Vatongi rokutanga Russia. Vatongi Russia yekare: Chronology uye kubudirira

Mune Kuwanda kwakaita East European Plain Slavs akararama kubvira panguva yakare, madzitateguru edu zvakananga. Nanhasi haazivi pavakasvika ikoko. Chero zvakanga, asi ivo nokukurumidza akagadzirisa zvikuru ose gang guru makore iwayo. NecheSalvic nemisha akasimuka reBaltic kusvikira kuGungwa Black. Pasinei vakanga panhangemutange yorudzi, kunyanya runyararo hukama pakati pavo vakanga kumbovapo.

The Kugara mukurwisana nokukurumidza kukudza machinda dzedzinza uyo nokukurumidza akava mukuru, uye akatanga kutonga Kievan rose Rus. Yakanga mubati Russia, mazita vaburukira kwatiri kuburikidza isingaperi nhevedzano emakore kuti kubvira ipapo tanga.

Riurik (862-879)

About chokwadi ichi munhau vachiri mupopoti gakava pakati pemasayendisiti. Kana paiva munhu akadaro, kana seboka hunhu, rakafuridzirwa zvose wavabati Russia rokutanga. Kana akanga ari munhuwo, kana Slav. Zviya, isu akapotsa handizivi pamusoro vaiva vatongi Russia pamberi Rurik, saka kuti zvinhu zvose kunobva kungobva zvekungofungira panyaya iyi.

NecheSalvic akavamba angangodaro, sezvo aigona Rurik remadunhu- akashandurirwa Norman remutauro rinotaurwa se "Rurik" kuti zita remadunhurirwa rokuti nokuda Nezvorukodzi, nako mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic. Chero zvakanga, asi kuti iye anonzi muvambi vose Old Russian mamiriro. Rurik bedinil (sezvo zvakanga zvichiita), zhinji madzinza necheSalvic pasi rwake.

Zvisinei, mubhizimisi iri, pamwe kusiyanisa kubudirira, kunova machinda ose Russia. Tinoonga ravo, nyika yedu nhasi kunokosha zvakadaro nzvimbo panyika mepu ane.

Oleg (879-912)

Paiva mwanakomana Rurik kuti Igor, asi akanga ari muduku panguva rufu rwababa vake, asi nekuti ari Grand Duke akava mudzidzisi wake, Oleg. Akarumbidza zita rake uye militancy pamusoro mhanza kuti Akaperekedzwa zvehondo nzira yacho. Kunyanya kunoshamisa kurwisa kwake Constantinople, uyo akazarura Slavs incredible tarisiro kubva zvichiitika dzaishandiswa mikana kunyika kure kumabvazuva pamwe. vaairarama airemekedza naye zvokuti chainzi "ouprofita Oleg".

Chokwadi, mubati Russia rokutanga vaiva kunozivikanwa manhamba kuitira kuti mabasa avo chaiye tichaita zvichida kumbobvira ziva asi Oleg chaizvoizvo aiva muenzaniso unhu.

Igor (912-945)

Igor, mwanakomana Rurik Somuenzaniso Oleg vo kakawanda akaenda hikes, akaisa yakawanda panyika, asi haana kubudirira murwi, uye kurwisa kwake Greece uye zvose zvakanga mwoyo. Zvakanga zvakaoma, kazhinji "vakatorera" kuti akunda marudzi rokupedzisira, nokuti raakanga Papera akabhadhara. Igor akayambira kuti drevlyans hazvisi nyore, zano kutora polyude kukupfura kukuru. Haana kuteerera uye akaurayiwa. Kazhinji, rinenge kamwe akaudza yepaTV "Vatongi Russia."

Olga (945-957)

Zvisinei, drevlyans nokukurumidza kumbozvidemba zviito zvake. mudzimai Igor kuti Olga, kutanga vaibata vaviri vavo conciliatory nevamiririri venyika, uye ipapo akapisa chikuru guta Drevlyane, Korosten. Vomunguva tipupure kuti ndiye inoshamisa pfungwa uye nharo kuomarara. Panguva yokutonga kwake, haana kurasa chimwe padiki nyika yakanga aizokundwa murume uye madzitateguru ake. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kushandisa chiKristu mumakore akazotevera ake.

Svjatoslav (957-972)

Svyatoslav akaenda kuna baba vake, Oleg. Uyewo kusiyana ushingi, hatitombodi, directness. Aiva mukuru murwi, akapingudzwa uye vakakunda zhinji amarudzi Slavs, kazhinji vakarova Pechenegs, nokuti avo akavenga. Kufanana nevamwe vatongi Russia, vaifarira (kana zvichibvira) kutaurirana "zvine rugare." Kana madzinza vakabvumirana kubvuma ukuru Kiev uye mutero Zvakamubatsira, kunyange vatongi hazvina kumbochinja.

Mabhii kusvikira Undefeated Vyatichi (uyo vaifarira kurwa mumasango dzavo kwegore risingapindiki), iye akaputsa Khazars, uye ipapo vakatora Tmutarakan. Pasinei duku kukura kukupfura ake vakabudirira akarwa vokuBulgaria Danube. Akakunda Adrianople, uye akatyisidzira kutora Constantinople. VaGiriki vanosarudza abhadhare akapfuma mutero. Kudzoka, akaurayiwa pamwe chikwata pamusoro Dnieper Rapids, vanourayiwa chete Pechenegs. Zvinofungirwa kuti mapakatwa uye vakasara midziyo yaiva kukupfura ake panguva pakuvaka Dnieper.

General zvechadenga 1st remakore

Kubvira ipapo, vose pachigaro choushe akatonga Vatongi Russia rokutanga, nenguva kugara mhirizhonga uye negakava zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kupera. Zvino hama kuitira: kwomuchinda navaranda vakarwira miganhu kumarudzi anongofamba yendarira uye kunotyisa, uye ivowo, wakanyengwa kubatsira Warriors, uye akabhadhara mutero pauzima kuunganidzwa mutero. The kukoshesa machinda avo vaiva Khazars: panguva iyoyo vairipira mutero (kwete nguva dzose, paaizoshanyirwazve bvuta), madzinza akawanda necheSalvic, izvo vasanyanya zvikuru simba chehurumende.

Chimwe chinetso chakanga kushaya nevakawanda. Musi Slavs, uyo akakunda Constantinople, aionekwa kuzvidza, sezvo panguva iyoyo kare achishingaira akagadzawo mumwechete (chiJudha, chiKristu), uye navaHedheni zvichida ndiyo mhuka. Asi madzinza achishingaira akaramba kuedza zvose kuvhiringidza kutenda kwavo. narrate ichi "Vatongi Russia" - firimu ndicho chokwadi kuti chokwadi pamusoro yaitonga.

Izvi zvinobatsira kuti kuwedzera nhamba yenyonganyonga duku duku mamiriro. Asi Olga, uyo kuchiKristu uye vakatanga kusimudzira uye kubvuma kuvakwa machechi echiKristu muKiev, rwakagadzirira nzira rubhabhatidzo nyika. Kutanga remakore rechipiri umo vatongi Russia yekare wakasika zvinhu zvakawanda zvikuru.

St. Vladimir. Sts (980-1015)

Sezvatinoziva, pakati Yaropolk, Oleg uye Vladimir, vaiva vadyi venhaka Svyatoslav, handina kumboita rudo rwehama. Hazvina kubatsira kuti baba vake muupenyu hwake kurondedzerwa mumwe nomumwe wavo nyika yavo. The upshot akanga achiparadza hama Vladimir uye akatanga kutonga oga.

Muchinda uyu, mutongi weRussia yekare, vakaba Red Rus regiments, uye vazhinji vakarwa noushingi kuzorwa Pechenegs uye vokuBulgaria. Akava nomukurumbira sezvo norupo mutongi uyo akaponesa hapana goridhe zvipo kuvanhu vakavimbika kwaari. Chokutanga, akatakura dzinenge dzose mumachechi echiKristu uye machechi, zvakanga rakavakwa mai vake, uye nzanga vechiKristu shoma aitambura tichitambudzwa naye.

Asi zvematongerwo enyika zvakanga zvakadaro kuti nyika aifanira kutungamirira mumwechete. Uyezve, vanhu vomunguva vanoti pamusoro simba kunzwa iyo yakatanga panguva muchinda kune Byzantine muchindakadzi Anna. A vechihedheni wake hapana aizopa. Saka vatongi Russia yekare vakabvumirana nezvokudiwa kuzobhabhatidzwa.

Ndokusaka kare mugore 988 vakatora nzvimbo kubhabhatidzwa muchinda uye zvose ake boka racho, uye ipapo chitendero chitsva vakatanga kupararira pakati pavanhu. Basil uye Constantine, mambo Byzantium, vakapiwa Anna kubudikidza Prince Vladimir. About Vladimir vomunguva akataura ari yakaoma, nesimba (dzimwe nguva kunyange utsinye) munhu, asi aimuda nokutendeseka kwake, kuvimbika uye zvakaenzana. Kereke achiri achirumbidza zita yomuchinda, nokuti akatanga massively kuvaka temberi yacho uye machechi. Yakanga mubati Russia rokutanga, akabhabhatidzwa.

Sviatopolk (1015-1019)

Kufanana nababa vake, Vladimir muupenyu hwake hwose akagovera nyika kuvanakomana vake vazhinji: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, nezvaJarosław, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris uye Gleb. Mushure baba vafa, Sviatopolk akasarudza kutonga oga, izvo akarayira kubviswa nehama dzavo, asi akanga adzingwa Kiev kubudikidza Yaroslav pamusoro Novgorod.

Tichibatsirwa wePolish King Boleslaw ari AKASHINGA, akakwanisa kunyatsodzidza ari yechipiri Kiev, asi vanhu akarikunda tonhorera. Nokukurumidza, akamanikidzwa kutiza muguta, uye ipapo akafa munzira. rufu rwake - nyaya rima. Zvinofungirwa kuti akatora upenyu hwake. In achabatira tsika pakunzi "vakatukwa."

Yaroslav Mudry (1019-1054)

Jaroslav rwakakurumidza yakazvimirira mutongi Kievan Rus. Chinozikamwa kuti pfungwa huru, zvaaita mugove kukura ehurumende. Akavaka dzimba dzakawanda dzemamongi, vakabatsira kuparadzirwa kunyora. rakanyorwa ake runobva kuna "Chokwadi Russian", wokutanga yepamutemo muunganidzwa mitemo uye akaisa munyika yedu. Kufanana namadzibaba ake, pakarepo akapa vanakomana panyika runofarira, asi zvikuru kurangwa 'kugara norugare, nokunyengera kwomukuru mumwe haana kugadzira. "

Izjaslav (1054-1078)

Izyaslav aiva mwanakomana mukuru Yaroslav. Pakutanga mitemo Kiev, akazvisiyanisa sezvinoita mutongi akanaka, asi vanhu vanoziva sei kuti ndiwirirane zvakare zvakanaka. Last uye zvange. Paakaenda Polovtsy uye atambura chipingamupinyi pamushandirapamwe, vanhu Kiev zviri nyore akandwe kunze, udane ushe munin'ina wake, Svyatoslav. Mushure akafa, Izyaslav akadzokera muguta guru.

Zvikurukuru, yaiva mutongi akanaka kwazvo, asi mugove waro akawira tsvarakadenga dzakaoma. Kufanana vose vepakutanga vatongi Kievan Rus, aifanira kugadzirisa mibvunzo yakawanda yakaoma.

General zvechadenga 2nd remakore

Mumazana emakore kubva Russia anomira akabuda akawanda anenge akazvimiririra zvemisoro: Kiev (kupfuura simba), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal (Vladimir-Suzdal Papera), Galicia-Volyn. Tisingatungamirirwi vamire Novgorod. Driving vechem muenzaniso rechiGiriki polis, iye kazhinji akatarisa machinda, kunyanya kunaka.

Pasinei kusabatana ichi, pamutemo Russia vachiri kuonekwa yakazvimirira mamiriro. NezvaJarosław akakwanisa kusunda miganhu yayo kusvikira ros River (a mutero of Dnieper). Under Vladimir nyika kuna chiKristu, kukura simba Byzantium yacho zvinorwisana zvenyika.

Saka, panotangira richangobva akasika Metropolitan Church rinomira, anoshuma zvakananga kuConstantinople. Kutenda chitsva vakauya nayo kwete chete chitendero asiwo arufabheti itsva, mitemo mitsva. Machinda panguva iyoyo akaita konzati nechechi, machechi akawanda itsva, kusimudzira dzidzo vanhu vayo. Panguva ino akararama yakakurumbira Nestor, anova muvambi dzakawanda zvinyorwa nguva zvakanyorwa.

Zvinosuruvarisa hazvina kudaro pachaenzaniswa. dambudziko Eternal vakaita kugara vachirwisa kuti muArabhu, uye munyika negakava, nyika dzose abvarura, kunyimwa simba rayo. Sezvo akaratidza Nestor, munyori "Turika" kwavari, "moans Russian munyika." Tanga kuratidza pfungwa dzidzo Chechi, asi zvakaipa kuti vanhu kubvuma chitendero chitsva.

Saka vakatanga remakore rechitatu.

Vsevolod I (1078-1093)

Vsevolod wokutanga aigona zvakanaka kuburukira munhau muenzaniso mutongi. Aiva chokwadi, akatendeseka, vakabatsira kuti paumbwe uye kukura mutauro wakanyorwa, aiziva mitauro mishanu. Asi haana kuva dzakabudirira vemauto uye enyika matarenda. Constant vachirwisa Polovtsy, denda, kusanaya kwemvura, uye nzara haazorambi chakakonzera kuti simba rake. mwanakomana wake Vladimir, pashure remadunhurirwa rokuti Monomakh, uye chete vakagara pachigaro choushe chababa vake (a akasiyana nyaya nezvimwe zvinhu).

Sviatopolk II (1093-1113)

Aiva mwanakomana Izyaslav, vaisiyana unhu hwakanaka, asi akanga asina simba kwake zvikuru mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichiita machinda chaizvo havasi vaiona kuti Grand Duke. Zvisinei, akatonga kwazvo: Teerera zano iroro Vladimir Monomakh, musi Dolobskom Congress muna 1103 akanyengetedza vaimushora kutora pamwe danidziro pamusoro "mhosva" Polovtsian, uye ipapo 1111 vakakundwa.

Military kugadzirwa raiva rakakura. Grand Madzishe Polotsk anenge maviri dhazeni vakaurayiwa muhondo. kukunda uku kwazvo dzakapararira necheSalvic nyika zvose kuMabvazuva uye West.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

Pasinei nokuti ukuru hazvina anofanira kutora chigaro Kiev, Vladimir akasarudzwa kuti rakapa chisarudzo. mhando iyi rudo imhaka enyika neechiuto isingawanzowanikwi netarenda Prince. Chinozikamwa pfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehondo noumhare, akashinga kwazvo basa rechiuto.

danidziro nomumwe Polovtsian vaiona mazororo (Cumans maonero ake haana vakagoverana). Ndipo apo Monomakh sevanonyanya vanoshingaira munyaya rusununguko machinda vari yakaoma mupfupi. Kunosiya Zvizvarwa "Mirayiridzo Children", iro anotaura nezvekukosha akatendeseka uye udyire kushumira Motherland.

Mstyslav I (1125-1132)

Zvichitevera Zvinorairwa baba vake, akagara munyika nehama dzake nemamwe machinda, asi aitambudza pane imwe kuchiratidza yokupanduka uye mukutsvaka kwevagari vemo. Saka, machinda Polovtsian nehasha achivabudisa munyika, mushure iyo vari kutiza kubva mutongi yokusagutsikana muByzantium. Kazhinji, vakawanda vatongi Kievan Rus akaedza kusingadiwi kuuraya vavengi vavo.

Jaropolk (1132-1139)

Anozivikanwa kwake political unyanzvi anonyengera, izvo pakupedzisira akatendeuka zvakaipa chokuita "Monomakh". Pakupera kwake ushe, akasarudza kupfuura chigaro munun'una wake haana, uye muzukuru wake. Zvaiita asingadi kusvika nokusagadzikana, asi chigaro ichiri shure zvizvarwa Oleg Sviatoslavovych, "O.". Kwete kwenguva refu, zvisinei.

Vsevolod II (1139-1146)

Vsevolod zvakasiyana zvikuru zvakanaka pfungwa mutongi, vakatonga nokuchenjera uye zvakasimba. Asi aida zvakaitika chigaro Igoryu Olegovichu, asunga kuti "O.". Asi vanhu Kiev havana kuziva Igor, akamanikidzwa kutora yemamongi mhiko, uye ipapo zvachose akaurayiwa.

Izjaslav II (1146-1154)

Asi vagari Kiev vakafara pamwe Izyaslav II Mstislavovich kuti unyanzvi ake penya enyika, nemauto noumhare uye pfungwa akayeuchidza zvakajeka naye sekuru vake, Monomakh. Ndiye akatanga vakasara kubvira mubvunzo kutonga thumbs: kana uchirarama kwomuchinda babamunini saizvozvo, kuti muzukuru kuti chigaro chake asingagoni.

Ndaiva zvinotyisa daka naye Yuri Vladimirovich, Muchinda Rostov-Suzdal. zita rake haazorambi kutaura zvakawanda, asi pashure Yuri Dolgoruky prozovut. Izyaslav akanga kaviri kumhanya achibva Kiev, asi asati afa haana chigaro.

Yuri Dolgorukiy (1154-1157)

Yuri pakupedzisira anowana kuwana chigaro Kiev. Zvaakanga vakagara pamusoro payo kwemakore matatu chete, iye kubudirira zvizhinji: aigona anokunyaradza (kana kurwadzisa) machinda, akabatsira wokubatanidza putswa nyika pasi simba simba. Asi zvose ake basa rakanga musoro, sezvo Dolgoruky vachiitisana nharo pakati machinda afa rinoputika nesimba rakawedzerwa.

Mstyslav II (1157-1169)

Hazvina kuparadzwa uye kukakavara kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti yaitonga Mstislav II Izyaslavovich. Akanga ari mutongi akanaka, asi zvakasiyana hauziri zvakanaka aifarira uye zvinomudzora Knyazhye kukakavara ( "kamura uye kutonga"). It anodzinga kubva Kiev Andrei Yurevich, mwanakomana Dolgoruky. Unonzi munhau pasi remadunhu- Bogolyubsky.

Muna 1169, Andrew haana kungogumira makatodzinga yakaipisisa muvengi wababa vake, panguva imwe chete akapisa Kiev muvhu. Saka akatora kutsiva panguva, uye vanhu Kiev, akanga panguva kuwana tsika machinda kuti vadzinge chero nguva, achirangarira ake Duchy kuti munhu achida kuvimbisa kwavari "chingwa uye circuses".

Andrew Bogolyubskii (1169-1174)

Andrew mangoti akatora pamusoro simba, akabva atamira guru kuguta rake kufarira, Vladimir riri Klyazma. Kubvira ipapo, chikuru chinzvimbo Kiev pakarepo vakatanga kusimba. Kuguma upenyu rava hasha uye okumanikidza, Bogolyubskii haana kubvuma muchivadzvinyirira vazhinji boyars achida kumisa autocratic simba. Vanhu vakawanda havana kufara nazvo, asi nekuti Andrew akaurayiwa rangano.

Saka akaita mutongi rokutanga Russia? The tafura inopa vakawanda mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu.

nguva	mamiriro
rokutanga remakore	Creation ane kumumvuri ane simba uye yakabatana mamiriro, kudzivirira nemiganhu yayo pavavengi. Kuitwa Christianity serinokosha dzezvematongerwo enyika danho
remakore rechipiri	Humwe kuwedzera wenharaunda Russia, pavanotaurirana ne kuedza 'separatism "
remakore rechitatu	Humwe increment munyika itsva, pacification machinda nevari, pakusika preconditions nokuda autocracy

Pfungwa, zvakafanana kuita zvose vatongi Russia kubvira Rurik kuna Putin. Table kashoma kupfuura avo matambudziko zvose izvo vanhu vedu akatambudzika akaoma nzira yokuva mamiriro.