pfuma yakanga isina mari shoma yekuita nharo yakasununguka nevaPurotesitendi. Nokudaro, vaMambokadzi Amai vakasarudza kushandisa zvigadziriswa uye dynastic nzira. Dare reParis rakabvumirana nemashoko ekuroorana pakati paMarguerite Valois (mukunda waCatherine) uye Henry weNavarre - mumwe mutungamiriri weHuenenots.

Usiku hwaBhatoromew

Muchato wacho waifanira kupemberera muParis. Nemhaka yeizvi, nhamba huru yeHuguenots - vatsigiri veHenry of Navarre - vakasvika muguta guru reKaturike. Mafungiro ari mumusoro ndiyo yainyanya kuputika. Vatongi vaivenga vaPurotesitendi, vachivapomera mhosva dzavo dzose. Pamusoro pehurumende kwakanga kusina kubatana maererano nehuchato huchauya.

Muchato wakaitwa musi waAugust 18, 1572. Mushure memazuva mana, Admiral Coligny, uyo aifamba achibva ku Louvre, akadzingwa kubva kune imwe imba yeGizam. Yakanga iri nzira yakarongwa. Mutungamiriri weHuenenots akakuvara, asi akapona. Zvisinei, chii chakaitika chaiva tsvina yekupedzisira. Mazuva maviri gare gare, usiku hwaAugust 24, Catherine de Medici akarayira kuurayiwa kweHuenenots, yakanga isati yasimuka kuParis. Kutanga kwehondo dzechitendero muFrance kwakashamisika nevanhu venguva nenguva vane utsinye. Asi zvakaitika muna 1572 zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nezvakaitika kare zvehondo nehondo.

Zviuru zvevanhu zvakafa. Gaspard Coligny, zuva rakagara risati rasvika pakupukunyuka rufu, akataura kuti hupenyu humwe hwekutanga. Henry weNavarre (ramangwana King Henry IV) akakwanisa kuponesa bedzi kuburikidza nekupemberera pamatare ehama dzake itsva. Usiku hwaBartholomew chaiva chiitiko chakakonzera nguva yehondo, inozivikanwa munhau sehondo dzechitendero muFrance. Zuva rokudengenyeka kweHuenenots rakaratidzwa nekurasikirwa kwevakawanda vevatungamiri vavo. Pashure pezvinotyisa uye mhirizhonga muguta guru, vanenge 200 000 Huguenots vakatizira kunyika, maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana. Vakatamira kune hurumende dzeGermany, England nePoland, kuti vave kure nevakuru vane kereke yeKaturike sezvinobvira. Zviito zveValois zvakapomerwa nevatongi vazhinji venguva, kusanganisira Ivan the Terrible.

Kuenderera mberi kwemakakatanwa

Kuchinja kunorwadza uye hondo dzechitendero muFrance zvakatungamirira kukuti nyika yakanga isingazivi rugare kwemakore mazhinji. Pashure peSt. Bartholomew Night, pfungwa yekusadzoka yakapfuura. Mapato akarega kutsvaga kubvumirana, uye hurumende yakambova nharo yekuparadzanisa ropa. Hondo yechina yakaguma muna 1573, asi muna 1574 Mambo Charles IX akafa. Akanga asina mugari wenhaka, saka munun'una wake, Henry III, akasvika kuParis, uye asati apfuura akanga ari mutongi wePoland kwenguva pfupi.

Mambo mutsva akaunza zvakare Gizov asingakanganisi kwaari. Zvino hondo dzechitendero muFrance, muchidimbu, dzakadzoka zvakare, nekuda kwekuti Heinrich haana kutonga dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika yake. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, chiGermany Chiverengero chePalatinate, uyo akauya kununura maPurotesitendi, akapinda muChampagne. Zvino kwakauya boka reChechi yeKaturike, iro rinozivikanwa mune zvakaitika kare se "kusagutsikana." Vamiririri vesangano iri vakatsigira kuumbwa kwekushushikana kwechitendero munyika yose. Vakabatanidzwa nevakuru vakuru vekuda nyika, vakaneta nehondo isingaperi. Mune Fifth War, "asina kugutsikana" uye Huguenots akaita sechisungo chakabatana naValois. Giza zvakare akaputsa zvose. Pashure pacho, vazhinji "vasina kugutsikana" vakaurayiwa sehurumende.

Chikamu cheKaturike

Muna 1576, Henri de Guise akagadzira Chechi yeKaturike, iyo, kunze kweFrance, yaisanganisira Jesuits, Spain uye Papa. Chinangwa chebvumirano chaiva kukunda kwekupedzisira kweHuguenots. Mukuwedzera, kune rumwe rutivi rwechibvumirano chaiva nevakuru, avo vaida kupedza simba ramambo. Hondo dzechitendero uye umambo hwakakwana muFrance munguva yehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi16 ndiyo huru huru dzinoita kuti huve nenhau yenyika ino. Nguva yakaratidza kuti mushure mokukunda kweBourbons simba remadzimambo rakangowedzera, pasinei nekuedza kwevakuru kukuraira pasi pechikonzero chekurwisana nemaProtestant.

Sangano reKaturike rakabudisa Hondo Yechechitanhatu (1576-1577), ichitevera iyo kodzero dzevaHuguenots dzakanga dzisinganyanyi kuderera. Pakati penzira yavo yakatamira kumaodzanyemba. Mutungamiri wepasi rose wevaPurotesitendi aiva Henry weNavarre, mushure mekuchata kwave kwakambova kuurayiwa usiku hweVarfolomeevsky.

Mambo weumambo hudiki muPyrenees, ari weimba yeBourbon, akava mugari wenhaka yeFrance yose chigaro nekuda kwekushaya mwana weCatherine de Medici. Heinrich III akanga asina vana, izvo zvakagadza mambo munzvimbo yakashata. Maererano nemitemo dynastic, hama yake yechipiri inofanira kunge yakagara nhaka. Zvinoshamisa, akazova Henry weNavarre. Chokutanga, iyewo akauya kubva kuna Louis the Holy, uye wechipiri, uyo akakumbira akanga aroorwa nehanzvadzi yemambo Margaret (Margot).

Hondo yeVatatu Henry

Iyo dynastic dambudziko yakatungamirira kuhondo yeHenrykhs vatatu. Pakati pavo vakarwa mazita - Mambo weFrance, Mambo weNavarre uye Duke weGuise. Iyi mhirizhonga, iyo yakatangira kubva muna 1584 kusvika muna 1589, ndiyo yaiva yekupedzisira mune dzakawanda zvehondo dzechitendero. Henry III akarasikirwa nemushandirapamwe. Muna May 1588 vagari vomuParis vakamukira, uye pashure pacho akazotiza kuBlois. Mutongi weGuise akasvika muguta guru reFrance. Kwemwedzi inoverengeka iye akanga ari mutongi wenyika.

Kuti nenzira imwe neimwe agadzirise kupopotedzana, Guise naValois vakabvuma kubata musangano weGeneral Staff muBlois. Mutongi akauya ikoko akawira mumusungo. Varindi vamambo vakauraya Giza pachake, murindi, uye gare gare munun'una wake. Chiito chekunyengera chaHenry III hachina kuwedzera pakuzivikanwa kwake. VaKaturike vakatendeuka kubva kwaari, uye papa akatuka zvachose.

Muzhizha muna 1589, Henry III akabatwa nemhondi yeDominican Jacques Clement. Mhondi iyi yakakwanisa kuwana vateereri vaMambo nemagwaro emanyepo. Apo vataridzi vaiparadzana pamberi paHenry, monki wacho asingatarisirwi akapinda muchoseti ichocho. Muurayi wacho akabvarurwa kuita zvidimbu. Asi Henry III akafa nekukuvara. Zvino hapana chakadzivirira Mambo weNavarre kuti ave mutongi weFrance.

Edict of Nantes

Henry weNavarre akava mambo weFrance munaAugust 2, 1589. Akanga ari muProtestanti, asi kuti awane chigaro pachigaro, akabvuma chiKaturike. Chiito ichi chakabvumira Henry IV kugamuchira kuregererwa kwezvivi kubva kuna Papa pamusana pezvaimbova "maonero". Makore okutanga ekutonga, mambo akapedzera kurwisana nevatwi vezvematongerwe enyika avo vaitiwo simba munyika yose.

Uye mushure mekukunda kwake Heinrich muna 1598 akabudisa Mutemo weNantes, uyo wakaita chitendero chekununura munyika yose. Nokudaro akagumisa hondo dzechitendero uye kusimbiswa kwemambo muFrance. Mushure memazana emakumi matatu emakore ekudurura ropa munyika yacho kwakauya rugare rwakamirira kwenguva refu. Huguenots akagamuchira kodzero itsva uye zvipo zvinoshamisa kubva kuzviremera. Mugumisiro wehondo yechitendero muFrance yakanga isingogumiri kupedza kukakavara kwenguva refu, asiwo kugadzirisa hurumende mukutonga kweimba yeBourbon.