Atene: nzvimbo, nzvimbo dzinokurudzira, nhoroondo

Guta rekare pane nzvimbo yeAthens yemazuva ano yakatanga muzana remakore rechi1 BC. Yakaratidza semugumisiro wekubatana kwevanhu vanoverengeka vanogara muAttica. Iyi nzvimbo inobatanidza Balkan Peninsula nePeloponnese Peninsula. Yaiva nzvimbo yeGreece.

Atene yekare

Nemi-legendary Mambo Theseus, avo vaigara munharaunda yezana remakore rechi13 BC, vakagadzirisa dunhu reAtene. Kubva panguva iyoyo yakakamurwa kuva makirasi akawanda, kusanganisira demiurges, geomores uye eupatridians. Vokupedzisira vavo vakange vakagadzikana nemiganhu yakawanda yenyika. Nokuda kweizvi, nekufamba kwenguva, vazhinji vevanhu vakasununguka veguta vakabva vatarisana nevatongi venyika idzi. Saka muAtene, varanda vakaonekwa.

Mutaundi, kunze kwekusununguka uye varanda, pakanga pane kirasi ye metek. Vakanga vasiri varanda, asi panguva imwechete ivo vakanga vasina kodzero dzaive nevakuru. Atene yakatungamirirwa nedare remakurukota mapfumbamwe, avo vakasarudzwa kubva kumapoka evanhu vakapfuma uye vane simba zvikuru.

Solon Reforms

Atene yeAtene, iyo nzvimbo yaive yakabatsiridza zvikuru, yakakurumidza kushamwaridzana nechekupoteredza vavakidzani vavo. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuwedzera kwepakati pakati pevapfumi nevarombo. Mamiriro ezvinhu aida kuchinja. Archon Solon akava mudzidzisi wavo pakutanga kwezana remakore rekutanga reVII.

Akanga ari wemhuri ine simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, akakwanisa kuenderera mberi nekudhura kwematarenda ake. Pakutanga aizivikanwa semunyori wenhetembo. Paakakura, akava mukuru mukuru wemauto uye akatungamirira mauto akawanda akabudirira kurwisa vavakidzani, kusanganisira Megars.

Muna 594 BC. E. Akazova archon. Nemhaka yekukurumidzira, Solon akapiwa simba rakakura kwazvo. Pamusana peizvi, akaita mutsva wekuchinja. Kutengeswa nekutenga kwevanhu nokuda kweuranda nekuda kwezvikwereti zvavo zvemari kune vakwereta zvakarambidzwa. Kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kwezvido, kwaive nemasimba edzimba yega uye imwe yepakati peboka. Kuti vagari vemunyika vose vabhadhara mitero yakakwana, vanhu vose veAtene vakakakamurwa kuva mapoka mana, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuwana mari. Zvose izvi zvinoshandiswa senheyo yeguta kuti ichangobva kuva huru yezvematongerwe enyika yeGreece yekare.

The Golden Age yaPericles

Mumwe munhu akaita zvakawanda nokuda kwehukuru hweAtene aiva Pericles. Akatanga kutonga muna 461 BC. E. Pamwe chete naye, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakagadzwa. Nyika yeAtene ndiyo yaiva yekutanga panyika kuti iwane hurumende iyi. Kubva panguva iyo, vose vagari verusununguko vane kodzero yekuita zvematongerwo enyika uye vovhota vatungamiriri ivavo vakavafarira zvakare.

PaPericles kukurudzirwa kweAthens kwakazosvika pakukwirira kwayo. Guta racho raive pakati penyika yekare. Pano akararama munyori wenhau dzakaitika Herodotus, vazivi, vanyori uye vanyori. Guta racho rakagadziriswa zvikuru. Ikoko kwakanga kune mbiri yakakura acropolis uye temberi Parthenon - nyanzvi yekuvakwa kwekare. Pakati pevagari maiva nehuwandu hwekuverenga nekukwanisa kuverenga. Iko kubva panguva ino kusvika apo mutauro wechiGiriki unova mukuru kune yose muMediterranean. Kunyangwe mushure mekuwa kwemitemo yekare, yakaramba ichishandiswa mune sayenzi, nekuda kwekuti nhamba yakawanda yemazuva ano yakaratidzwa mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana. Vatauri uye rhetoric vakaita nharo dzepakati pevanhu pakati pevanhu vakasiyana-siyana.

Atene, nzvimbo iyo yakabvumira kuvaka zvikepe, panguva ino yakave iyo nzvimbo yekutengeserana kwemahombekombe uye kuburitsa. Nokudaro vafambi vezvikepe nevashambadziri vakagara pamhenderekedzo yeItaly, North Africa neGungwa DzemaGungwa vaifamba rwendo rurefu.

Kurwisana neSparta

Muna 431 BC. E. Atene yekare yakakwevedzwa kuhondo nemuvakidzani wekumaodzanyemba - Sparta. Pericles akanga achiri mupenyu, uye ndiye ndiye akatungamirira chikamu chekutanga chekukonana. Zvisinei, kamwe kamwe muguta, denda rinouraya rakatanga, uyo akabatwa aive mambo akakurumbira pachake.

Gare gare, mune zvakaitika kare, hondo ichanzi Hondo yePeloponnesian. Greek Atene yakazova mukuru weDelos Union, iyo yaisanganisira Samos, Chios uye Lesbos. Sparta yave iri kuedza kupokana nemaguta aya kwemakore mazhinji. Yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo neAtene yenyika. Pano pamusoro pesimba raive mauto ehondo, uye vagari vese vanogara mumisasa mamiriro ezvinhu. Munhu wose anoziva utsinye hurumende yemutemo uyu, somuenzaniso, tsika yekukandira vana vanorwara nevanorwara kubva padombo. Saka yakanga iri hondo kwete chete yezvematongerwe enyika maviri, asiwo ehurumende mbiri dzehutano hwevanhu.

Nguva yokutanga yehondo iyi yakagadziriswa yakaratidzwa nevaSpartan vakawanda vanotambudza paAttica, apo Atene akaedza kukunda nemakungwa uye akakwirira pagungwa. Muhafu yepiri yehondo, zvose zvakashandurwa. Sparta yakanyorera rubatsiro rwevatorwa vePersia uye akakwanisa kuvaka ngarava. Nekubatsira kwake, vese vese vemuAtene vakabatana vakakundwa. Muna 404 BC. E. Uye mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika pachake akabvuma kukundwa, semugumisiro wekudzvinyirira kwenguva refu kwakagadzwa ipapo. Vose Atene neSparta vakanga vasina simba. Somugumisiro, munguva yakareba, Thebes yakasvika muGreece mberi. Zvisinei, nguva iyi haina kuramba kwenguva refu.

Kubatwa kwevaMacedonia

Muzana remakore rechina BC. E. Umambo hweMacedonia, hwaiva kuchamhembe kweGreece, hwakakwiridzirwa. Mutongi wake Firipi II akasarudza kukunda mavakidzani vekumaodzanyemba, avo vakanga vashanda mukati yehondo internecine kwemakore akawanda. Vagari veAtene vakabatana nevegari veThebes ndokusangana nemuvengi kuChironee muna 338 BC. E. VaGiriki vakakundwa.

Mushure meizvozvo, zvose Atene neSparta zvaive chikamu cheMacedonia state. Mwanakomana waFiripi - mukuru mukuru Alexander - munguva pfupi akatungamirira nhamba yakawanda yevaGiriki kumabvazuva kuti vakunda nyika dziri kure. Akazopedzisira akunda vaPersia, avo kwenguva yakareba vaityisidzira mitemo. Nyika itsva, iyo yakagamuchirawo Asia Minor, Mesopotamiya, Egypt uye muvakidzani veIndia, haina kugara kwenguva refu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kwemakumi emakumi emakore, ose aya mapurovhinzi akabvuma tsika dzechiGiriki, izvo zvakanyanya kuve mitemo yeAthene neSparta. Rurimi rwechiGiriki rwakava runyararo.

MuAtene panguva ino pakanga pane chimwe chibudiro chemararamiro. Chikoro chePacato uye Lycée chaAristotle chakazarurwa.

Provincia yeRoma

Muna 146 BC. E. Atene yakanyongedzwa kuRipublic Republic, iyo yakazova umambo. Kubva ipapo, guta racho rava hurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaRoma vakadzidza zvakawanda kubva muchiGiriki tsika. Icho chaiva chimiro chavo - havana kumboparadza tsika dzomunharaunda, mutauro, nezvimwewo. Pane kudaro, vaRoma vakatora zvakanakisisa kubva kuvanhu vakundwa, vachivashandura mumugwagwa wavo wekuita nesimba nerunyararo.

Kupera kwezvino kweAtene kwakaitika muzana remakore rechitatu AD. E., apo mapurisa eBalkan akazova matanho emhirizhonga yenyika. Zvivako zvakawanda zvekare zvekare zvakasvika pakuparadzwa uye pakupedzisira zvakaputsika. Mitambo yeOlympic yakabviswa, iyo yaiva chiitiko chinokosha uye chenguva dzose muhupenyu hwevaGiriki vemo.

Chikamu cheByzantium

Nekuwisira kweumambo kuva zvikamu zviviri, Athene, iyo nzvimbo yaive yakatarisana nehafu yekumabvazuva, yakava chikamu cheByzantium. Yaiva panguva ino apo vagari vomunharaunda vakatanga kutambira chiKristu, kunyanya mushure mechirevo chaConstantine Mukuru. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuparara kwevamwari vekare vekare kubva pakuziva kwevanhu vakawanda. Byzantine madzimambo haana kufarira maitiro eAtene, uye vakanyora zvachose zviratidzo zvekare. Nokudaro muzana remakore VI, Justinian akarambidza mabasa ezvikoro zvefilosofi, iyo yaifunga kuti yakazara nehedheni uye kumhura.

Atene yakava guta rehurumende, asi chiGiriki chakazova mutauro unonyanya kutongwa wehurumende, iyo yainzi Constantinople. Kuswedera pedyo nenzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika kwakaita kuti guta rirambe riripo kwemazana emakore akawanda. Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana reByzantium rakabva rarega kuvapo mushure mokunge Constantinople yakatorwa neVaCruspers. VaKaturike vakagadzira huwandu hwehurumende munharaunda yeGreece. Atene yakava pakati pechechi duku, rinotungamirirwa neFrench neItaly.

Guta reTurkey

Muna 1458 guta rakatorwa nevaMuslim nevaTurkey. Akava chikamu cheHurumende yeOttoman kwenguva refu. Nenguva dzakawanda maAtene vakava chikonzero chekurwiswa kweVenetian Republic, iyo yakarwa neTurkey nokuda kwekutonga kweMediterranean. Muzana remakore re XVII, mune imwe yeieges, Parthenon yekare yakaparadzwa.

Iko guta remazuva ano reGreece

Pasinei nesimba revaTurkey, rudzi rwechiGiriki rwakapona, kunyange, chokwadi, rwakanga rusina kufanana nevaGiriki vekare. Vanhu ava vaiva nechechi yavo chaiyo - chitendero chechiKristu chakagara pano kubva kuByzantium. Muzana remakore rechina reXIX, pakati pematambudziko muumambo, chiGreece national upsurge yakatanga. Kuchinja, kwakatsigirwa nenyika dzakawanda dzekuEurope dzechiKristu, kwakabuda. Muna 1833, umambo hwakazvimirira hwechiGiriki hwakabuda, iyo guta raive Atene.

Mushure mekusununguka kubva kutonga hweTurkey, basa guru rezvokuchera matongo rakaonekwa pano. Nhamba huru yevanyanzvi veEurope nevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakatanga kuongorora masara eguta rekare. Panguva imwe chete, kudzorerwa kweguta kwakatanga. Pano vanogadzira mapurisa (somuenzaniso, Teofil von Hansen naLobert von Klenze) vakafamba mumigwagwa isina hanya yakaungana. Muna 1896 Mitambo yeOlymicic yokutanga yakaitwa muAtene.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nekuda kwezvibvumirano zveGrisi-Turkish pamusoro pekutsinhana kwevanhu, vagari vomunharaunda yakanyanya kure vakadzokera kuguta. Mamiriyoni evaGiriki akakwanisa kushanyira Athene kwekutanga. Nzvimbo yeguta guru yakabvumira vazhinji vevakagadzikana kuti vagare.

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Atene yakanga isiri kwenguva refu mukushanda kweGermany. Nhasi iri guta rekuEurope yemazuva ano ine zvivako zvekare zvekare uye zvakagadziridzwa zvivako.

Little Geography

Guta iri panharaunda yeAttica (kumaodzanyemba kweBalkan Peninsula), yakashambidzwa neSaronic Gulf. Iko ikozvino inosvika munharaunda yose yebani, naizvozvo nokukurumidza guta racho haringazowaniki kupi nekukura nekuda kwemiganhu yepanyama mumhando yemakomo nemvura. Asi apo mafuro ari kunze kwekunze ari kuwedzera. Achishandisa Atene achiyerera nzizi Kifisos, Eridan uye Pikrodafni.