mabasa Human kare, maonero ake, basa revanhukadzi - ichi zvose inyaya kudzidza nevanhu kare. Akanga kuvimba magwaro uye kungoda zvapera epochs, rinotsanangura upenyu nezvizvarwa.
Kutonyanya vachiridza mubvunzo: "Ko joko nayo?"
Uye zvokuita kana vamwe mumakwara, asi panongova nezvavo zvinyorwa, humboo iyo kwagara kusava? How zvizvarwa zvakawanda akadzidza muzvikoro zviri Mongol-wechiTatar joko! Zvino, kwete chete kuti chenhau nesayenzi zvavo chabviswa uye kutsiviwa rokuti okuti "Zolotaya Orda", asi akapikisa zvose inobatanidzwa chiitiko ichi. Kunyange kubvunza mubvunzo: "Zvinobvumirwa kazhinji akaedza nzendo kuRussia?" Uye chaizvo uchapupu chokwadi kuti yatorwa. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda pachikoro vanodavira kuti makore 200 Russia yakanga pasi pejoko, uye "yokudimbudzira kutonga" khans Yechinwiwa Horde, machinda Russian akapiwa. Asi zvimwe hapana vavo havana kurarama.
Gwaro anozivikanwa akazvionera
On magwaro mhando iyi, sezvo zvakavapo panguva dzose, vanongoziva kubva yaMakoronike. Zvisinei, mune akazotevera mabasa mabhuku uye nounyanzvi chokwadi pokufamba kuripira kukotamira Horde khans kakawanda kurondedzerwa. Artist Boris Chorikov (1802-1866), inonzi illustrator kuti "History of Russia" Karamzin akavhomora daka machinda Russian, vakaronga navo pamberi kugutsikana Khan, kodzero kuwana "yokudimbudzira mambo." Chii gwaro ichi? Chii chakaita namachinda akapfuma zvipo "famba" kusvikira paruvanze Tartar Khan? Yakanga chisarudzo nekanzuru mutongi Ulus Jochi kana Golden Horde, ine simba mamiriro ane hondo huru, izvo kana zvakafanira sabers kunosimbisa simba chirevo ichi. Khan, achitora zvipo akabvumira ndavaisa kutonga mumwe nhaka, kunyange kana panguva iyoyo pane akagara muchinda. Han sezvo mano okumabvazuva mutemo, nounyanzvi akashandisa "yokudimbudzira ushe" kuitira kuti ropa muruwa machinda. Saka, nemauto Russia haana kukwanisa kuuya pamwe kuti vadzivise ari Horde. Somugumisiro mutemo uyu yakananga Khans vatongi vakaenda kundorwa mumwe, vachinetesa ichiparara Rus.
The kuyanzva weRussia
Izvi zvakakwanisika nokuti mumakore 1237-1242 yakanga kuchaitwa eMongolia nechisimba Russia. kunakidza chaizvo, haruna kushandiswa pose mabhuku yenyika, shoko rokuti "Joko". Uye nei zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vave "shoko", kokutanga aishandisa Polish sahwira Jan Dolgushev, vachiziva kuti nyika iyi inogona kukanganisa chero chokwadi, chete kuti netsa kana kunyadzisa Russia. Hongu, uye rakaiswa panguva pakuguma XV remakore, apo vanonzi "pakudzvinyirirwa" uye kwete zvikasawanirwa. Pashure Tartar nechisimba nyika yedu yave kupinzwa achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari - rechibharo uye enyika. Pfungwa achivaratidza "yokudimbudzira kutonga" akaberekwa, pachena, muna Khan kuti bhidha nokuti rwokutanga, uye vose vaivapo, chinotanga kudanwa kudare muchinda.
Muchinda wokutanga, vakagamuchira chitaridzi
Prince Vladimir uye Suzdal Yuri Vsevolodovich akafa madziro kunozivikanwa Kitezh muna Harakorum, guta guru iri Mongol Empire, ainzi mukoma wake nezvaJarosław. rwendo rwake rwokutanga runoonekwa kubudirira chaizvo uye kunyange kunzi nedzenyu kubudirira. Chikwata akatanga kubata ushe ava kuti, baba Aleksandra Nevskogo. Munguva kushanya Horde wechipiri akanga muchetura regent Turashnoy chirikadzi qaan Ugedei. Iye pakarepo akadana mudare Alexander, pamwe chete chete nechinangwa kuuraya. Asi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, Muchinda Novgorod 4 Makore haana kuonekwa ari Horde. Poisoner pachayo akatambudzikawo zvinoitirwa - mwedzi miviri pashure pamukwidzwa chigaro mwanakomana wake, iye akaurayiwa saizvozvo. Mudare Batu Khan kwakaramba kunyange kuchiva iwayo.
Nemanomano uye anonyengera
Akamufambisa padzimbahwe Khan chaidiwa nokuti chete muchinda, vakagamuchira Chikwata mambo, akanga sechinhu mutongi pamutemo. Uye yakanga isingori machinda makuru, asi zvakananga. Usimbe aine rwendo kune pemurairo akasarudzwa muchinda Kiev Svyatoslav akabviswa mukoma wake Michael. Sei bumbiro iri wainaka zvakadaro? Chokutanga, nokuti mutero vakauya kuna Rus eMongolia. Asi kutanga dzakakurumbira mhirizhonga, kunyanya mu Novgorod. Horde vaifarira chibate kure ukuru saka haachatauri achitora kuti mutero kumachinda pachavo. Ndiyo nzvimbo muchinda aiva zvinopfuura chingwa - Tributes mhosva kupfuura akapiwa Horde. Muchinda, vakagamuchira Chikwata kutonga, yekudyidzana kuwedzera fuma yavo. Ndokusaka vakaipa uye akakurumidza yokunzvenga zvepamutemo vatongi kuwira patsoka ari Khan, uyo aionekwa somunhu mukuru mutongi Russia. Trip paiva inodhura uye inogara kwenguva refu. Saka, manomano enyika Ivan Kalita yakawanda nguva yake ushe mubasa Horde uye mugwagwa kusvika uye kubva ikoko. Muzukuru Aleksandra Nevskogo Prince of Moscow Yuri Danilovich III aigara mwero 2 years, akaroora hanzvadzi Khan, nokudaro mari chaiyo pamusoro ushe zvikuru.
Beautiful, zvose-simba, uyo akanyangarika
Maererano nyaya chitaridzi raiva ndiro yendarama, izvo micheto kunge vakagumisa. Mairi makanga gomba yakarembera. Kupfuura chinoshamisa kuti kwakanga kusina chitaridzi goridhe. Made zvinokosha nesimbi, havasi kukanganiswa nguva, kuridza munhoroondo Russia chihombe basa - uye anyangarika. Labels yakapiwa uye nevafundisi. Vose akanyangarika chirwirangwe. The dambudziko weRussia yekare waiva kuti vatongi kazhinji vakanga vana vanakomana vazhinji, uye makuru miganhu dzakabatana anodzvinyirirwa pakati pavo, akatendeuka kupinda fiefdoms diki. Akazviratidza musoro wezvematongerwe enyika, vakabatana navo kwechinguva, uye zvose ipapo inodzokororwa. Saka, pakutanga pamusoro XIII remakore kuRussia, kunze vamwe duku, maiva vaviri makuru weutungamiriri - Vladimir uye Kiev, apo wokutanga akanga zvikuru simba uye hombe yechipiri. Naizvozvo, kuti tiwane Chikwata pamusoro ushe guru Vladimir waiva kurota ndaviga machinda akawanda, kusanganisira Aleksandra Nevskogo. Iye pakupedzisira paakasvika Horde pamwe mukoma wake Andrew uye mvumo kuna Kyiv tafura, chii akagumbuka chaizvo.