Yehondo "Petropavlovsk": kare, rondedzero kuvakwa, unhu. Pokufa yehondo "Petropavlovsk"

"Petropavlovsk" - yehondo, kamwe muridzi nokuda Russian Imperial Navy. Akanga ari mutungamiri 1st Pacific dzechikwata, vakatora chikamu mune Russian-Japanese War. Pakapera March 1904 chikepe rikanyura pedyo Port Arthur, akapindira riri angu muvengi. rufu rwake rwakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa mapeji ari nhoroondo Russian rengarava.

chikepe Construction

Pafungidziro wokuRussia Baltic zvikepe pamusoro pokumuka chirongwa nokukurumidza muna 1890 kwave isina kumboitika ikure German romugungwa. In haizopereri makore mashanu nayo anoronga kuvaka vaparadzi 50, 10 battleships, uyewo sevatsvaki vemapuranga anoverengeka uye gunboats. Kwakasarudzwa zita ose chigadzirwe pashure hondo hondo uye Russian zvikepe zviri XVIII uye XIX emakore. Kunyanya, zita "Petropavlovsk" kwakakonzerwa mukukunda mauto eRussia mukudzivirira chengarava Petropavlovsk muna Kamchatka.

Yehondo "Petropavlovsk" akatanga kuvaka March 19, 1892, uye ayo kuripisa mukuru kwakaitika musi waMay 7 muSt Petersburg. Rakanga wakapindwa Kesari Alexander III. kureva 28 October 1894, pashure pemakore chete maviri nehafu, yakanga vazodzikisa mumvura. armadillo nemiedzo vakatora nzvimbo pakupera 1897 uye kutanga 1899 Mushure chikepe kwakanga kurwa zvakakwana zvakafanira maoko, akaenda ake rwendo rokutanga kusvika Far East, umo akaratidza kwazvo seaworthiness kwayo. Kazhinji, armadillo "Petropavlovsk" panguva iyoyo akanga aionekwa warship sezvo zvombo zvakanaka aine panzvimbo yakakwirira kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza 16,86 nokusunungura mapfundo.

Yehondo "Petropavlovsk": tsanangudzo magadzirirwo

chikepe ichi, uyewo mamwe armadillos mhando "Poltava", aiva panzvimbo kujairika muviri chimiro: bhodhi wakaiswa pamusoro huru uriri, savanhu yakazara mukati. Nyaya iyi iri kunyanya kwese kuti French zvikepe. It akabvumira zvikuru kurerutsa uremu Hull pamusoro mvura. Kureba waterline rakanga 112,5 m, noupamhi - 21.3 m, munhu emadhaka makaremerwa - 8.6 m.

Ngarava yakanga woita dyisa uye zvitatu shop: rokumusoro, mukuru, kana kuti bhatiri, uye pasi. Dzimba ine yakarurama hunde negondohwe, protruded ne 2 m. It chakatsigirwa shpironom kunze uye mukati warrior achipfeka. Ngarava yakanga masts matatu: grot- uye foremast, uyewo kufefetedza, iri pakati chimneys maviri. Wokupedzisira wavo akaderera, inova huru kuchiitwa chikepe ichi (ona. Photo of yehondo "Petropavlovsk").

Réservation

Panyaya iyi, ngarava hakuiti zvichisiyana nevamwe zvikepe kirasi chete. Aiva mukuru dzokurwa bhandi kureba 2.29 M uye kureba 73,15 metres, iyo yaiva waterline, uyo vakarwira boilers, michina uye pasi turrets. Yakanga inenge 65% of zvachose muviri pakureba. Ukobvu zvombo zvakasiyana mechikepe yakasiyana. Saka, muzinda chikepe runochengetedzwa zvombo kuti 406 neMM, uye mukuru moto shongwe vakapakata 305-mm kwamahwendefa.

Above huru dzokurwa bhandi raiva rokumusoro, kusvika caliber huru shongwe. ukobvu Its raiva 127 neMM, nokukwirira - 2.29 m, uye kureba -. About 50 M Uyezve, neshongwe uye chikuru moto barbettes yave Akazadzisa zvombo 254 mm mu ukobvu, uye avhareji - 127-mm kwamahwendefa. Asi mana 152-mm pfuti uye tisina unodzivirira, kuwedzera kune mwero divi yakanamirwa pamifananidzo.

atirari

Armadillo caliber pfuti huru yaimirira pfuti ina dzaiva munzvimbo vaviri vaviri shure uye kukotamira shongwe. kutenderera dzavo uye wehunyambiri nzira kutungamirirwa anoitwa hydraulic, uye zvombo inosimbisa - pachishandiswa magetsi actuators. Svikiro-caliber pfuti raiva gumi kwepfuti Kane, vasere vari vaviri-pfuti turrets, uye vamwe vakaiswa pakati pavo.

Mine atirari Aimiririrwa 38 cannons Hotchkiss uye vakapararira panyika yose muchikepe. Armed kurwisa Baranowski akanga pfuti mbiri. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, vanogona kuiswa vaviri nomusi vhiri uye mbiru bhuku-wogara pamusoro nengoro.

Russian-Japanese hondo

Usiku, January 27, 1904 kuti yehondo "Petropavlovsk" navamwe zvikepe hunoumba Pacific dzechikwata, rakanga riri kuzopamba pedyo Port Arthur. Pakarepo Russian rengarava Akatsoropodzwa Japanese vaparadzi, izvo vanogumurwa kwaari torpedoes 16. Somugumisiro, mashoko dzechikwata yakanga kugadzirira zvakakwana dzoro ichi kwezviitiko uye haana kukwanisa zvinobudirira dzinga muvengi.

Munyaya inotevera kuvhiringidzika, iri pakuti Admiral dzomoto vasingagoni kutenda kuti hondo pamwe vokuJapan, uye kweinenge awa akarayira kuti uchatamisa anonongedzera kubva flagship "Petropavlovsk" nezvaidiwa haana kuvhura moto. Uye panguva ino muvengi Avangard aifanira gurunurai yokuRussia ngarawa "Pallada" uye armadillos "Retvizan" uye "Korona Prince".

By mangwanani, eJapan chikuru simba zvinosanganisira sevatsvaki vemapuranga mapfumbamwe, uye matanhatu battleships, yaisanganisira ngarava uye Admiral H. Togo, yakabuda pedyo Port Arthur. Ivo avimbiswa muvengi pamwe Russian dzechikwata urwo rwakatora maminitsi hapana zvinopfuura 40. Pashure paizvozvo, vokuJapan ichidzokera. kurwisana uku hazviunzi zvinokosha migumisiro ipi dzairwisana kumapati, kunyange zvazvo ngarava anoverengeka uye sousingabatsiri. Pakati pavo paiva uye yehondo "Petropavlovsk". It dzinotaurwa munhu anoshongwa shoma, asi havana kukuvadza zvikuru, saka haana kukanganisa kurwa kugona muchikepe.

The itsva mukuru dzechikwata,

Mumazuva hondo somugumisiro sagona kutungamirira Admiral mangwanani sepfarivari Russian rengarava akarasikirwa wandei zvikepe zvavo. Pashure yokurega ake akagadzwa dzechikwata mutungamiri Mutevedzeri-Admiral S. O. Makarova, uyo akasvika muna Port Arthur pakupera February 1904 akamutsa mureza wokutanga ngarawa "Askold", uye akabva akatamisira nayo yehondo "Petropavlovsk".

Mumwedzi unotevera chikepe pasi murayiro S. O. Makarova kakawanda vakaenda kugungwa zvinyatsobuda urongwa rwakashodoka anofambisa. Mune rimwe ramazuva ano pakati Japanese uye Russian dzechikwata skirmish kwakaitika, maawa maviri Zvisinei, nokuda wakakurisa marefu projectiles havana ukasvikira chipfuro uye ndokuwira mumvura. Chete kamwe volley kubva mungarava "Kukunda", mungarava zvakanga kumberi pfuti, akakwanisa kukuvadza muvengi yehondo "Fuji".

manomano urongwa

Japanese Admiral H. Togo yakatanga chirongwa chaivharidzira wokuRussia zvikepe chiteshi Port Arthur ne-moto-zvikepe. Musimboti urongwa hwake chaiva chinyararire kuva zvimbambaira uye ipapo kutinyengedza iye dzakatwasuka Russian dzechikwata, hwemusi raiva chinhu chimwe, rine sevatsvaki vemapuranga anoverengeka.

Hurongwa Izvi akatakurwa usiku 31 March. Zvikepe Russian makwapa Japanese kukupfura, asi haana Vakavanda. Vakazvibvisa nokuda vaparadzi dzavo akatuma S. O. Makarovym pamusoro patrol husiku munzvimbo Elliot Island. Nguva pfupi pashure zvikepe zviviri mugungwa - "Last" uye "Akashinga" - zvimwe vapukunyuka huru Unit, uye ipapo yakapatsanurwa, uye vose vakatanga kuzvimiririra. Mushure kusvika zvinodikamwa zviwi uye kwete kuwana muvengi panguva ino, nhanhatu vaparadzi Russian vakadzokera Port Arthur. Shure kwavari "zvinotyisa" murima, akatora yokuzviparadzanisa Japanese vake uye akabatana naye. Asi pakauya mangwanani, uye kuRussia muparadzi sezvayakawanikwa nomuvengi, akanga pakarepo akarwisa. Muhondo pfupi, iye yakarohwa uye yakanyura. Kumubatsira akanga atumira ngarawa "Bayan", uyo akakwanisa kuponesa vezvikepe mashoma.

Pokufa yehondo "Petropavlovsk"

Usamirira yose dzechikwata uye akarayira trawl bvuta S. O. Makarov pamusoro yehondo pamwe "Poltava" uye dzimwe sevatsvaki vemapuranga mana mangwanani akaenda nzvimbo ichizadza "Unotyisa" muparadzi. nguva ino akakwanisa pasina zvinetso kuti circumvent muvengi zvimbambaira. Panguva ino iri kuuya akazviratidza vashoma Japanese sevatsvaki vemapuranga, izvo zviri "Petropavlovsk" akazarura moto. Muvengi vakatanga shure kumabvazuva, asi nokukurumidza vake rubatsiro akauya mauto ake huru. Achiona izvi, nezvikepe Russian vakatendeukira kuna Port Arthur. Nokuti maviri chigadzirwe vakabatana munzira kwavari - "Peresvet" uye "Victory". Pashure paizvozvo, S. O. Makarov akasarudza zvakare kutamira pedyo muvengi uye akananga kuti anobhomba vokuJapan nzvimbo.

At 9 hr. 43 min. March 31, 1904 pakutanga kwezana muchikepe "Petropavlovsk" wayo starboard kuputika. Iye vakakuvara ake mhino shongwe huru moto, zvokuti detonated zvombo. Kuputika raiva simba kuti chikakandwa mugungwa mhino 305-mm turret, vatadze uye chimneys. Uyezve, paiva pokuwa foremast, iro rakaparadzwa zvachose chassis uye wechuru mabhiriji. Yehondo zvishoma nezvishoma nyudza uta kwayo, uye nokukurumidza akatinhira, uye yokupedzisira kuputika simba - a nomukondombera kumusoro boilers. Pashure paizvozvo, chikepe watyoka uye nokukurumidza akaenda pasi mumvura.

migumisiro

Boats, vakange vatumwa kununura vakapukunyuka, vaigona tonotora vanhu chete anenge 80. Pakati pavo paiva mukuru NM Yakovlev uye hama Nicholas II, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. Asi S. O. Makarov gumi nevasere-pamwero muchikepe vakuru vakaurayiwa. The kuputika Pakataurwawo upenyu vezvikepe anopfuura mazana matanhatu. Uyezve, vakawana kuti mungarava panguva yakanga, uye VV Vereshchagin - anozivikanwa yokudhirowa, uyo akafa pamusoro yehondo "Petropavlovsk" pamwe nevamwe vashandi. basa rake raiva kuita yokunyora nokudhirowa panguva yekutsvaga rutsigiro, izvo zvaizoita kubatsira kunyora ramangwana mifananidzo.

Kuputika yehondo "Petropavlovsk" aiva yaivhuvhuta kwazvo yakaipa yakakanganisa kurwa mabasa ose Pacific dzechikwata. Kwete chete kuti nezvikepe rarasika zvakanakisisa battleships, saka arashikirwa, uye unyanzvi murongi uye musoro kudzivirira Port Arthur - Admiral S. O. Makarova, iyo aida chaizvo uye kuremekedzwa ake pasi. Akanga asina kukwanisa kuwana nerechiHebheru pakutsiva kusvikira pakuguma hondo wokuRussia-Japanese. Zvakangoitikawo kuti chapupu rufu chigadzirwe aiva injiniya uye muvambi MP Dombo. chiitiko ichi uye akamupa zano kuumba kupesana zvakadai zvikepe, sezvo pasi pemvura angu akaturikidzana.

ndangariro

Pakapera June 1913 pamberi paMambo Nicholas II muna Kronstadt aitsaurira shongwe S. O. Makarovu. Muvambi chirongwa ichi ndicho nomuvezi L. V. Shervud, uyo anofananidzirwa pamusoro nechigadziko pamusoro rufu yehondo "Petropavlovsk". Pazuva rechi100 gore yakaitika muSt Petersburg hwagadzwa Dombo, izvo anofananidzwa mazita zvose 635 nhengo vashandi kuti chikepe ichi. Uyezve, muna chapero yokukurukurirana. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa ari Muponesi patemberi pegungwa Kwemvura ane ndiro ndarira kunofanira kuyeukwa. Uye wevanoda nezvikepe, vane mukana neImba maoko kuti yehondo "Petropavlovsk", izvo muenzaniso inogona nyore kuwanikwa pamusoro specialized kupfuma.

kutsvaka

Mukupera 2011, pamwe Russian-Chinese kutsvaka rwendo, ane chinangwa chaiva kumisa chairo nzvimbo yakakurumbira chikepe rufu rakavambwa. Kutsvaka mashoko yehondo "Petropavlovsk" rakaitirwa China munzvimbo Lushun (yaimbonzi Port Arthur). Nhengo rwendo muGungwa Yellow yakawanikwa pedyo resimbi kuko ane kureba uye wakafara makubhiti anenge 90 kusvika 13 m. The nyanzvi chiwanzo chokudavira kuti ichi ndicho aparara panguva yehondo "Petropavlovsk" hondo Russian-Japanese. Pazasi vamwe zvinhu vaakawana kuti aigona kusimbisa fungidziro ichi, asi zvakadaro kure havana kuiswa pamusoro.