Chii caliphate: tsananguro. Feudal Arab-Muslim hurumende kare yazvino

Education caliphate chakaitika pashure Muhammad afa. Pakutanga munharaunda nokuda kuvhota akasarudza muchiuto vatungamiriri vaiva yepakarepo ezvinhu hwemuporofita. Sezvo mamiriro akatanga vawedzere ndima yayo. Funga zvakare kuti caliphate.

tsananguro

Sezvakataurwa kumusoro, hurumende utungamiri akatora vatungamiriri vemauto. Vakadaidzwa Caliphs. Saka zita mamiriro. Anobudirira zvikuru anonzi kuti Omar. Paaigara nesimba Islam uye reArab Caliphate pavainge yakatanga munzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Kunamata kana chakapararira rinenge rose Middle East. Inenge ose vavakidzani nguva pfupi pashure kuitwa Omar zviremera vakadzidza kuti munhu caliphate. Pakusarudza kodzero inoratidza unhu ehurumende utungamiri. Sezvo kuuya nesimba vatungamiriri vemauto, zvino, maererano, chinangwa chavo chikuru chaiva kubata ndima. Saka, apo Omar yakakundwa muIjipiti, Siria, Palestine. Izvi pasi vasati zvaiva nyika yechiKristu. Muvengi mamiriro yepedyo aiita Byzantium. Zvisinei, pasinei ekare simba rayo, iye aifanirawo kuziva kuti munhu caliphate yakadaro. Kutsunga ari kukunda nzira nokuda Omar haana chinhu kuoma. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya Byzantium. Long hondo pamwe vaPezhiya, zvinorwisana maari dzakawanda vasanyanya simba rayo kukoshesa. Izvi akabvumira Omar sarudza munzvimbo shoma uye kukunda hondo Byzantine mune nhevedzano hondo.

Military nebudiriro Caliphate

Mupfungwa, masoja akanga vakatongerwa kubudirira muhondo dzavo. Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa hondo mufambo. Rakanga yakapiwa chiedza vamabhiza, aiva chinokosha paanopfuura rinorema vamabhiza uye inifanduri muvengi. Uyezve, pashure kubatwa zviri ndima navaArabhu mukanyatsoteerera mirayiro chitendero chavo. Vakabvisa pfuma chete kubva vapfumi nevarombo nechisimba vakanga isingatsiki. Izvi, Chokwadi, tsitsi kwavari kubva vomunzvimbo. MaArab vanobvumirwa rusununguko rwokunamata munyika akakunda ndudzi. Kana chitendero chavo, mishonga wakange zvikurukuru zvoupfumi. Pashure pokukundwa navaArabhu kuzviuru mitero pamusoro vakawanda. Vaya vakatora kutenda kwavo, vasunungurwa chikamu chikuru chacho.

Yokutanga zvemukati kuzvipokanidza

Most vokuparidzira vaziva nechisimba sezvo liberators. Yakakunda vanhu vose vakanga zvakanaka pfungwa zviri caliphate. Kutsunga zvisingaiti sezvo liberators akanga vakaumbwa ndechokuti vanokunda rakaramba nevanhu rusununguko mune zvematongerwo enyika dzinoverengeka nyaya. The yakakunda mundima ivo akasika paramilitary yawo. MaArab akatungamirira yatisingaonekwi upenyu, ari mukati maro ateteguru dzinza nyika. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu aya haana kugara kwenguva refu kudaro. Chinozikamwa navaArabhu vaigara yakabudirira maguta weSiria, Egypt zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga tsika yomunharaunda kwamachinda. Izvi zvakaita kuti wokutanga schism munzanga yavo. Traditionalists, yemadzitateguru kugona yavasingazoshiviriri maitiro nevaya vakasarudza kusiya tsika dzemadzibaba avo.

The zvaparadzanisa ari vapfumi

First disintegration of dzechiArab caliphate kwakaitika muna 661. Kurwisana vatsigiri itsva kurongeka uye traditionalists vakaedza kuregeredza-mutemo Muhammad - Ali. Asi kuedza ake ose vaiva muchero. Somugumisiro, unoranganawo traditionalist boka akauraya Ali. Akanga yakatsiviwa Amir Muawiyah. Paaiva muSiriya, aiva musoro dzechiArab vomunharaunda. Mu'awiya pakarepo akacheka ukama vatsigiri traditionalism. Caliph pamuzinda hwakatamisirwa kuDhamasiko. Munguva inotevera nguva hurumende yave zvakati kuwedzerwa pakunogumira.

Activities Mu'awiya

By rechi8 remakore, hurumende yakakunda North Africa. Muna 771, mavambo tsamwisa pamusoro European munharaunda. Chokwadi kuti makore matatu akakwanisa andobata yose Iberian Peninsula, rinoti simba kuti vapiwe Arab Caliphate. Empire apo Mu'awiya asvika simba zvokuti akambovapo kumboziva. Nhaka Macedon, Rome haana kuwedzera sezvo sevanoshamira mamiriro pakati Umayyads. Saka sei kudzora Arab caliphate vatsigiri murayiro mutsva, akapedzisira vakarasikirwa yekare ateteguru kwemadzinza uye mitsetse. Somuenzaniso, kare musoro vezvitendero asarudzwa zvakasikwa suffrage. Mu'awiya akasimbisa nhaka kuchinjwa rokuremekedza. Caliph pamuzinda vakatodzidza enyika zvinhu.

mutero hurongwa

zvitatu zvikuru muunganidzwa wakatangwa. Kwekutanga munharaunda akasiya chegumi mari. Zvino mutero ichi enda vasingabhadharwi caliph. Uyewo, vagari vose vaifanira kubhadhara nyika mutero. Chechitatu muunganidzwa raiva jizya. Kare, mutero akanga kuzviuru chete nevasiri maMoziremu vanogara mundima. The muunganidzwa kungoda vakawanda vakuru. Hurumende pachayo akatowedzera rakafanana despotism rekare yaitonga.

dzechitendero kufamba

Panguva Umayyad rinotarisa paumbwe imwe kusaroora. Kuti aite izvi, sezvo mutauro mukuru wakatangwa Arabic. The rinokosha iyi akanzi neKorani. Aifungidzira dzakaunganidzwa mashoko Muprofita akanga akanyorwa rokutanga vadzidzi vake. Mushure Muhammad akafa, yakanga akambochera munhu kuwedzererwa shoma, iyo mabhuku Sunnah rakavambwa. Pahwaro mbiri idzi Talmuds machinda hwatinopiwa kururamisira. Mune Korani, mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro upenyu vemo kunge kuzivikanwa. Iri bhuku vanhu vakabvuma mirawo. Kana Sunnah, ipapo mafungiro munharaunda zvechitendero zvakasiyana. Maererano neizvi, ipapo paiva nomumwe aparadzane munzanga.

Abbasids

The Umayyads akaramba pachavo nesimba kwemakore 90. Muna 750, Abul-Abbas, uyo kwainzi hama Mohammed kure, akauraya chokupedzisira caliph uye vose venhaka, achizivisa pachake musoro wehurumende. The Abbasids vaiva youmambo Bole akasimba kupfuura Umayyads. Akazosvika kusvikira 1055. Abbas ari kuMesopotamiya. Haana kuda kuchengeta ukama wamadzishe eSiriya uye vakauya mumuzinda caliph muna Baghdad.

Nyika itsva

nemamiriro ezvinhu pasi Abbasids yaiva munzira dzakawanda akafanana despotism wePezhiya. Apo Caliph aiva vizier - mushumiri wokutanga. Vose mamiriro yakakamurwa kuva matunhu, izvo zvakaita ndiwo madzishe. mukuru ose akanzi rwebasa basa. Kana Abbasids zvikuru zvakawedzera uwandu madhipatimendi. Kutanga, chabatsira ane basa guru munyika. Mesopotamian simba mumwe anokosha zvoupfumi sectors - kurima. Kwose kwose yaitanga kudiridza. Machinda rinokosha dhipatimendi anofanira kuongorora kuvaka madhamu uye migero, kuongorora mamiriro yose yezvinhu.

Ndezvipi nebudiriro rakakurumbira Arabic caliphate?

Chinhu chokutanga kutaura pamusoro kukura simba nevarwi vehurumende. Mauto dzose raiva 150 zviuru. Man. Pakati pavo paiva Varwi vaya vamarudzi fuza. Paiva caliph uye murindi voga. Warriors vagadzirire kwake kubva pazera. Pakazopera garei simba, Abbas vakagamuchira zita "Ropa" nokuti simba matanho ake vakashandisa mukudzorera hurongwa vakakunda mundima. Zvisinei, kunyanya nokuda kwavo paiva maruva ari Arab Caliphate. Chokutanga, tinofanira kucherechedza zvinoshingaira kukura kurima. Izvi Ichibatsirwa nokuda kupindirana uye zvakanaka pfungwa wokuti nezviremera. Nyika yakanga okunze akasiyana ezvinhu. Zvinokwanisika kupa zvachose nyika pamwe zvakakodzera zvigadzirwa. Panguva iyoyowo, vazhinji ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna floriculture uye horticulture.

nhaka

Kutaura zvakataurwa nebudiriro akakurumbira Arab Caliphate, tisingatauri utungamiriri pamusoro Abbasid dzinza zvakanaka. Vakakwanisa tisanyanyozvidya rusununguko ndiwo madzishe nevamwe mukuru namachinda. MuEurope, nyika yakapiwa dzeko kwamachinda basa, dzinenge nguva dzose achichengetwa yemadzitateguru pfuma. MaArab panyaya iyi vakanamatira yekare Egyptian murayiro. Dzose zvaiva musoro wehurumende mutemo. Aiva nekodzero govera kwokurangana vaanotonga basa ravo. Zvisinei, pashure pokufa nyika yavo anodzoka Caliph. Chete aigona kusarudza kuenda kana kuisa venhaka. Mukutanga yeMiddle Ages ruzhinji mukurwisana inomuka nokuda kwesimba chinokosha uye NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi akatorwa munyika zvaitambidzwa kwavari namambo. The mutongi zvakare aigona kurasa kunharaunda yayo chete. Asi vamwe vamambo vaanotonga akanga akawanda munyika kumupfuura.

tengeserana

Apo Abbasids vechiArabhu nyika yazova mumwe anokosha maindasitiri nzvimbo. Kuva yakakunda mazhinji avanhu aiva yekare webasa tsika, vakundi dzavo dzechiJudha uye dzakabudirira. Muna Abbasid yaitonga vakatanga vanotengesa yepamusoro simbi. Dhamasiko mashizha vakanga chaizvo kuMadokero. MaArab vasiri chete vachirwa, asi mari nyika yechiKristu. Vatengesi vakashinga kana zviduku chengoro vakaenda kure kumavirira uye kuchamhembe munyika miganhu. Zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa muna 9-10 emakore. pasi Abbasids, vakanga dzakaonekwa kunyange nyika necheSalvic uye madzinza eGermany kubva Sea reBaltic. vatongi Muslim kare mutsimba Byzantine hweRoma. It kwakakonzerwa kwete chete nechido kunombata kundima itsva. Byzantium aiva-refu yakasimbiswa dzaishandiswa Links rose. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, akanga ari mukuru aikwikwidza vatengesi.

nekwenzanga

Pasinei zvakanaka, vazere runyararo munyika wamboitwa. Vanhu vakakunda nyika nguva dzose vakatsvaka vawanezve kwavo rusununguko. Vari kuramba kukwidza nokumukirana pamusoro nechisimba. Uyezve, kwaivawo vasingagutsikane ndiwo madzishe enyika. Havana kuva novimba musoro munyika yose administrative nyaya. Pokuwa Arab Caliphate akatanga anenge pakarepo namarudzi inotungamirwa. Moors kutanga vakaparadzana. Izvi North African maArab vakakunda ichindosvika kuPyrenees. Pakati pezana remakore rechi10 akaparadzanisa Emirate pakati Cordoba. Iye pamutemo ngadzirambe uchangamire kwayo. Moors akakwanisa kuramba kwavo rusununguko kwenguva refu. Pasinei nehondo, pamwe vokuEurope, uyewo simba yokurwiswa Reconquista, apo zvinenge zvose Spain vakadzokera chiKristudhomu, kuti pakati rechi15 zviri ichindosvika kuPyrenees aiva Mauritanian State. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi wakaderedzwa kusvika Granada Caliphate. Izvi nzvimbo diki kunhivi Spanish guta mumwechete zita ichaongororwa dombo vechiArabhu nyika. It rinodederesa kwayo ukuru vavakidzani-vokuEurope.

Kumukira ari mundima kumabvazuva

Vakatora nzvimbo yechipiri yezana rechi8 kusvikira kumagumo remakore rechi9. Mhirizhonga vaiva kunyanya National hunhu uye zvakanga pamusoro pakudzorwa ose evaArabhu. Sezvo dzematongerwe goko makabuda Khurramite dzidziso. Vakanga ainziwo mazdakitov ainzi Mazdak Zoroastrianism mupristi. zvikuru Most kumukira kwakaitika yechipiri yezana rechi8 remakore, apo al-Mahdi. Mushure kuurayiwa Abu Muslim muna 754, vaparidzi vakawanda akatsvaka kuva mugari wenhaka yake. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, vanosanganisira Hashim Ibn Hakim. Kare aiva kushamwaridzana Abu Muslim. Hashim anonziwo al-kurwadziswa. Akafukidza chiso chake, kuti vateveri vakati kudzivirira shamwari kubva Kupenya kwake. Vashori Hashim akati kuti akashandisa chifukidzo kuvanza ayo shata chitarisiko. Al Mukanna ndiye anguva muvengi Abbasid dzinza. Panguva iyoyo, akanga akabatwa uye mujeri ari Baghdad mujeri, kubva apo iye wakapukunyuka.

A kutamburira itsva choumambo

Pakafa al-Mahdi, muna 785, panzvimbo yake aizviti vanakomana vaviri. Mumwe - Al-Hadi, waiva musoro Jurjan rechipiri - Aroni al-Rashid, akatonga Azerbaijan uye Armenia. Imwe neimwe vatsivi aiva Kutarisirwa yavo uye mazano. Al-Mahdi, ziva kuti angatanga afa, hondo yevagari vemo, akaenda al-Hadi, kumunyengetedza kuti murege achisarudza Aroni. Zvisinei, nenzira akafa pakarepo. Somugumisiro, Mosesi akatora nzvimbo yake.

Shanduko simba

Pasinei chokwadi kuti Aroni nokuzvidira akabvuma Kutonga al-Hadi, paiva nerunyerekupe kuti anoda kuuraya Caliph. Zvadaro, mumamiriro ezvinhu raimuvhiringidza mai vavo Hayzuran. It chinorehwa kuti Arab Caliphate pasi Aroni ari zvakawanda yakatanga. Somugumisiro, iye chepfu al-Hadi. Mumakore kwesimba rake, akanga ava nomukurumbira sezvo akakuvadza wazvakaitika vatungamiriri alidskimi muna Mecca mudunhu 786 gore. Zvichida ichi chaiva chimwe chikonzero chikuru nei Hayzuran akasarudza kuti nyika irege kuva chete ezvinhu sezvo kudzoreka. Arab Caliphate pasi Aroni ruzivo nenzvimbo yokutanga nokuumbwa Nzanga itsva kwemadzinza. With veMubatanidzwa mugari wenhaka wechipiri Hayzuran kuwana zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro upenyu enyika ari mamiriro. Akanakidzwa nazvo kusvikira okupedzisira chaizvo mazuva.

nokusimbaradza poumambo

Mitemo nokuti kusimbisa nechepakati simba uye paumbwe mamiriro Sasanid muenzaniso chakatangwa pa Omayyads. Kubudirira kwake akaramba uye Abbasids. Kutaura zvazviri, nyika kwakasimbiswa kuti atarisire. Arab Caliphate pasi Aroni akabudirira dzika mutemo uyu. Nokuti kuti Abbasids akawana simba pamwe vatsigire Iranian muchiuto, basa dzematongerwe muhondo uye hurumende yava nesimba. Huru Musimboti rakaumbwa nevaPezhiya-horasantsami. Vakaendeswa mhuri Abbasid se "vanakomana". Vakakwanisa kubvisa kuramba kumanikidzwa of Arab-Bedouin mapoka ari musimba Caliph.

kuderedza matambudziko

Kubva pakati pezana remakore rechi9 Abbasid disintegration pamusoro poumambo zvava kusingarapiki. Takatanga yokuparadzanisa North African ematunhu, uye vakazovatevera Central Asia. Inside the Arab nyika kwakawedzera nebope pakati Shiites uye Sunnis. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi10, wekutanga akakunda Baghdad. Pashure kubvuta kwenguva refu vakava vabati simba vakasara kamwe pakati caliphate Arabia. Pasi simba ravo vaivawo nzvimbo diki muMesopotamia. Sezvo Islamic nyika yakarasikirwa kubatana kwayo. Muna 1055 hurumende aizokundwa Seljuk vokuTurkey. KuMiddle East akasimbisa pachavo Saracens. Muzana remakore rechi11 vakanga yakakunda Sisiri asi gare gare vakanga yatsiviwa Normans kubva imomo. VokuTurkey kubva mundima dzavo Asia Minor vakananga Byzantine nyika. Mashomanana zana nemakore, vakakwanisa kukunda Balkan peji-mu. Panguva iyoyo vari zvikuru utsinye kudzvinyirirwa necheSalvic vanhu vaigara mundima idzi. Muna 1453 hweOttoman Empire akakunda Byzantium zvachose. Somugumisiro, guta akapiwa zita idzva - Istanbul - uye akava renyika.