Tanga kudhindwa

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa yokudhinda, hapana mubvunzo nokuda pakusikwa muchina wokudhinda. Chiitiko ichi anonzi echimurenga munhoroondo mubhuku bhizimisi. Start Kudhinda rakapa zvakasimbisa kukura kuverenga. Izvi zvakanga zvakamufanira kukurumidza kupararira uchenjeri hwevanhu, kopivsheysya emakore nemagariro zvaakasika. Pakati vepasi yakwira zvikuru nenyota kuverenga, iyo pave kukura nezivo kanosvota.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokugadzirwa haasi wokudhinda chiitiko kwakanga kwatangwa. zvinhu zvayo zvose zviri akaumba zvishoma nezvishoma. Panguva dzakasiyana ari functionality pamusoro muchina anotora zvakasiyana-siyana.

Pane zvakasiyana-siyana mashoko pamusoro ndiye akatanga basa rokudhinda. Nyaya anorondedzera kuedza ebhuku mabhizimisi wokutanga Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, atova 10-11 emakore. Asi zvinosuwisa chaizvo mubhuku, nguva zhinji saka kurondedzerwa, kusvikira zvino hauna asvika. naizvozvo ichaongororwa kuti kutanga kudhinda kwakanga kwatangwa Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468). Nokuva michina yakasiyana, huripo zvino ari kugadzira, iye akagadzira nzira yakarurama kusvikira panguva kwebhuku rinonzi. Chekutanga, Guttenberg akava muvambi imwe Fonts itsva. Pane munhu vatambi vave kushandiswa girazi mufananidzo kukanda simbi afa. Ivo vakaremerwa kuti ndiro mhangura, pakadzika vakazadzwa chaiyo chiwanikwa, rine namavara akanaka, kutungamirira uye gaba. Saka, zvaibvira kuumba mashoko uye tsamba hombe.

Guttenberg muna 1450 akatanga kubudisa zvizere shanduro yeBhaibheri (yokutanga muEurope). Pakati 1452 M uye 1454-M (maererano zvinyorwa zvakasiyana) akakwanisa kudhinda 42-mutsetse Ref. Bhaibheri atumidzwa nokuti kuti papeji ose (mapeji zvose zvaiva 1282) rine mitsetse 42 muzvikamu zviviri.

Vana Vechikoro Gutenberg (Pannartst uye Svengeym) akatanga kutenderedza kuvamba rokubudisa michina mu Europe. Saka, pakutanga Kudhinda vakabatsira kusikwa idzva bazi mutsika uye kugadzirwa panguva - kudhinda indasitiri. Nokuti kuti pfungwa "kuzivisa" akanga asipo panguva iyoyo, vakafunga itsva dzakagadzirirwa mabhizimisi maonero zvachose, kusanganisira kutengeswa remabhuku zvitoro panguva yokudhinda.

In nhoroondo kubudiswa maindasitiri muna 1500 kunoonekwa sechinhu nhangaruvazhe. Panguva iyi, bhuku kurimwa kwazopararira, pasinei panzvimbo kudhura. Panguva iyoyowo yakadhindwa asati 1500 bhuku rinonzi "incunabula" - anogadzirwa "mbereko" mubhuku, akasunungura Papera gore rino, takagamuchira zita "palaeotypes" - "mabhuku ekare."

Tanga kudhinda muRussia yakatanga kusvika 1550 gore. Apo mutungamiriri aiva Ivan Grozny, aiva rutsigiro chinokosha kuti kukura Typography. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa mabhuku okutanga vakasunungurwa, "kusazivikanwa" (asingadi ane goho Data). Naizvozvo, nhoroondo haana akanyora mashoko ari wokutanga rokudhinda.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Ivan Fedorov akava aidhinda wokutanga Russia. Kusunungurwa kwavari, "Muapostora," March 1, 1564 akava muenzaniso pakudhinda art nguva. Bhuku rino anosunungurwa pasi auspices uye mirayiridzo Metropolitan Macarius. Bhuku iri chaiwo kududzirwa vateveri dzidziso dzechiKristu Kristu. It akagadzirirwa bhuku nenhamba dzechitendero.

Muna 1565, Fedorov panzvimbo pamwe mutevedzeri Petrom Mstislavtsem akasunungura akava bhuku akakurumbira zvikuru "Breviary." Saka, zvakanga kutanga Russian Typography. Followers Fedorov pashure kusunungurwa "Mapisarema." Vakawanda B16 remakore mabhuku nemapfumbamwe dzakabudiswa muna Moscow imba rokudhinda. Zvadaro, hurumende rokubudisa imba yave kuwedzera. It vakatanga kushanda proofreaders, vapepeti nezvimwe nyanzvi.