Unyanzvi hwekuJapan: kukura uye marudzi

Ndeipi mifananidzo tsika kweJapan? Sei kukura? On vamwe mibvunzo iyi uye isu achapindura munyaya ino. tsika Japanese ari kuumbwa enhoroondo kufamba, iro rakatanga apo Japan vakatama kubva yakaoma kusvika rezvitsuwa uye akaberekwa Jomon budiriro.

Parizvino vavhenekerwe vanhu zvakasimba kufurirwa Europe, Asia (kunyanya Korea uye China) uye North America. Mumwe zviratidzo Japanese tsika yayo kwenguva kukura munguva zvachose nevamwe wehurumende (mitemo sakoku) nemamwe marudzi pasi pokutonga Tokugawa Shogunate urwo rwakatora kusvikira pakati XIX remakore - kutanga Meiji yaitonga.

kushanda

Sei ane unyanzvi tsika Japan? On budiriro aiva chinokosha zvazvinoita yoga remunharaunda nzvimbo munyika, okunze uye nenzvimbo zvinhu uyewo zvakasikwa (madutu uye kakawanda kwenyika). Izvi zvinooneka munzvimbo zvinoshamisa mafungiro vakananga zvisikwa sechinhu chipenyu. The peculiarity of Japanese National hunhu kukwanisa kuyemura kunaka ano zvakasikwa, izvo runoratidzwa marudzi akawanda unyanzvi nyika duku.

Art tsika Japanese akasikwa pasi pokudzora chiBuddha, chiShinto uye chiConfucia. nezveizvi kukanganiswa uye mberi kukura kwayo.

mazuva akare

Bvumiranai, unyanzvi Japanese uye tsika iguru. ChiShinto midzi kare. ChiBhudha ndicho chete, kunyange paiva BC, akatanga kuparadzira chete kubva muzana remakore rechishanu. Heyanskaya nguva (8-12 fung CC.) Ko kuonekwa yendarama nguva hurumende Japanese. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, picturesque tsika nyika ino yasvika yakakwirira kwayo.

Muzana remakore rechi13 paiva chiConfucian. Panguva iyi, uye pakava nekupesana pakati Confucius uzivi uye chiBuddha.

yekare

Mufananidzo muJapan zvinoyevedza tsika iri dziri zvakasiyana versification, iyo inonzi haiku (haiku). Nyika kunopindawo dzakabudirira uri calligraphy, izvo, maererano nengano, vakabva mufananidzo vekudenga raMwari. Ivo akafemera upenyu mumutauro zvakanyorwa, saka vanhu mutsa mumwe hunhu ari chiperengo.

Zvinonzi runyerekupe kuti tsika Japanese rinotaurwa vatambi sezvo pane zvifananidzo yakapoteredza nokudhindwa. Zvishoma Papera kutanga kupenda yaibatana zvakasimba kubatana okunze uye detembo muna akaumbwa.

Kana ukadzidza mupumburu Japanese, ungaona kuti basa rine mhando mbiri vatambi. chinyorwa ichi chinoratidza - anodhinda nhetembo Colof uye yevedza. Panguva iyoyo ndakanga ndawana yakawanda kukurumbira Kabuki yemitambo. Chimwe chimiro theatre - asi - vanosarudza vainyanya varwi. Samurai Japan, avo nekuomarara uye utsinye yakanga, asi zvakasimba.

mufananidzo

Art tsika romuMiddle Japan akadzidza nenyanzvi dzakawanda. A rakakura basa rayo inotungamirwa wakapata kupenda Kaiga kuti muna Japanese zvinoreva mifananidzo kana kupenda. iwe Izvi aionekwa mukuru chimiro uri ehurumende, zvakatemwa neboka zhinji mhinduro uye mhando.

In nzvimbo inokosha inogarwa zvakasikwa, anosarudza pakutanga matsvene. Kuparadzana emifananidzo iri sumi-e uye Kusakabe-e hwakagadzwa remakore rechigumi. Wokugadzira wokutanga vakashanduka pedyo remakore namana. Ndiye rudzi monochrome Watercolour. Kusakabe-e - iri constricted yakatambarara mipumburu, izvo yaiwanzoshandiswa magadzirirwe mabasa mabhuku.

Papera chinguva, muzana remakore rechi17, kwakaonekwa akadhindwa Panhivi - ukiyo-e. Masters akaratidza nharaunda, geishas, kabuki vatambi anozivikanwa. Izvi mhando kupenda muzana remakore rechi18, yakanga zvakasimba European unyanzvi. The zvichiitika Kuwanzoda zita "Japonism". KuMiddle Ages, tsika Japanese rabva miganhu yenyika - akatanga kurishandisa pamasikiro dzemhando yepamusoro uye mufashoni omukati pose.

calligraphy

Ah, sei akanaka muri tsika Japan! Kunzwisiswa maererano zvakasikwa kunogona kuonekwa mune imwe neimwe zvikamu zvaro. Ndechipi ano Japanese calligraphy? Inonzi shodo ( "nzira ziviso '). Calligraphy, uyewo tsamba muzvikoro Japanese chinhu zvairayirwa nhau. Masayendisiti akawana kuti pane unyanzvi vakauya pamwe Chinese kunyora.

Nenzira, tsika dzevanhu vekare atongwa noumhizha yake calligraphy. Nhasi kune vakawanda kunyora zvitaera, uye kutanga navo mamongi echiBuddha.

chivezwa

netsika Japanese sei? Development uye mhando iyi yebasa evanhu tichadzidza zvakawanda zvizere. Sculpture ndicho kare mhando Japanese art. Munguva dzekare, vanhu venyika ino vari yakagadzirwa zvedongo Zvidhori zvidhori uye nemidziyo. Ipapo vanhu vakatanga kuisa yakanyungudutswa pamusoro pamarinda Honeyview akasika kubva chinopiwa nevhu.

Kugadzirwa sculptural webasa munezvimwe mutsika Japanese chokuita kupararira chiBuddha munyika. Chimwe chezvinhu yekare vamiririri Japanese Zvivako vaiona kuiswa mutemberi Dzenko-Ji chidhori Amitabha Buddha, zvakaitwa namatanda.

Zvivezwa kazhinji yakavakwa namapuranga, asi vakatarira akapfuma kwazvo: vanatenzi vavo zvinenge zvakazara lacquer, goridhe uye mavara akajeka.

Kurumi

Unoda Japanese Ndiwe netsika? Kunzwisiswa maererano zvakasikwa achaunza chisingakanganwiki ruzivo. A maitiro kuchiitwa tsika Japanese vakava zvinoshamisa zvigadzirwa Kurumi ( "akapeta pepa"). unyanzvi ichi vanosungirwa nokuda kuwanikwa kuna China, apo, chokwadi, yagadzirwa yematehwe.

First "akapeta pepa" inoshandiswa mumitambo yechitendero. iwe ichi aigona kudzidza chete yokumusoro kirasi. Asi pashure Second World War, Kurumi chabva nemhuri vanokudzwa uye vakawana admirers rose.

ikebana

Munhu wose anofanira kuziva zvinotaurwa mifananidzo tsika East. Japan akaita paakapiwa basa rakawanda wayo kukura. Chimwe chezvinonhuwira tsika munyika ichi chinoshamisa ndiye Ikebana ( "maruva mhenyu", "New Upenyu Flowers"). Japanese - Fans aesthetics uye nyore. Mabasa dzinoiswa izvi zviviri. Sophistication zvifananidzo zvinoitwa zvinobetsera kushandisa runako rezvinomera. Ikebana, kufanana Kurumi, vaishandawo chikamu mhemberero yechitendero.

Thumbnails

Zvichida, vakawanda vakaziva kuti mifananidzo tsika China yekare uye Japan chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana. Uye Bonsai? Uyu Japanese rakasiyana kugona kurima zvinenge chaiyo vakasiyana shanduro muti chaiwo.

Japan zvakare akawedzera kugadzirwa netsuke - zviduku zvivezwa, izvo mhando runako. Kazhinji nhamba idzi ashumira dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa nguvo vokuJapan, usina muhomwe. Havana chete nenyembe izvozvo, asiwo aiva nevamwe counterweight. Nemazango vakasikwa chimiro kiyi, homwe, nembariro tswanda.

History of kupenda

Art tsika Japan yekare ichifarirwa nevanhu vakawanda. Arts munyika iyi yakatanga panguva Japanese Paleolithic uye vakava sezvinotevera:

• Kusakabe kumwedzi. Mumazuva Asuka uye Kofun (IV-VII remakore) panguva imwe chete yebhuku vatambi, pakusikwa Chinese muenzaniso wehurumende hurumende uye popularization chiBuddha kuJapan kubva China vakaunzwa mabasa akawanda uri. Pashure paizvozvo, Japan yakatanga kuridza yevedza zvigadzirwa iri Chinese style.
• Nara nguva. The VI uye VII CC. ChiBhudha akaramba ichishanduka kuJapan. Panyaya iyi, zvakatanga zvakanaka rechitendero kupenda, kushandiswa munoshongedza dzakawanda mutemberi dzakavakwa nokuda vakakwirira. Kazhinji, muna Nara nguva mupiro kuti kukura chivezwa uye nounyanzvi rakanga kupfuura paguva. The Mifananidzo iri kutenderera mangwanani inosanganisira kupenda yomukatikati masvingo etemberi Horyu-Ji Temple muna Nara Prefecture, achiudza nezvoupenyu Buddha Shakyamuni.
• Heian kumwedzi. In Japanese kupenda, kudanana kubva X remakore, yoga muitiro Kusakabe-e, sezvo isu ambotaurwa. mifananidzo yakadaro chinjikira nemipumburu, izvo chinoenzanisirwa mubhuku.
• Muromachi yaitonga. Muzana XIV remakore ane maitiro Soupy-e (monochrome Watercolour), uye pakutanga hafu XVII. Artists akatanga kubudisa zvinyorwa pamahwendefa - ukiyo-e.
• Nguva kupenda Azuchi-Momoyama nguva anomira Kusiyana pamwe mufananidzo pamusoro Muromachi kumwedzi. Iye tinoberekwa polychromatic werudzii pamwe rakakura kushandisa sirivha uye nendarama shizha. Panguva iyi, chikuru mukurumbira uye mukurumbira vakanakidzwa chikoro Kano. Its muvambi aiva Kano eitoku uyo kupendwa chokuvhenekesa uye zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope mikova yoga dzimba. nhamba dzakadaro shongedza nhare dzoushe kweuto kwamachinda.
• Maydzi panguva. Sezvo yechipiri yezana XIX remakore, Ndimi yakakamurwa kukwikwidzana chetsika uye European manyorerwo. Panguva yaitonga Maydzi Japan kwave kuchiita kukuru munzanga uye zvematongerwo enyika kuchinja nedanho mazuvaano uye Europeanization, akarongeka nezviremera. Kuvimbisa vaduku Artists vakange vakandowanikwa kumwe kudzidza, uye vemifananidzo vatorwa vanouya Japan kusika chikoro unyanzvi zvirongwa. Chero zvakanga, pashure pokuiswa dzinokaroparuka kuziva kuti mifananidzo manyorerwo kuWest zvakavamba kuchinja kwaita akavheyesa mu negwara, uye zvetsika Japanese manyorerwo akanga rakandiponesa. Muna 1880, tsika Ndimi Western vakanga yakarambidzwa pamutemo kuratidzira uye vakanga zvikuru achitsoropodzwa.

nhetembo

Art tsika Japan yekare akadzidza kusvikira ikozvino. Her Nyaya iri pakawanda, vamwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa hunhu, sezvo yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora zvitendero zvakasiyana. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Japanese dzenhoroondo nhetembo yakabuda kubva muupenyu, kuita mukati maro, uye kuti earthiness kwayo kusvika pamwero akachengetedzwa tsika siyana versification ichi --mutsetse matatu nhetembo uye haiku pyatistishiya tangi, izvo zvakasiyana anzi vakawanda hunhu. Sezvineiwo, zviri kunaka zvakasiyana yavo gravitating kusvika elitism kuti "ndima vakasununguka", akaonekwa mukutanga remakore rechi20 muJapan pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu nhetembo muEurope.

Wacherechedza here kuti nzendo kukura muJapan multi-faceted zvinoyevedza tsika? Poetry ari muvanhu venyika ino vakaita basa rinokosha. Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira Genres - haiku, kunzwisisa unogona chete dzokuziva nhoroondo yacho.

Akatanga akaonekwa Heian nguva, akanga akafanana manyorerwo renga, yaiva kumufananidza nzira yokubudisa kuti vadetembi vaida kutora uzorore Waha zvikuru nhetembo. Haikai akava yakazvimirira Genre muzana remakore rechi16, sezvo renga akanyara chakakomba, uye haiku akavimba rakataurwa mutauro uye akanga achiri chinosetsa.

Chokwadi, Japanese uri tsika nemagariro ari muchidimbu anorondedzerwa mumabasa mazhinji, asi tichaedza nezvazvo zvizere. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuMiddle Ages rimwe yakakurumbira Japanese mabhuku Genres aiva tangi ( "rwiyo laconic"). Muzviitiko zvizhinji pyatistishiya ichi zvinosanganisira peya ndima ine wakaiswa dzinoverengeka mabhii: 5-7-5 mabhii ari matatu mitsetse ndima yokutanga, uye 7-7 rechipiri misara miviri. Maererano kugutsikana, ari tangi rinoshandiswa zvinotevera zano: wokutanga stanza chinomirira chairo dzinongoitika nzira, apo wechipiri anoratidza Zvisaririra pamwe nzira omunhu pfungwa:

• Mumakomo Matsi kure
  Pheasant akadanidzira hope -
  The refu, usiku refu
  Ndichakuitirai kurara ndoga? (Kakinomoto-asi Hitovaro, mavambo rechi8 remakore, Sanovich shanduro.)

Japanese mutambo

Vazhinji vanoti Chinese uye Japanese unyanzvi uye tsika zvinonakidza. Unonakidzwawo kuita hwemashiripiti? Traditional Drama of Japan rakakamurwa jōruri (chidzoyi yemitambo), mutambo Noh (kyogen uye okoku), Kabuki theatre uye singeki. Tsika unyanzvi kufungawo shanu dzinokosha chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo Genres: kyogen, asi Bugakov, kabuki uye bunraku. All shanu kwetsika izvi varipo nhasi. Pasinei hombe kusiyana, ivo dzaibatanidzwa zvakafanana aesthetic Misimboti Japanese iwe yakavakirwa. Nenzira, Japan mutambo vakatanga pachikuva, asi.

Kabuki theatre akazviratidza muzana remakore rechi17 uye ukasvika Parainge kurutivi kuguma rechi18. Rinogadzwa nokuti nguva fomu submissions kuponeswa pamusoro ano padariro Kabuki. Mabasa ose yemitambo, mukusiyana kune noruzhinji, asi pfungwa rakamanikana yakaurungana admirers ounyanzvi yekare, rakagadzirirwa vakawanda vateereri. Roots Kabuki unyanzvi zvinobva kuna pfungwa Vanoita mitambo yokusetsa - vemifananidzo zvishoma farces, yokunyora nokudhirowa, rwaiumbwa kutamba nokuimba. Kabuki unyanzvi chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo kuzvipembedza takabatikana zvinhu jōruri uye Ho.

The pakuonekwa Kabuki yemitambo chokuita nezita zvavanobata muBhudha tsvene O-Kuni muna Kyoto (1603). O Cooney akaita pachikuva nokupembera dzechitendero, dzakanga dziri kufamba zvavo kutamba nembutsu-odori. zvesimba varo vakanga yaiteverwa pamwe enyambo dambe. Panguva iyi, abvunza yudzo vainzi Kabuki (Kabuki courtesans), O-Cooney Kabuki-kana-Onna Kabuki (Kabuki Vakadzi).

zvinyorwa

Muzana remakore rapfuura, vokuEurope, vokuRussia uye akanga kuburikidza achiita zvokutemera nomubvunzo Chiitiko wechiJapanese art. Zvichakadaro, mune Kunyika Sunrise Sun richiswedera pakutanga haina funga mano pamuti, asi rakanga zvose hunhu vakawanda nemagariro - yakaderera cost, Accessibility, kutenderera. Nyanzvi ukiyo-e vakakwanisa kuzadzisa mukuru zviri nyore uye zvakajeka, sapamazuva musimboti zvidzidzo, uye avo pakusarudza.

Ukiyo-e aiva unyanzvi chikoro chinokosha, saka iye akakwanisa kuisa mberi zvinoverengeka kunoshamisa Artists. Saka, vane zita Hisikava Moronobu (1618-1694 gg.) Inokonzera Paunotanga pakukura Chiitiko zvinyorwa. In pakati XVIII remakore nyanzvi rokutanga vakashanda multicolor rinodhindira kubudikidza Suzuki Harunobu. Nevavariro chikuru basa rake lyrical mifananidzo iyo akateerera hapana zvazviri, uye kuchinjwa moods uye manzwiro: rudo, unyoro, kusuruvara. Kufanana yomufaro yekare art ari Heian nguva, virtuosos pakati ukiyo-e chakamuka mune patsva mumaguta ezvinhu kunoshamisa kunamatwa runako yakanatswa mukadzi.

Musiyano chete raiva kuti panzvimbo heyanskoy unozvikudza vairemekedzwa ari sokunyorwa kuratidza ichiyevedza geishas kubva varaidzo mumaruwa Edo. Artist Utamaro (1753-1806 gg.) Ko zvimwe nemamwe munhoroondo kupenda nenyanzvi muenzaniso, kuti zvakazara chose zvisikwa yake mufananidzo vakadzi vari kumutsa siyana uye zvimbuzi, muupenyu ezvinhu akasiyana. Mumwe mabasa ake yakanakisisa ndiyo achiita zvokutemera "Geisha Osama", iro rakachengetwa muMoscow, panguva Museum of Painting Pushkin. Artist kujairwa tisingazvioni rinopa kubatana wevaFiripi uye mwoyo, chiso chedu.

Manga uye Anime

vemifananidzo vakawanda vari kuedza kuongorora unyanzvi Japan. Uye chii Anime (Japanese kuchangamuka)? Kubva dzimwe Genres ose kuchangamuka zvinonyanya mafungiro kuti vateereri mukuru. Pano tine wandisa kupesana kupinda okuruka kuti nemamwe chipfuro vateereri. Kupwanya chiyero nepakudiwa munhurume, zera kana pfungwa mufananidzo moviegoers. Kakawanda, mashoko Anime ndiko firimu munhu Japanese manga, iyo vakagamuchira zvakawanda kurumbidzwa.

The chikuru Chikamu Manga dzaizopiwa vanoiona mukuru. Muna 2002, 20% of Japanese bhuku musika akabata Manga enyaya.

Japan ndiyo inoona nezvenjodzi pedyo nesu, asi kunyange zvakadaro, nguva refu asina kujeka uye dzisingambosvikiki nyika. Nhasi tinoziva zvakawanda pamusoro nyika iyi. Long nokuzvidira voga zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti tsika dzayo kwakasiyana zvachose tsika dzimwe nyika.