Grand Nemachinda muRussia. Vatongi Russia yekare

Kievan Rus - Ages mamiriro, izvo rakamuka IX remakore. Yokutanga nemachinda makuru akaisa yaaigara muguta Kiev, izvo, maererano nengano, rakaumbwa muna VI. Hama nhatu - Kyi, Scheck uye paHorebhu. Hurumende akakurumidza akapinda maruva danho uye vakagaramo rinokosha dzakawanda chinzvimbo. Izvi akwanise nokuda kwoUmambo enyika uye dzaishandiswa ukama nevavakidzani akadaro simba, Byzantium uye Khazar Khanate.

Askold Board

The zita "Russian Nyika" akanzi chimiro rayo guru muKiev paitonga Askold (IX muzana.). In "zvakaedza zvekare Years," zita rake riri kutaurwa pedyo DIR - mukuru mukoma. To musi, hapana mashoko ari muchikepe chacho. Izvi zvinopa chikonzero wandei dzekare (semuenzaniso, Rybakovu B. A.) vachiwadzana zita Deer nomumwe remadunhu- Askold. Uyezve, achiri mubvunzo zvisingagadziriswi nezvekwakabva vatongi Kievan rokutanga. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira dzavo magavhuna Varangian, vamwe zvinowanwa kwakabva Askold uye DIR kubva kumunda (Kiya zvizvarwa).

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years" anopa mamwe mashoko anokosha pamusoro ushe Askold. Muna 860, akaita kubudirira chipatapata Byzantium uye kunyange inenge vhiki rakaitirwa obloge Constantinople. Maererano nengano, akaita mutongi Byzantine kuona Russia sezvo yakazvimirira mamiriro. Asi muna 882 Akaurayiwa Askold, Oleg, uyo akagara pachigaro choushe Kiev.

Oleg Board

Oleg - wokutanga Grand Muchinda Kiev, uyo akatonga mumakore 882-912. Maererano nengano, akagamuchira simba iri Novgorod kubudikidza Rurik muna 879, sezvo regent mwanakomana wake mucheche, uye akabva atamira ake zvachose kugara Kiev. Muna 885 Oleg akaita wanamatira ake kwavabati kunyika Radimichi Slaven Krivichy uye akabva aita rwendo Ulichi uye Tivertsy. Muna 907 akaita nemhare Byzantine hweRoma. The kupenya kukunda Oleg Nestor zvakajeka muna basa rake. Grand Duke Kufamba kwete chete akabatsira kusimbisa nzvimbo Russia muna international munhandare, asiwo akazarura kuwana basa-mubhadharo kutengeserana Byzantine Empire. New kukunda Oleg pana Constantinople muna 911 akasimbisa neropafadzo vatengesi Russian.

Kuti zviitiko izvi kugumisa padanho inotungamirwa idzva mamiriro pamwe nepakati muKiev uye anotanga nguva kubudirira kwayo mukurusa.

Igor uye Olga Kutonga

Pakafa Oleg akauya simba mwanakomana Rurik - (. 912-945 gg) Igor. Kufanana nowakautangira ake, Igor aifanira kukurira kusateerera machinda omurume kwemadzinza vanovatsigira. ushe hwake chinotanga kurwisana Drevlyane dzora uye Tivertsy, uko Grand Duke akafukidza kunyanya mutero. Kwakadaro Gwaro iri uye yakajeka rufu rwake kwaaizoita mumaoko inopandukira Drevlyane. Maererano nengano, apo Igor akaenda kamwe zvakare kuunganidza mutero, vakakotama pasi Birch miti miviri, akasungirirwa misoro tsoka dzake uye ndokusunungurwa.

Pakafa muchinda akakwira choumambo wake Olga (945-964 gg.). Chinangwa chikuru chemusha yayo nemaitiro rakanga kutsiva nokuda pakufa wake. Iye akaramba zvose antiryurikovskie chinja Drevlyane uye pakupedzisira omurume simba ravo. Uyezve, pamwe zita Olga Great kuizwi kuedza wokutanga kubhabhatidzwa Kievan Rus, yaiva kubudirira. Mitemo kuti chitendero kuziviswa chiKristu mamiriro, vakaramba kutevera Grand Nemachinda.

Svyatoslav Board

Svyatoslav - mwanakomana Igor uye Olga - mitemo mumakore 964-980. Iye ave achishanda nechisimba yokumwe mutemo uye akapotsa haana hanya dzomunyika zvinetso mamiriro. Chokutanga, panguva yake kusavapo, basa vaita Olga, uye pashure pokufa kwake zvikamu zvitatu ehurumende ezvinhu (Kiev, Drevlyansky nyika uye Novgorod) akanga inotungamirirwa guru machinda Russian Jaropolk, Oleg uye Vladimir.

Svyatoslav akaita kubudirira kurwisa pamberi Khazar Khanate. Asati boka racho ake kugona kukunda nhare kwakadaro simba sezvo Samandar, Sarkel Itil. Muna 967, iye yakatanga muBalkan pamushandirapamwe. Svyatoslav akakundawo mundima dzapasi kunosvika Danube, akatora Pereyaslav akarima ikoko nemutevedzeri wake. Rakatevera rwendo kune muBalkans akakwanisa kukurira chokwadi yose Bulgaria. Asi munzira musha Svyatoslav kukupfura vakakundwa Pechenegs, akatora nzvimbo wokurangana pamwe Byzantine mambo. uye Grand Duke akafa obloge.

Vladimira Velikogo Board

Vladimir aiva mubvandiripo mwanakomana Svyatoslav, sezvo akaberekwa Malusha - wedzimba Princess Olga. Baba akaisa remangwana mutongi mukuru pachigaro choumambo muna Novgorod, asi panguva yokurwa akakwanisa kubata chigaro Kiev. Kamwe nesimba, Vladimir streamlined utariri ndima uye yakadzurwa panyika madzinza omurume chero zviratidzo yomunharaunda kwamachinda. Ndipo apo akatsiviwa dzokumaruwa weboka Kievan Rus miganhu.

Panguva United Vladimir nyika inogarwa dzemadzinza zhinji mumapoka uye marudzi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mutungamiriri aiva zvakaoma kuchengeta miganhu kuvimbika mamiriro, kunyange nechisimba. Izvi zvakaita kuti kukosha Pfungwa zvikapa kururamisirwa kodzero Vladimir ose nemadzinza management. Naizvozvo, muchinda akasarudza kuvandudza zvechihedheni nokuita muKiev, pedo nenzvimbo raigara mumuzinda Grand Nemachinda, zvifananidzo kupfuura airemekedzwa necheSalvic vamwari.

Rus rubhabhatidzo

Kuedza kuvandudza zvechihedheni kwakanga kwakundikana. Pashure Vladimir akadana vatongi siyana kwemadzinza kubatana, vanozviti chiIslam, chiJudha, chiKristu, uye zvichingodaro. D. Mushure kuteerera mazano avo pamusoro idzva chitendero wehurumende, muchinda akatumira Byzantine Chersonese. Pashure inobudirira rutsigiro, Vladimir akazivisa chinangwa chake yekuroora Byzantine vamoyo Anna, asi sezvo kwakanga zvisingaiti, sezvo iye vaizviti zvechihedheni, Prince akabhabhatidzwa. Kudzokera Kiev, gavhuna akatuma nhume kuna guta kusvikira hurongwa vose vagere zuva kuuya Dnieper. January 19, 988 vanhu vakasvika kurwizi, apo vakabhabhatidzwa vapristi Byzantine. Kutaura zvazviri, kubhabhatidzwa Rus akanga ane simba.

Kutenda chitsva havana pakarepo akava munyika. Chokutanga, chiKristu vakatsigira vanogara mumaguta makuru, uye mumachechi kusvikira XII remakore. pane chinokosha nzvimbo kubhabhatidzwa vakura.

Zvichireva kuzivisa chitendero mamiriro

Kuitwa chiKristu aiva simba zvikuru pakuzadzisa ehurumende. Chokutanga, zvakakonzera kuti machinda makuru Russian zvakasimbisa simba rake pamusoro ichiparara nemadzinza nevanhu. Chechipiri, chichiwedzera basa rehurumende iri dzakawanda munhandare. Kuitwa Christianity akabatsira kuumba pedyo Links pamwe Byzantine Empire, Czech Republic, Poland, yokuGermany Empire, Bulgaria uye Roma. Kwakaitawo kuti rutsigiro rwemauto of Grand madzishe Russia haasisina akashandiswa huru nzira Implementation of wokumwe negwaro zvirongwa.

Ushe Yaroslava Mudrogo

Yaroslav Mudry pamusoro Kievan Rus vakabatana pasi hwake muna 1036 pashure pamakore akawanda kurwisana kwevagari mutongi mutsva aifanira kubvumirwa zvakare munyika idzi. Akakwanisa kudzoka Cherven guta, yakavambwa muguta St. George Chudskoy pasi uye pakupedzisira kurova Pechenegs muna 1037-m. Vachikudza kukunda mubatanidzwa Jaroslav akarayira kuti vateye kumukuru chechi - St. Sophia Cathedral.

Uyezve, aiva muunganidzwa rokutanga mitemo ehurumende - "Chokwadi Yaroslav". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwaari vatongi Russia yekare (Grand Nemachinda Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) vaisimbirira simba ravo nechisimba, uye kwete zvakanaka uye mutemo. Jaroslav mubasa rokuvaka mumachechi (St. George wemamonk, St. Sophia Cathedral, kuti Kiev-Pechersk Monastery) uye vakatsigira chiremera nesimba yomuchinda achiri panzvimbo simba sangano chechi. Muna 1051 akagadzwa Metropolitan of Rus rokutanga - Hilarion. Zviremera Grand Duke akagara makore 37 uye akafa muna 1054.

Yaroslavichy Board

Pakafa Yaroslava Mudrogo nyika chinokosha mumaoko evanakomana vake vakuru - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav uye Vsevolod. Pakutanga, chikuru machinda akatonga mamiriro zvikuru zvakanaka. Ivo vakabudirira akarwa Turkic vaitaura madzinza Torquay, asi muna 1068 pamusoro rwizi Alta akatambura unorema kukundwa muhondo pamwe Polovtsy. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti Izyaslav wakadzingwa pakati Kiev akamhanyira kuna Polish mambo Boleslav II. Muna 1069 aiva tichibatsirwa kuti sungano mauto akatora guru zvakare.

Muna 1072 iri Grand Nemachinda kweRussia vakaungana Chamber muna Vyshgorod, apo yakakurumbira mitemo Russian "Chokwadi Yaroslav" akabvumirwa. Shure kwaizvozvo anotanga yakareba hondo. Muna 1078 chigaro Kiev akatora Vsevolod. Pashure pokufa kwake muna 1093, akauya simba Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, uye vaviri vanakomana, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh uye Rostislav - hwakatanga kutonga muna chernihiv uye Pereyaslav.

Ushe Vladimira Monomaha

Pashure porufu Svatopluk muna 1113 akakokwa chigaro Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. The chinangwa chikuru mitemo yayo, akaona centralization wehurumende simba uye kusimbisa kubatana Russia. Kuti vave norugare machinda siyana akashandisa michato dynastic. Chaizvo nokuti ichi, uye kure VANOONA mumhuri mutemo, akakwanisa zvinobudirira kudzora yakakura yeRussia kwemakore 12. Uyezve, michato dynastic vakabatana Kievan mamiriro pamwe Byzantium, Norway, England, Denmark, yokuGermany Empire, Sweden uye Hungary.

Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh kushongedzera guru Russia, zvikurukuru, yakanga yakavakwa bhiriji mhiri Dnieper. Mutongi akafa muna 1125, uye akabva atanga yakareba kuderera uye kusabatana ehurumende.

machinda makuru Russia yekare munguva kusabatana

Chii chakazoitika? Munguva feudal kusabatana 6-8 Makore ose, kuchinja vatongi Russia yekare. Grand Nemachinda (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) wakarwira chikuru choushe maoko. The chakarebesa inotongwa nehurumende Svyatoslav uye Rurik, uyo ari zvikuru Olegoviches akwegura uye Rostislavovich.

In Chernigov-Seversky kwavabati simba rakanga mumaoko O. Davidovich uye dzinza. Sezvo idzi pachena kupfuura kuwedzera Polovtzy vatongi akakwanisa dzine kukunda kwavo kuburikidza pakagadzwa dynastic vakaroorana.

Pereyaslavl kweutongi , kunyange munguva kusabatana rakanga zvachose hunotsigirwa Kiev. The soro maruva ndima idzi chokuita nezita Vladimir Glebovich.

Kusimbisa of Moscow weutungamiriri

Pashure Kiev kutsauka huru basa inoenda kuMoscow hugota. vatongi vayo akakwereta musoro zvakanga huru madzishe Russia.

Kusimbisa of Moscow weutungamiriri chokuita nezita Daniel (gotwe Aleksandra Nevskogo). Akakwanisa kukurira guta Kolomna, uye Pereyaslavl kwavabati Mozhaisk. Nengano accession neyokupedzisira chinokosha nevezvokutengeserana uye gang p. Moscow aiva mukati munharaunda Daniel.

Ushe Ivan Kalita

Muna 1325, akauya simba, Prince Ivan Kalita. Akaita rwendo Tver uye vakundwa nazvo, saka kubvisa nemuvengi wake simba. Muna 1328, akagamuchira kubva Mongolian Khan kuti chitaridzi pamusoro Vladimir hugota. Panguva yokutonga kwake Moscow zvakasimba atadze ukuru yaro North-Eastern Russia. Mukuwedzera, panguva ino vakaumba pedyo pamwe nezviremera Grand uye nekereke, iyo vakaita basa rinokosha pakuita paumbwe imwe centralized mamiriro. Metropolitan Peter akatamisa yaaigara kubva Vladimir kuMoscow, iyo yakava inokosha dzechitendero muzinda.

In ukama Mongol khans Ivan Kalita vakatevera mutemo kugadzirisa uye nhamo kubhadhara mutero. Fundraising nevanhu vanogara rakaitirwa pamwe kuti munhu Rigidity kwakazokonzera kuunganidza mumaoko mutongi nepfuma yakawanda. Zvaive munguva nheyo Moscow weutungamiriri Kalita simba waradzikwa. Simon mwanakomana wake akaita kwakauraya musoro "Grand Muchinda All Russia."

Kusanganisa munyika Moscow

Paitonga Ivan Kalita Moscow akakwanisa wokugadzirisa akatevedzana hondo, uye nheyo kuti inoshanda zveupfumi uye zvoupfumi nehurongwa. simba iri chakatsigirwa pakuvaka Kremlin muna 1367 gore, raiva neuto kuzvidzivirira nenhare.

In pakati XIV remakore. vari kurwira ukuru munyika Russian nyika raisanganisira Muchinda Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod uye Ryazan kwavabati. Asi muvengi chikuru Moscow Tver akaramba achiri. Vanopikisa simba weutungamiriri kazhinji kutsvaka rutsigiro kubva Mongol Khan kana Lithuania.

Kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow chokuita nezita Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, uyo akakomberedza Tver uye akahwina kuziva simba rayo.

hondo Kulikovo

Munguva yechipiri hafu iri XIV. Russian chikuru machinda vatungamirire ravo rose kurwisa Mongol Khan Mamai. Muzhizha 1380, iye nehondo yake vakaenda kumaodzanyemba kumiganhu Ryazan. Kusiyana naye, Dmitry Ivanovich akaisa kukupfura 120,000th, iyo kwakaita nenzira iri Don.
September 8, 1380 mauto Russian kubatikana zvinzvimbo Kulikovo munda, uye pazuva iroro, inokosha hondo - mumwe guru hondo mune Ages munhoroondo.

The kukundwa akakurumidza pokuwa Mongol Golden Horde uye akasimbisa kukosha Moscow sezvo muzinda kubatana munyika Russian.