Medieval Japan. The tsika romuMiddle Japan

Kunyanya Japan wayo dzakaitika kukura zvakajeka kuonekwa nhasi. nyika iyi chepakutanga akagona kutakura kuburikidza emakore kumbochinja zvachose zvakananga tsika, nenzira dzakawanda rakaisvonaka kunyange zvakatanga munharaunda vavakidzani pedyo. The chikuru zviri tsika, kwese kuti Japan, kutanga akazviratidza mukutanga Middle Ages. Kunyange ipapo, unyanzvi dzichiri vanhu kwakaratidzwa nechido kuti pedyo hunhu, kunzwisisa kunaka kwaro uye kuwirirana.

mamiriro

Medieval Japan, riri pachitsuwa, akadzivirira kubva kupindira pachisikirwo. The simba kunze nyika pamusoro nyika kunyanya richiratidzwa nedanho nekuita pamwe nevagari vokuKorea uye Chinese. Uye pamwechete vokuJapan rokutanga kazhinji akarwa, nepo wechipiri kukasawedzerwa.

The womukati Kugadzirwa nyika yave zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe dzinongoitika zvakatipoteredza. The zviduku Zvitsuwa zvinenge kwokuenda kubva inotyisa madutu uye kwenyika. Saka, kune rumwe rutivi, vokuJapan akatsvaka kwete mutoro pachako nezvinhu zvisingakoshi zvinhu, kuti iwe unogona kuunganidza zvose kupfuura zvakafanira chero nguva nyore uye vaponeswe kubva nemafungu zvinhu.

Ukuwo, chaiyo nokuda ezvinhu Ages tsika Japanese kwakadaro vakatodzidza pachavo zvachiri. Vepachitsuwa akaona simba zvinhu zvavo kutadza chinhu vanoipikisa, vakanzwa simba uye panguva imwecheteyo kubvumirana zvakasikwa. Uye akaedza kwete kuti vavhiringe naye. Ages Japanese makanaka yakatanga tikafunga chiShinto, yakanga moyo kunamata wemweya okunze, uye ipapo chiBuddha, achigamuchira aifungisisa tichararama yomunyika uye kwokunze nyika.

chokutanga State

On munharaunda chitsuwa Honshu muna III-V emakore. vakaumba dzokumaruwa mubatanidzwa Kusakabe. By IV remakore ayo hwaro inoumbwa wokutanga Japanese Hurumende akananga Tenno (Emperor). Medieval Japan iyoyo nguva pachena masayendisiti ari kudzidza zviri Barrow makuva. Ari mudziyo kwavo pfungwa maererano yezvakaita nyika mapurani: nomurwi afanane chitsuwa akafukidzwa miti takapoteredzwa nomugero. The kuvigwa wakaiswa siyana zvemumba, uye navamwe mukupera mutongi kurindwa Honeyview mhango zvedongo dzemitambo, anoiswa pamusoro pechiso murwi. Izvi zviduku Zvidhori sei anocherechedza vari vatenzi Japanese: ivo zvinoratidza vanhu nemhuka, uye kunzwa kuchangotanga kunyanya uye vakakwanisa wokushandura mafungiro uye unhu husina.

Chitendero Japan, chiShinto, chokutanga anonamatwa zvose zvakasikwa mweya vaigara muti wose kana mvura. Temberi dzakavakwa makomo uye chisango nharaunda zvakaitwa namatanda ( "mhenyu" zvinhu). Mavakirwo raiva nyore chaizvo uye kupfuura vakakodzera kupinda akapoteredza nzvimbo. Temberi yakanga Kushongedza akavaka akafanana zvakanaka zvakapinda kwenzvimbo. The tsika romuMiddle Japan akatsvaka ibatane zvakasikwa uye ezvirevo nevanhu. Uye temberi zvakajeka varatidze izvi.

Nezvekugadzirwa feudalism

Japan kuMiddle Ages akakwereta zvikuru China uye Korea: kunyanya mutemo uye nyika zvakanaka, kunyora uye statehood. Kuburikidza vavakidzani vakapinda nyika uye chiBuddha, izvo akaita basa rinokosha racho kukura. Akabatsira kukunda womukati kusabatana kwenyika, kubatanidza madzinza, ayo zvakapatsanurwa Japan. Asuka kumwedzi (552-645 gg.) Uye Nara (645-794 gg.) Tichishivirira ari kwaita feudalism uye kukura ravaIndia tsika nemhaka rakumbirwa zvinhu.

Art kwenguva kwakati zvakabatana chaizvo kuti kuvakwa kwezvivako kuti aiva matsvene kukosha. Muenzaniso Zvikuru Buddhist tembere -Horyudzi nguva iyi, wemamongi, akavaka kunhivi Nara, guta guru Japan rokutanga. Zvinokanganisawo zvose: Vakamupfekedza zvokunyaradza kushongedzwa, unorema mashanu-storied pagodas, hombe denga huru mamiriro, vachitsigirwa ne oma mumabhuraketi. Mavakirwo zvakaoma zvikuru sezvo pokudzora tsika Chinese pakuvaka uye yepakutanga zvinhu kuitwa Japan kuMiddle Ages. Hakuna chiyero, temberi mamirire kuvakwa munzvimbo yakakura China. temberi Japanese vakanga tsindirana, kunyange duku.

The unoyevedza netemberi dzechiBhudha zvakatanga chakavakwa muna VIII remakore, kana vakaumba centralized Ages mamiriro. Japan aida guru, uye iye akava Nara, yakavakwa maererano Chinese womuenzaniso. Netemberi vari Akamisa anoenderana rapanzvimbo guta.

chivezwa

Fine iwe yakatanga uyewo mavakirwo - kubva Tichitevedzera Chinese vanatenzi nenzira chekuunganidza uwedzere kuzivikanwa. Pakutanga vakanyarara kubva mifananidzo yepasi vanamwari vakazadza pfungwa okuti uye chairwo, asi, vanhuwo pane vanogara kudenga.

Original Pamusana chivezwa nguva - chidhori Buddha pa 16 metres mukuru, iri Todaiji wemamongi. Ndicho mugumisiro kubatanidzwa nomumwe unyanzvi zhinji yaishandiswa munguva Nara Cast vakanaka achiita zvokutemera, tsika, nokuchengetedza. Guru uye yakajeka, zviri kufanira zvinoshamisa munyika rokuremekedza.

Panguva iyoyo ndipo uye sculptural Portraits vanhu, kunyanya vashumiri mutemberi. Zvivako akashongedzwa murals unoratidza paradhiso nyika.

itsva denderedzwa

Zvakachinja tsika Japan, iro rakatanga IX remakore, chokuita kuti zvematongerwe nguva ino. munyika guru akakurudzirwa Heian, kuzivikanwa nhasi pasi zita Kyoto. By pezana remakore paiva mutemo toga, Ages Japan masvingo kure nevavakidzani havachaoni kugamuchira vamiriri. Culture kuramba kutama kubva Chinese.

Heian nguva (IX-XII remakore) - ichatonga zvine mbiri yakakurumbira Japanese nhetembo. Tank (pyatistishiya) achiperekedzwa Japanese dzose. Haasi masanga kuti nguva anonzi yendarama zera Japanese nhetembo. Zviri zvichida zvizere kuratidza mafungiro vagere nokunobuda zuva kunyika, kunzwisisa kwake yakadzika kubatana pakati murume uye hunhu, kukwanisa kuona kunaka kunyange zviduku. Psychology uye chinokosha uzivi nhetembo kwakazara yose art ari Heian kumwedzi architecture, kupenda, prose.

Temberi uye zvivako zvenyika

Zvinoumba Japan panguva iyoyo vakanga zvikuru chokuita kwaita muBhudha tumapoka, kubatanidza mukati make dzidziso Buddha uye chiShinto tsika. Dzemamongi netemberi vakanga zvakare iri kunze kwemasvingo guta - mumasango uye makomo. Havana kuva chirongwa yakajeka, sokunge nemasanga paiva miti kana zvikomo. Kushongedza vakashumira chaiye, chivako Runako akanga nyore sezvinobvira. The nzvimbo airatidzika kuva kuwedzera mapurani hurongwa. Dzemamongi Havashori hunhu, uye anoenderana naro.

By chete chiratidzo akasika uye enyika zvivako. Shinden, pamberi Manor netende anoumba rimwe chete nzvimbo anopatsanura sefa, kana zvichidikanwa. chivakwa Mumwe ari hazvo achiperekedzwa bindu, kazhinji vashomashoma, uye dzimwe nguva, sapamazuva mambo yamambo, vakapakata madziva, mazambuko uye pamisasa. mapindu izvi vasingagoni kuzvirumbidza zvose Ages Asia. Japan, reworking yaainge Chinese zvitaera uye okunze, akasika yayo mapurani, ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe zvakasikwa.

mufananidzo

Achinja uye chivezwa: kune mifananidzo itsva, mapurasitiki zvava yakagozha uye multi-mavara. Zvisinei, vakawanda zvikurukuru National maitiro pachena paguva. Mugore XI-XII emakore yava zvakagadzira manyorero itsva - Kusakabe-e. Nokuti iye, mvura pendi zvave. Chekutanga Kusakabe-e yaishandiswa kuratidza magwaro akasiyana-siyana. Panguva ino vachishingaira kutanga ingano, paiva mipumburu-nyaya, kana emakimono, iyo inokosha kuti enhetembo nyika uye kuremekedza zvakasikwa, hunhu Ages Japanese. Kazhinji, magwaro aya achiperekedzwa mifananidzo. Masters pamusoro Kusakabe-e vakakwanisa zvinoparadzira ukuru zvakasikwa uye zvinoitika vanhu pakunamata, vachishandisa mavara akasiyana, kuwana nezvaizoitwa kudzima uye translucency.

Wokufananidzira kuratidzwa nyika uye zvikurukuru mune lacquer vazviziva nguva - sezvariri rinopenya mabhokisi nembiya, zviridzwa kumeso, gilded yokuisa mari.

Minamoto chigaro

Pakupera ari XII remakore nemhaka feudal hondo guta guru Japan yakanga ichinonoka kamwe zvakare. The rinokunda Minamoto kwakabva akaita chikuru guta Kamakura nyika. New mutongi omurume yose Ages Japan. Muchidimbu Kamakura nguva inogona inozivikanwa se panguva shogunate - kutonga nemauto. Iye rwakatora emakore akawanda. Kumhanya hurumende vava kunyanya varwi - Samurai. MuJapan, vakasvika simba, akatanga kuva itsva tsika zvinhu. Panzvimbo tangi nhetembo akauya DGCPI - umhare yakakura mbiri ushingise nemasoja. The chitendero akatanga kuridza yakakura basa Zen chiBuddha, uyo akadzidzisa voponeswa pasi tichibatsirwa kurovedza muviri, kutsunga uye rakadzika kuzvidzora ruzivo. Gloss haana kukosha, pakuzvichenesa divi chitendero anotora musana chigaro.

Samurai muJapan akaisa pachena tsika chomudzimu, nokukudzwa uye kuvimbika. Romurume uye simba kuri mavari, azara iwe zvose kubva mavakirwo kusvikira kupenda. Dzemamongi dzakavakwa pasina Pagoda vavo akanyangarika chakagadziridzwa pamusoro Heian kumwedzi. Zvavovo sezvinoita nyore kari, nei chete kusimbisa kubatana yavo zvakasikwa. A vazhinji sculptural Portraits. Masters vakadzidza nzira itsva kusika mifananidzo zvaiita mupenyu. Mune nzvimbo, zvitarisiko uye nziyo kuburikidza zvose zvakafanana ushingi uye nokusatsaudzira.

Emakimono iyi dzinoratidzwa kwete mupfungwa kutaurwa uye simba zano, ndichizivisa ropa hondo pakati pamarudzi.

Garden - the kuenderera imba

Muna 1333, guta guru rakanga vakadzokera Heian kumwedzi. Vatongi itsva yakatanga kuvazvidza unyanzvi. Mavakirwo iyi vanowanza achiri pedyo kukumbana pamwe zvakasikwa. Austerity uye nyore kuva pamwe chete nhetembo uye runako. Yakatsviriridza yacho Zen kapoka dzidziso vaiimba kukwirira zvokunamata kuburikidza kufungisisa zvakasikwa, zvinoenderana naye.

Panguva iyi, akakurukura unyanzvi ikebana, uye dzimba dzakavakwa nenzira kuti dzakasiyana-siyana mumusha aigona kuyemura munda kubva siyanei angled. A duku chidimbu zvakasikwa vanowanzotambura havana kuparadzaniswa kubva mumba, kunyange chikumbaridzo, chakanga kuenderera yayo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka muna Ginkakudzi Imba yakavakwa peberere, zvakanaka inoyerera mumunda uye yakarembera pamusoro mudhamu. Murume, akanga ari mumba, akasika fungidziro kuti miganhu pakati yokutandarira uye mvura uye munda hakusi kuti vari zvikamu zviviri rose.

Tea uzivi

In XV-XVI mazana emakore Japan yakatanga kuonekwa teahouses. Unhurried mafaro anwe avo vakauya kubva China aiva tsika yose. Tea imba akayeuchidza hermitages. Vakanga vakagadzirira kuita kuti vechikamu kuti mhemberero anogona kunzwa kuparadzaniswa kubva kunze kwenyika. The duku Kukura mukamuri akavhara bepa mahwindo kusika inokosha mhepo uye kumunetsawo. Zvose - kubva dzemakwiringwindi cobbled ibwe nzira inoenda pamukova, kuti nyore zvehari uye ruzha kuvidza mvura - akazadzwa nhetembo uye uzivi rugare.

monochrome kupenda

In kufanana unyanzvi maberekero mapindu uye tii mhemberero kumhuka uye kupenda. Nhoroondo Ages Japan uye tsika yaro muna XIV-XV emakore. pakataurwa kwaita suyboku-ha - ingi kupenda. Pictures of Genre itsva vaiva monochrome nzvimbo yokunyora nokudhirowa, riri pamusoro mipumburu. Masters suyboku-ha, kushandisa zviri Chinese painting, akakurumidza kupinda kupenda Japanese ani. Vakadzidza kuratidza runako zvakasikwa, ayo manzwiro, noumambo uye chakavanzika. Pakutanga mashoko XVI remakore mitoo suyboku-hectare organically akabatanidzwa Kusakabe-e unyanzvi, zvinhu itsva kwokukurukurirana kupenda.

Late Middle Ages

Medieval map Japan kubudikidza kuguma XVI remakore akarega kuva "Pacchiwaku pamucheka" pakati Holdings ose nemadzinza akasiyana. Zvakatanga wokubatanidza nyika. Vakatanga kumisa nevanhu Western inoti. A rinokosha zvino vakaridza rokunyika mapurani. Shoguns zvakaoma nhare munguva World simbi dzoushe yakashongedzwa dzakarongwa runyararo. Facilities delimited zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope partitions, kupendwa uye yakashongedzwa zvikuru uparadzire chiedza, nokusika vaitamba mutambo mhepo.

Kano chikoro kupenda vanatenzi, iyo yakatanga munguva ino akaputirwa kwete chete chidzitiro, asiwo madziro dzoushe. Scenic Mifananidzo ndiwo mavara akajeka anoratidza zvokushamisira uye yakatarwa hunhu. Kune nyaya itsva Hwakataura mifananidzo muupenyu vanhuwo zvavo. Akanga aripo dzoushe uye monochrome painting, vakatodzidza chaiyo expressiveness.

Kakawanda, monochrome kupenda yakashongedzwa tii dzimba, apo pane murugare, nomutorwa kuti mutambo wenhare makamuri. Remubatanidzwa nyore uye azara yose zvokushamisira netsika Edo nguva (XVII-XIX remakore.). Panguva ino, romuMiddle Japan akatevera kamwe zvakare mutemo woga. Kune zvitsva siyana uri, achingoratidza Kunyanya mafungiro Japanese: Kabuki theatre, Chipuranga, novellas.

Edo nguva kunoratidzwa ne napedyo pakati zvikuru kushongedzwa nhare nomwero tii dzimba, tsika Kusakabe-e kupenda mitoo uye kuguma XVI remakore. Connection dzakasiyana zvinoyevedza dzenzvimbo uye rwokugadzira hunonyatsoonekwa sokunyorwa. Tenzi siyana nzvimbo kazhinji pamwe Chokwadi, dzimwe nguva mumwe chete Artist aisiya somupristi mafeni uye sefa, uyewo rinodhindira uye caskets.

Late Middle Ages kunoratidzwa yakawedzera tifunge chinangwa upenyu zvekupfakira: kune machira matsva vaishandisa porcelain inoita kuchinja. With yokupedzisira akarondedzera kuwanikwa netske vaimiririra mabhatani chiduku mhando kana brelochki. Zvava dzakananga mugumisiro kukura chivezwa Japan.

tsika Japanese Zvakaoma kuvhiringidza nemigumisiro rokusika kufunga vamwe vanhu. Her kuzivikanwa yakazokudziridzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo zvakatipoteredza. The kuramba napedyo kuti haaregi zvinhu chamuita kuti rinokosha uzivi kuedza kuti maererano, izvo kwakaratidzwa mune zvose munzvimbo ounyanzvi uye ndege.