Hondo muAngola: makore, nguva yezviitiko uye mugumisiro wehondo yakarwiwa

Chikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi20 chakaonekwa nekuchinja kukuru mukukudziridza kwenyika dzeAfrica. Tiri kutaura pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemasununguko emasununguko ehurumende kupikisa mutemo wekoloni weEuropean states. Zvose izvi zvinoratidzika zvakaratidzwa muzviitiko zvakaitika kubvira muna 1961 muAngola.

Angola pamepu yeAfrica: nzvimbo

Angola ndeimwe yenyika dzeAfrica dzakasikwa pashure peHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Kuti tifambe nemamiriro ezvinhu aive munharaunda iyi muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi20, tinofanira kutanga tanzwisisa kuti Angola iri papi uye ine nzvimbo ipi inopera. Nyika yemazuva ano iri kuSouth Africa.

Inogumira kumaodzanyemba neNamibia, iyo yakazosvika kumakore ekuma1980 yakazara pasi rose kuSouth Africa (ichi chinhu chakakosha zvikuru!), Kumabvazuva - neZambia. Kumusoro uye kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva ndiyo mhirizhonga yenyika neDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Muganhu wekumadokero iAlantic Ocean. Kuziva nezvenyika dzeAngland kumiganhu yei, zvichange zviri nyore kwatiri kunzwisisa nzira dzekupinda munharaunda yehurumende dzekunze.

Zvikonzero zvekuparara kwehondo

Hondo muAngola haina kutanga pakarepo. Mukati mevanhu veAngolan, kubva muna 1950 kusvika muna 1960, mapoka matatu akasiyana akaumbwa, ayo aifunga kuti basa ravo riri kurwisana nekusununguka kwehurumende. Dambudziko nderokuti vakanga vasingakwanisi kubatana nekuda kwemagariro asina kukodzera.

Ndezvipi mapoka aya? Iboka rekutanga - MPLA (rinomirira Movement People for the Liberation of Angola) - yakarangarira pfungwa dzekuvandudzwa kwehurumende kuti ive marxist. Zvichida Agostinho Neto (mutungamiri wepati) uye haana kuona zvakakosha muhurumende yehurumende yeU.SR, nokuti maonero ezvoupfumi aKar Marx akasiyana zvishoma kubva kune avo akaiswa muUnited as Marxism. Asi MPLA yakatungamirirwa nekusimbiswa kwepasi rose kwenyika yekambani yevanhu.

Boka rechipiri ndiFNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), iyo maonero aivewo anofadza. Mutungamiri weFNLA Holden Roberto akada pfungwa yekusimudzira zvakasununguka, yakakweretwa kuvazivi vechiChina. Nenzira, mabasa eFNLA akatakura imwe nengozi kuAngola pachake, nokuti kuuya kwesimba raRoberto kwakakanganisa nyika kuti iparadzwe. Sei? Holden Roberto aiva hama yeMutungamiri weZaire uye akavimbiswa, kana akakunda, kupa chikamu chemuganhu weAngola.

Boka rechitatu, UNITA (National Front for the Complete Independence of Angola), rakange rakasiyana nehuwandu hwekuMadokero. Mumwe nomumwe wemapoka aya aive nerutsigiro munzanga uye imwe nheyo dzevanhu. Havana kunyange kuedza kuyananisa nekubatana, nokuti imwe neimwe yemapato yakaratidza nzira dzakasiyana zvakasiyana dzokurwisana nevarongi, uye, kunyanya kukosha, kufambira mberi kwenyika. Icho chaiva kupesana uku kwakatungamirira kutanga kwemhirizhonga muna 1975.

Hondo Inotanga

Hondo muAngola yakatanga musi waSeptember 25, 1975. Hazvishamisi pakutanga kwechinyorwa chatakataura pamusoro penzvimbo yemamiriro enyika uye tikataura vavakidzani. Nezuva rino, mauto akapinda munharaunda yeZaire, uyo akataura achitsigira FNLA. Mamiriro acho akawedzera mushure meOctober 14, 1975, apo mauto anobva kuSouth Africa (kubva mundima yeSouth Africa akaronga Namibia) akapinda Angola. Masimba aya akatanga kutsigira chikamu chekuMadokero cheUNITA. Pfungwa yezvematongerwe enyika akadaro eSouth Africa mumakakatanwa eAngolan yakajeka: mune hutungamiri hweSouth Africa kune nguva dzose mave nezviPutukezi. VaMPLA pakutanga vakanga vanewo rubatsiro rwekunze. Icho chiri neuto re SWAPO, iro rakadzivirira rusununguko rweNamibia kubva kuSouth Africa.

Saka, tinoona kuti pakupera kwe1975 munyika iri pasi pekufungidzirwa kwaive mauto ezvinyorwa zvehurumende, izvo zvaipikisana. Asi hondo yehurumende muAngola inogona kuonekwa nenzira yakazara - sehondo yehondo pakati pezvikamu zvehurumende.

Hondo muAngola: Kushanda Savannah

Chii chakaitwa nemauto eSouth Africa pakarepo mushure mokuyambuka muganhu neAngola? Ndizvo chaizvo - kwaiva nekusimudzira kushingaira. Hondo idzi dzakadzika pasi munhoroondo seOp Operation Savannah. Mauto eSouth Africa akakamurwa kuva mapoka emakwikwi akawanda. Kubudirira kweExployment Savannah kwakapiwa nekusatarisira uye kumhanya kwemheni kweChiZulu nedzimwe nhengo. Mumazuva mashoma vakunda nyika yose yekumaodzanyemba kwekumaodzanyemba kweAngola. Boka reFoxbat rakatumirwa munharaunda.

Hondo yakatora zvinhu zvakadai: maguta eLiumbala, Kukuru, Katenge, Benguela, mahofisi akawanda emapoka ekudzidzisa eMPLA. Rwendo rwekukunda rwemauto aya rwakaramba ruchienderera kusvikira munaNovember 13, apo vakagara muguta reNovo Redondo. Uyewo boka "Foxbat" rakakunda kurwadza kwakanyanya kwebhiriji nhamba 14.

Bato reX-Ray rakabata uto reCuban pedyo nemaguta eXanlongo, Luso, rakabata bhiriji reSalazar uye rakamisa mberi kweCubans nenzira yeKariango.

Kubatanidzwa kweU.SR mumatambudziko

Kuongorora mhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, tichanzwisisa kuti vagari vemuUnited States vaisatomboziva kuti hondo yeAngola chii. IU.SR haina kumbozivisa kushanda kwayo kushingaira muzviitiko.

Mushure mekusuma kwemauto eZaire neSouth Africa, mutungamiri wePLA akakumbira rubatsiro rwechiuto kuU.SR uye kuCuba. Vatungamiri venyika dzekambani yevagari vezvemagariro evanhu vaisakwanisa kubatsira hondo uye bato raiti maonero evanhu. Hondo yekupesana kwechirongwa ichi yaive yakabatsirika kuU.SR, nokuti hutungamiri hwepato hwakaramba husingaregi pfungwa yekubudisa kunze kwekuvandudza.

Rubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika kuAngola rwakapiwa zvizhinji. Hurumende, hondo yeSoviet yakabatanidzwa muhondo kubva muna 1975 kusvikira muna 1979, asi chaizvoizvo muhondo iyi varwi vakatora chikamu chisati chaparara yeU.SR. Nhepfenyuro yepamutemo uye chaiye pamusoro pekurasikirwa mumurwi uyu yakasiyana. Zvinyorwa zveHurumende yezvokudzivirira zveUSSR zvinonyatsotaura kuti munguva yehondo muAngola, hondo yedu yakarasikirwa nevanhu 11. Nyanzvi dzemasoja dzinofunga kuti chiyero ichi chakanyanyisa uye chinowedzera maonero evanhu vanopfuura 100.

Kurwisana munaNovember-December 1975

Hondo muAngola pachikamu chayo chekutanga yakanga ine ropa. Ngationei zvino kuongorora zviitiko zvikuru zvechikamu chino. Saka, nyika dzakawanda dzakataurira mauto avo. Isu tatoziva nezveizvi. Chii chinoitika zvino? Rubatsiro rwemasoja kubva kuU.SR nekuCuba nenzira yevanyori, zvigadzirwa, zvikepe zveSoviet Navy zvakasimbisa zvikuru hondo yeMPLA.

Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakakosha kwehondo iyi kwakaitika muhondo yeFifangondo. Vavengi vaiva mauto eZaire neFNLA. Hondo yeMPLA yakanga yakashanda zvakanaka panguva yekutanga kwehondo, nokuti zvombo zvevaZairia zvakanga zvisingachaperi, uye hutungamiri hwevanhu hwakagamuchira mhando itsva yezvombo zvehondo kubva kuU.SR. Musi wa11 Ndira, uto reFNLA rakarasikirwa nehondo uye, nekukura, rakapa zvigaro zvaro, zvichida kudzivisa kurwisana kwesimba muAngola.

Ikoko kwakanga kusina ruremekedzo kubva muhondo yePLA, nokuti panguva imwe chete hondo yeSouth Africa (Operation Savannah) yaifambira mberi. Mauto aro akapinda mukati memunharaunda anenge anenge 3000-3100 km. Hondo muAngola haina kugadzikana! Hondo yemauto pakati pemasimba ePLA neUNITA yakaitwa musi waNovember 17, 1975 pedyo neguta reKungula. Uku kukunda kwakakundwa ne-socialist forces. Chikamu chakabudirira cheOpation Savannah chapera. Pashure pezviitiko izvi, hondo yeMPLA yakaramba ichikuvadza, asi muvengi haana kukanda mapfumo pasi, uye hondo dzekusingaperi dzaitika.

Mamiriro ezvinhu mberi muna 1976

Mhirizhonga dzehondo dzakapfuurira mberi, 1976, gore. Somuenzaniso, musi waJanuary 6, mauto ePLA akabata nzvimbo yeFNLA kuchamhembe kwenyika. Mumwe wevadzivisi veSocialists wakakundwa zvirokwazvo. Zvechokwadi, hapana aifunga nezvekugumisa hondo, saka Angola yakanga yakamirira makore akawanda ematambudziko. Somugumisiro, mauto eFNLA akasiya nzvimbo yeAngola yakanyatsorongedzerwa mukati mavhiki maviri. Kuruboshwe pasina musasa wakakomberedzwa, vakanga vasingakwanisi kuramba vachishanda nesimba.

Vatungamiri vePLA vaifanira kugadzirisa basa rakafanana zvakanyanya, nekuti zvikamu zvemauto zveZaire ne South Africa hazvina kubva muAngland. Nenzira iyo, nzvimbo inofadza zvikuru pamusoro pekururamiswa kwezvido zvavo zvehondo muAngola kubva kuSouth Africa. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika kuSouth Africa vainyatsoziva kuti mamiriro ezvinhu asina kugadzikana munyika yakapoteredza inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa yehurumende yavo zvakare. Ndezvipi? Semuenzaniso, vaitya kutengesa kwekupembera. Nevadzidzi ava vakakwanisa kurarama kusvikira pakuguma kwaMarch 1976.

Zvechokwadi, iyo MPLA pachayo, nehondo dzese dzemuvengi, hadzingagoni kuita izvi. Basa rinokosha mukudzinga vadzivisi kunze kwemiganhu yehurumende ndevane 15,000 Cubans neSoviet mauto ehondo. Mushure mezvo, hurumende dzakagadzikana uye dzakashata dzakanga dzisina kutongerwa kwechinguva, nokuti muvengi waUNITA akasarudza kupedza hondo yevarume. Nenzira iyi yekukwikwidzana, kukakavara kwechidiki kwakaitika.

Chikamu chechikamu chehondo

Mushure me1976, mamiriro ehondo akachinja zvishoma. Kusvikira muna 1981, mauto ekunze haana kuisa maitiro ekugadzirira hondo munharaunda yeAngola. Sangano reUNITA rakanzwisisa kuti masimba aro aisazokwanisa kuratidza hukuru hwavo pamusoro peFALPA (hondo yeAngola) muhondo dzakasununguka. Kutaura pamusoro peuto reAngola, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti ichi ndicho simba reMPLA, nokuti boka revanhu vanoita zvemasangano ehurumende rave rine simba kubva muna 1975. Sezvakataurwa, nenzira, Agostinho Neto, mureza weAngola hausi pasina nokuti uri mutema uye wakatsvuka. Rudzi rutsvuku runowanikwa kakawanda pazviratidzo zvehurumende, uye ruvara rudzi rweAfrica.

Kurwisana kwa1980-1981

Mukupera kwema1970, munhu anongotaura chete nezvekupesana neUNITA guerrillas. Muna 1980-1981 makore. Hondo muAngola yakawedzera. Somuenzaniso, muhafu yekutanga ya1980, mauto eSouth Africa akapinda munharaunda yeAngolan kanopfuura ka 500. Hungu, idzi dzakanga dzisiri imwe nzira yekugadzirisa maitiro, asi zvakafanana izvi zviito zvakanyanyisa mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Muna 1981, basa revarwi veSouth Africa rakawedzera mushure mekuzara kwemauto ehondo, iyo yainzi Protea mumabhuku ezvinyorwa.

Zvikamu zveSouth African Army zvakapfuura pamwe nenharaunda yeAngolan nechokumaodzanyemba kwema 150-200 km, pakange pane mubvunzo wekutora kwemisha yakawanda. Somugumisiro wezviito zvinokuvadza uye zvakakomba zvekudzivirira, varwi vanopfuura 800 veAngolan vakaurayiwa pasi pomoto wevavengi. Iyo inozivikanwawo (kunyange mumagwaro ehurumende izvi hazvimbowaniki) pamusoro pekufa kwe 9 Soviet servicemen. Kusvikira muna 1984, hondo yacho yaigara ichidzoka.

Hondo yeQuito-Cuanaval

Makore mashomanana gare gare, hondo yakazara yakazara muAngola yakatanga zvakare. Hondo yeQuito-Cuanavale (1987-1988) yaive yakakosha zvikuru pakuchinja kwevanhu. Muhondo iyi, mauto evanhu veAngola, maCuban neSoviet mauto akabatanidzwa kune rumwe rutivi; UNITA inopindirana uye South African Army pane imwe. Iyi hondo yakaguma isina kubudirira kuUNITA neSouth Africa, saka vaifanira kutiza. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vakaputira bhiriji remuganhu, vachiomesa kunogona kutambudzwa kwezvikamu zvavo nemaAngolan.

Mushure mekunge hondo iyi, pakupedzisira, kukurukurirana kwakakomba kworugare kwakatanga. Zvechokwadi, hondo yakaramba iripo muma1991, asi yakanga iri hondo yeQuito-Cuanavale yakanga iri kutenderera mauto eAngolan. Nhasi, Angola iri sehurumende yehurumende uye iri kuwedzera. Mureza weAngland unotaura pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika ehurumende nhasi.

Sei USSR yakanga isingabatsiri kutora hurumende muhondo?

Sezvazvinozivikanwa, muna 1979, kupindira kweSoviet Army muAngland kwakatanga. Kuitwa kwekwereti kwenyika dzakawanda kunoratidzika kuva kwakakosha uye kwakakurumbira, asi kukanganisa kwakadaro, kupindira muhupenyu hwevamwe vanhu kwakanga kusingabatsirwi zvikuru nevanhu ve USSR uye nharaunda yenyika. Ndokusaka Union yakaratidza kuti yakabatanidzwa muAngolan mhirizhonga chete panguva yakabva muna 1975 kusvika muna 1979.