Nhoroondo Vyborg: nheyo, nhoroondo nzvimbo, enyika uye zvehondo kukosha

Vashoma chero nyika munyika ine maguta akawanda kudaro dzinonakidza, zvose Russia. The Musoro kwataita - nhoroondo Vyborg. guta rino riri zvakakodzera anozvikudza anopfuura mazana matatu nemamwe vanovengwa tsika uye nhoroondo kukosha.

Nzvimbo iri nzira dzinokosha kukosha

Vyborg garo Mikoko 1293 gore. Historians kazhinji nhamba iri nharo, sezvo ndima Vyborg ano atova regumi remakore, iri yaigarwa necheSalvic madzinza Karelian. Kana uchitenda yaMakoronike, nyika yeSweden nguva akapinda munyika dzavo nevavakidzani. Vakatsvaka kuti mutore zvitsuwa Vyborg rezvitsuwa zvinangwa inokosha nemauto - Vyborg rezvitsuwa chiri chaizvo nyore nzvimbo warships. Mumatombo zviri nyore kuviga kunyange neboka rengarava guru kwazvo. Uyezve, vakawanda rezvitsuwa pamwe yakadzika kwazvo, hazvivakwani wekushandisa nguva dzose - yakanaka dzinongoitika musungo mvumo.

The chikuru zvokukura nhoroondo Vyborg

Vyborg Nhoroondo inogona rakakamurwa nezvikwiriso zvinomwe:

• The wokutanga Danho - pamberi Swedish nechisimba. Kutaurwa mundima ino nevagari vayo rokutanga rinoreva IX remakore. The akakurumbira Russian wenhau Tatishchev muzvinyorwa ake anotaurwa vamwe Ioakimovskaya Chronicle, izvo zvichipomerwa akati kuti nhare Vyborg rakavakwa Gosa Novgorod Gostomysl. Mumwe wevanakomana vake ainzi sarudzo - richizonzi wakakombwa.
• Danho rechipiri - the Swedish nguva. Nguva yake - kubva 1293 kusvika 1710, apo yakanga rapinzwa Russian Empire.
• Danho rechitatu - chimwe chikamu Russian Empire.
• Danho chechina - Finnish.
• Danho rechishanu - makore hondo 1940-1944.
• Danho rechitanhatu - in USSR
• Danho Wechinomwe - yazvino, ndiko kuti, kubvira muna 1991 kusvikira panguva ino.

muvambi guta

Muna 1293 iri Swedish yokukunda uye mambo regent Torkel Knutsson akatorwa kamwe, zvino vakakunda, pfuura nyika Karelian uye Novgorod. Pane imwe Zvitsuwa, akavaka rechiuto rusvingo unonzi Mutsvene nhare. Ndiko sei mududziro kubva pashoko Swedish rinonzwika "Vyborg". 1293 anonzi gore yokuberekwa Vyborg. Kubva musi uyu, tinogona kuverenga nhamba kwemakore Vyborg, uye avo vanenge mazana masere.

Kutungamirirwa vakasununguka vavariro muHondo, Marshall akaronga kuparadzira zvarinoroora wokuSweden uye dzine zvakawanda kure. Ndechake matarenda kunoshamisa, kwete chete pane zvehondo asiwo zvematongerwo enyika. Somumiririri mumwe pachokwadi uye rakapfuma mhuri kuSweden, Torkel Knutsson aiva mutongi mumvuri panguva kurwara King Magnus I Ladulose wokutanga, uye ipapo, mushure accession kuti chigaro muduku Birger Magnusson akagadzwa regent. Nguva pfupi asati afa baba vake, kumativi 1290, makore gumi Birger Magnusson akaisa Knutsson Supreme Mutungamiriri Sweden.

Pakutanga rinotevera remakore anogona kunzi sezvo kwezuva iri Biography pamusoro Jinda. Mumakore pakati 1302-1303 Birger Magnusson uye nehama dzake rakamuka nharo pamusoro kodzero yokugara. Torkel Knutsson akatendeuka ari rinopfungaira pamusoro chivande, asi nguva ino nzvimbo yake yakanga kunyanya simba nokuda mukakavadzane pamwe Pope Boniface VIII. Chokwadi mambo regent, kusangana kudiwa zvinoreva kuti chibate nyika, vakaedza kutora pamusoro kodzero chefuma yechechi. Somugumisiro, iye akanzi muvengi kutenda uye nyika uye pachena musoro.

Kuyeukwa muvambi guta immortalized mune shongwe yendarira, kuiswa pamberi chivakwa Old Town Hall.

Crusader Castle

The chikuru uchikwezvwa guta - Vyborg Castle. Made Vyborg rakaumbwa muna 1293, mutungamiriri kushingirira Torkel Knutsson. At kokuyerera imwe nguva, nzvimbo iyi aiva hugota pamusoro Novgorod, uye akararama pariri yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia. yokukunda Swedish, wakati atora guta Vyborg, Novgorod akadzikatidza chete nevezvokutengeserana kuenda Europe uye akaisa urongwa vake zvikuru kure yakaoma nyika Slavs.

Castle ndiwo muenzaniso Western Europe Ages muchiuto mapurani yakanaka. It pamire Castle Island, kare senzombe. Its nechekuchamhembe yakaderera uye zvakakodzera zvinangwa zvokurima, uye kumabvazuva ane matombo chikomo. Pane akavaka simba rusvingo ukobvu anenge 2 mamita. Pakati chitsuwa akavaka shongwe yokurinda. Nechepasi ine mativi muchinjikwa chikamu. The akakura mana mita madziro ngaarambe yakavimbika kudzivirira richienda neshongwe kubva cannonballs. Zvino raiva chirefu kupfuura chivako dzekuma Scandinavia. Yainzi neshongwe St. Olav mukukudza Mambo Norway, uyo akabhabhatidza Air nyika.

In pakati pezana XV remakore, mubati Swedish King Karl Knutsson Bunde kwazvo ennobled mugomba sisustus nzvimbo, unogovera kuva makamuri zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana, chivalry uye pakuzvichenesa dzimba, akaita tiled Stoves. NeShefera noruzhowa nyika mugove rusvingo uye huyo riitike. Panharirire akawedzera murindi sikweya shongwe uye akavaka muchivanze yeParadhiso Tower. shongwe iyi kumativi riri vaiona chiratidzo Vyborg uye kazhinji vanoratidzwa postcards vane pfungwa muguta uye matkamuistoja. On huru gavhuna akavaka nhare pamadziro kuzvidzivirira shongwe, saka akatendeukira Vyborg Castle nhare neshure norusvingo miviri.

Muna 1556, mumwe chitsuwa sokuronga kukosha, akashanyira mambo wokuSweden Gustav Vaz. Zvakare, kuchinja ndavhiyiwa Vyborg Castle. Vyborg nhare zvakachinja siluetti: huru shongwe wakawedzera maviri ane nhurikidzwa nomwe octagonal mbiru pamwe pokunzvenga napo. Chakasakara mukati kwakatsiviwa nepfungwa itsva, zvinodhura uye hwakaisvonaka, uye muchivanze wenhare wakawedzera purazi muzvivako hwakasimba.

Vazhinji zvivako zvakaitwa namatanda. Vanowanzoororwa akapiswa, uye XVI remakore, zvivako zvakabviswa, uye panzvimbo yavo ndokumisa ibwe. Muchivanze wenhare vakachera madziva akawanda uye tsime. Pamwe kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero rusvingo kunze ibwe mumabharaki akavaka. Vamwe dzimba Ages, yakabuda panguva, zvichiripo.

Vyborg Castle akaramba dzisingambosvikiki kusvikira 1710.

Vyborg muna Russian Empire

Pashure pokukundwa muna Northern Hondo uye kuwa wakakombwa Oreshek St. Petersburg akauya pasi nokutyisidzirwa zvakananga kurwisa nyika yeSweden. Kutanga 1706 Peter I vakaedza kakawanda kuwana yeSweden kumupa saka zvakakosha chitsuwa wokuRussia, asi vose vakatadza. Chete chechipiri, yakatanga kufamba muna 1710, akauya kukunda kuna mambo. June 23 ravarwi Swedish akasaina nhumbi mapfumo.

The vomunzvimbo haana akambonetseka kunetswa ne nechisimba Russian. Havazivi kuparadzira mutemo serfdom. Munyika Orthodox, vakachengeta musha wavo, kutenda Lutheran. Uyezve, guta akaramba achigara dzavo dzakare, kureva Swedish, mitemo. Nokusvika wokuRussia kutengeserana muguta chakamuka, chero maindasitiri emakambani, nhamba dzinogarwa nzvimbo, nemisha ndiwedzere tsaru masvingo. Nenzira, mumwe mayors akanga Abhuramu Petrovich Hannibal, sekuru Nyanduri A. S. Pushkina.

Kubva kumucheto wepurovhinzi taundi Swedish zviri Vyborg akava rakabudirira muruwa Russia. Kunyange pakuonekwa guta yaro mapurani kwave kuchiita rakakura kuchinja. Pakanga akatakurwa mabasa avo, vazhinji vakakurumbira ezvivako, kusanganisira Eduard Ivanovich Totleben uye Yuhon Jacob Arenberg.

Kubva pakati pezana remakore XIX muna Vyborg aiva nokukurumidza chaizvo kufamba maindasitiri. Shipping wakaradzikwa Saimaa Canal, guta gasified, akauya dzoro magetsi, nechepakati mvura uye nvidia. Kubva 1856 kusvika 1912 Vyborg aiva mukoto unprecedentedly nokukurumidza zvoupfumi. Mumakore matatu kuvaka njanji chete kureba pamusoro 350 km, uye muna 1870, musi wake nzira St. Petersburg - Helsinki vaipinda chikamu chokutanga. Muna 1912, chinonyanya kure makona Vyborg akabatana chitima Mitsetse uye guta racho vagari panguva iyoyo yawedzera 50 zviuru vanhu. Rakanga chechipiri pakukura guta Grand Duchy pakati Finland. Vagari yaisanganisira kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba Finns - vanenge 81%, Swedish aiva 10%, uye Russian - 6,5 chete%.

Zvakananga kare, nemafungiro uye tsika liberalisticheskie vaiva chikonzero kuti Viborg rava muzinda Kukwezva vavengi simba roumambo. Rakanga akazvarwa pano akakurumbira "Vyborg Manifesto" anoshevedza mabasa yevagari kusateerera. Pamberi chimurenga pano akavanda V. I. Lenin.

Akitekiti Jacob Arenberg

Arenberg mapurani pamusoro pfungwa kuti guta rake kuti ave muenzaniso zvose, zvinofanira kuratidza uye kudzidzisa, sevamiririri vemarudzi akasiyana uye zvitendero zvinogona kugara murunyararo pamwe chete. Hazvina kukosha chii zviremera kutarisira ndima yavanofanira vanogara. Chinhu chikuru - chakanaka-vavakidzani noukama uye kuremekedzana.

Arenberg akararama uye aishanda Russian Empire, uye vaiona akazvivakira Russian mapurani (panguva Vyborg aiva Grand Duchy kuti Finland sechikamu Russia). Zvinokosha kuziva kuti akanga ari Swede pakuberekwa, zvino vaitirei Finnish mapurani. Saka vanoratidza rakasiyana kuchiitwa Vyborg nyika.

Kazhinji, nhoroondo Vyborg - nhoroondo utsinye hondo dzokukunda, uye Torkel Knutsson monument, vakasikwa Jacob Arenberg - wokutanga Monument, semagamba uye reconciles nhoroondo yacho.

Jacob Arenberg (1847-1914) yakagadzirwa uye akavaka nhamba zvivako izvo zvichiri shongedza guta vatatu dzakavakidzana. migwagwa dzakadai Vyborg, sezvo Soviet (vaimbova Posesskaya) uye Fortress (vaimbova Catherine), iri pakati peguta, kupfuura zvinofadza nokuda ngaakudze kusikwa yakakurumbira mapurani. Right pa mharadzano yavo huru posvo chivakwa. Ndiyo okupedzisira chirongwa Arenberg. Pano mapurani zvishoma kutsauka ake dzose Renaissance uye rakafuridzirwa runako youshe Drottinghemskogo anotevedzera ari Petrine Baroque.

Mumugwagwa Soviet, unogona kuona aimbova hwomubati pakati Vyborg. Parizvino, izvozvo dzimba Guta Council of vevatariri of Vyborg muruwa. Womubati House anogona kunzi kuzivikanwa Arenberg. Dzisinganyatsooneki Tichitevedzera Italian mapurani pamusoro XVI remakore uye runoratidzwa pamasikiro France. The chirongwa chinoshandisa ichiitirwa usina kukonekita bhesimendi, Ionic mbiru, mahwindo polutsirkulyarnye, symmetry uye yakaoma geometric nemitsetse. Musi iwoyo mumugwagwa chivako zvakanaka vakachengetedzwa aimbova munhu chaiye, uye kana ukaenda zvishoma mberi, kusvikira School dzomumusha, uye ikoko unogona kuona kuvakwa aimbova vasikana 'chikoro, yakavakwa tenzi akakurumbira.

Finnish nguva

The February Revolution pakati 1917 uye kwakatevedzana zvaiitika October chaiva incitement kuti hondo yevagari vemo uye secession of Grand Duchy pakati Finland. In itsva mamiriro, Finland, dzvuku chimurenga rakakundwa, uye munyika hurumende Republican.

zvokufambisa vose Soviet Union akavhuniwa. Kuenzana vemarudzi akasiyana chikatsiviwa pokutonga Finnish vemo. The mutauro Finnish akava mamiriro.

Vyborg raiva guta rechipiri anoisvokosha munyika - uye kuti tsika, uye somunhu bhizimisi uye somunhu magariro uye enyika pakati. Local mapurani Otto Iivari Meurman yakatanga makore makumi mana budiriro chirongwa, uye zvaisanganisira yaro mudzinza namafuro. Implementation kwayo nomumakango kwakatangwa muna 1929 muna Finland, uye akapedza muna 70s muSoviet Union.

Nhoroondo Vyborg akachengetedzwa uchapupu kuti kunyange asati kutanga hondo Nazi Germany mune dzimwe dzimba anonakidza, zvakafanana nezvaiitwa vamwe functionalist manyorerwo dzakavakwa. Rakagadzirirwa ne Ragnar Yupyuya matende Naval Academy, State Archives chirongwa uye Uno Ullberg Vyborg Library.

Vyborg Library

Muna 2013, pashure pakupera zvikuru kudzorerwa, izvozvo akazarura mikova aro kuvaverengi Vyborg City Library. Munyika inozivikanwa se Vyborg Library. It chete akauya mukati sechivako yedu nyika hunoshamisa Finnish mapurani. An adherent pamusoro functionalism, pamwe modernism, Aalto akagadzira uye akavaka chivako asangana zvose zvinodiwa chinoziviswa mavakirwo zvekunyanyisa.

The raibhurari yakavakwa makore masere uye yakavhurwa October 1935. In harina kukuvadzwa munguva yehondo, asi haana kushandisa mumakore akazotevera pashure pehondo. Somugumisiro dampness uye hanya kuuya kukurukurirana yakapararawo, plaster, ceilings, Fixtures uye midziyo vakarasika, tsinga nemamwe kufefetedza hurongwa.

Kudzorerwa 50-ies wokutanga kunze pasina yepakutanga vanodhirowa, saka pakuvhurwa raibhurari muna 1961 akaberekera shoma kufanana pakusika Alvar Aalto. Kudzorerwa yechipiri makore 1994-2013. Akadzokera kwaari yepakutanga chimiro. Basa raisanganisira rakavambwa muna 1992 muna Finland, Dare kuti kudzorerwa Vyborg Library. dzakawanda nzwisisika tsvakurudzo purogiramu kudzorerwa basa mapurani Alvar Aalto yambokurukurwa. The Russian divi akanga nemari kubva batana bhajeti.

It rikaporeswa sirin'i chiedza - kumativi mahwindo 57 ari padenga. dhayamita ravo 1,8 m. Aalto dzaona ukobvu uye bevels cylindrical mawindo zvokuti chiedza chezuva refracted mairi uye airatidza. chiedza ichi dzakapfirirwa haikuvadzi meso uye chinonditadzisa kupisa mabhuku.

Zvakare akatanga kushanda kufefetedza "Climate kuzvidzora" hurongwa. Alvar Aalto akauita kuti guruva hachivaiti mudenga. Zvikwepa Heating akagadza ari kumusoro, muna pamadziro akatasva kufefetedza miseve, uye pasi mahwindo akagadzawo mhepo yaunodya mavharuvhu.

In hurukuro imba yakasiyana undulating acoustic sirin'i rukaporeswa.

Kudzorera raibhurari, ane kusara shoma, taishandisa zvakafanana nezvinhu zviri vakashandisa akitekiti pachake.

Makore matatu yehondo 1939-1944

Kubva November 1939 kusvika June rechi20 1944 pamusoro munharaunda Vyborg reruwa katatu vakashandura simba nemamiriro vemo. All vatatu rutsigiro rwemauto dzinoratidzwa pokutsamwa kurwa uye inorema vaifira pakati zvavo.

Wekutanga akaramba munhau nezita "The Winter War". Soviet shanduro inoti kuti kurwa akatanga Finns, kutokonora muganhu nzvimbo Soviet atirari. World capitalist vomunharaunda akazivisa kutanga vemauto remapazi zvainditsamwisa muSoviet ehurumende uye Soviet Union adzingwa League of Nations. March 12, 1940 hondo yakapera pamwe kusaina of Moscow Treaty, maererano iyo 11% wenharaunda Finland, kusanganisira Vyborg, akatamira Soviet Union. Hurumende Finnish nechisimba kutamiswa vomunzvimbo pamusoro munharaunda Finland. On mari maawa 24: hapana nguva pakunyatsomuziva pamwe, zvose zvomumba pfuma akasiyiwa kurohwa. A nyika chirongwa chinokosha yakatora vakatsva kwazvo inogara vanhu vokuRussia, akatanga kushanda maindasitiri, tsika masangano, dzidzo uye utano.

Yorunyararo yakapera August 29, 1941, apo chikamu 4th Corps wehondo Finland yakatanga tide kutsiva danho uye akakunda Vyborg. Russia yakarasikirwa kwakadziva kumadokero nhare dzayo zvakare. The nevarwi Workers 'uye Varimi' Red Army vakabva muguta. Finnish vagari vakadzoka kunyika yavo, asi kugara pano chete kwemakore matatu.

June 20, 1944, mauto eSoviet kuzodzosera akapinda Vyborg - Russia akatora ayo kutsiva, uye Finns vakakurumidza anobviswa kupinda mukati menyika yacho.

Danho rechitanhatu - in USSR

Nguva iyi ichakurukurwa kuva muzhizha 1944 kusvika 1991. hondo vatatu kwakakanganisa zvikuru muguta. Vasati vaenda, Finns mined anokosha maindasitiri mabhizimisi uye dzimba dzinogarwa. Havasi vose vakakwanisa kuderedza. Vanopfuura 500 zvivako dzakaparadzwa. Pamafudzi Soviet vanhu uise unorema rokudzorera mumaguta upfumi. Vyborg aivapowo pamaguta 15 kuti kunyanya kukosheswa ehurumende.

Muna 1947 kwezvivako kukura hurongwa Vyborg yakazokudziridzwa. Pakazosvika makore 50s vakatanga kushanda chiridzwa uye shipbuilding chirimwa, cucumber asidhi uye nevamwe. In nzvimbo chitima kwokubatana bhazi akauya, ne dzemagetsi locomotives. Historical nzvimbo dzakadai Crusader yemauto masvingo, mazambuko uye Ages dzimba zhinji, vakatanga kudzorera. Akazarura chivezwa paki uye miziyamu "Mon Repos Park." Zvakanga zvishoma kudzorerwa wachi shongwe Church.

"Mon Repos Park"

Tverdysh pachitsuwa, iri kuchamhembe chikamu Vyborg, riri munhoroondo, mapurani uye rwokuzvarwa Museum-kuchengeterwa "Mon Repos Park." Pakutanga, idzi Czar Peter akapa nekusingaperi commandant of Vyborg nhare Stupishin. Iye vakapedzwa ari marshes, vakanga vawedzera nyika yakaorera yakadyarwa miti yemichero uye Deciduous. tevera varidzi All zvakonzerawo upgrading wemunda.

Unonyanya nomukurumbira ezvivako, Painters, vavezi vemabwe uye bindu vanatenzi panguva dzakasiyana vakashanda pamusoro farmstead zvivako uye nzvimbo. Zvakakwana kutaura mazita akadai Montferrand, Martinelli, Gonzaga, Thomas of Thomon A. Stakenschneider, Mettenleyter, Takanen. Mumakore matatu 1939-1944 hondo dzakawanda ounyanzvi payakarovera, akabvisa kana kuparadzwa. Munguva Soviet, basa kudzorerwa pamusoro munharaunda paka rinofukidza zvishoma. Most zvivako kupukunyuka kushandiswa evanhu chinangwa kupfungwa - kukireshi, zororo musha, etc ...

Pari zviri nani paki. Ose muzhizha mumhanzi mitambo Celtic uye chevarwere mumhanzi, pane kudzorerwa akwegura uye kuvaka zvivako zvitsva, zvakagadzirirwa kudzoka mupaka rekare Anotarira chinangwa.

Nhoroondo ichangobva kuitwa Vyborg

Nhoroondo ichangobva kuitwa Vyborg kunoyerwa kubva 1991 kusvika panguva ino. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vamwe vomunguva dzedu vanoti kubva nemaonero okumusoro-dzokumadokero kumuganhu Russian Federation, Vyborg akarasikirwa unoriumba kukosha, tinotenda mafungiro aya kururama uye kunokuvadza. Rakavakirirwa guta achiri kunodzivirira uye nharaunda iyi, uye nyika yedu kubva nechisimba womutorwa dzidziso uye mararamiro. Ndipo zvayo enyika uye zvehondo kukosha. Ndiye chinokosha wengarava uye uto chawo munyika.

Modern Vyborg - iri, guta rakanaka ano kurarama chinoshingaira pakunamata uye bhizimusi upenyu. Kune mafekitari, masangano anoverengeka dzakakwirira uye yechipiri masangano dzidzo, zvikoro, kindergartens, zvipatara uye muzorore dzimba. Nematambudziko mabhazi vari kugadziriswa anoonga chidzoke idzva zvifambiso interchanges. Kuva ushanyi zvekutepfenyura hwenyika. Kunyanya, nokusimbaradza Vyborg ari pfuti pachikomo yakava chikamu rwokuparidza pakutengeserana.

zviratidzo guta

Pakati huru zviratidzo reguta, iro nguva dzose kuudza vatungamiriri uye izvo vanoratidzwa matkamuistoja muri Crusader yemauto tsamba Latin ari W, nguvo maoko guta, yakakurumbira Vyborg pretzel, Drakkar, chechi Hyacinth, neshongwe St. Olaf, Paradise uye wachi neshongwe, uyewo ambotaurwa shongwe Marshal Knutsson.

Pretzel, sezvo vachiti, hakusi chete kuti kamwe akauya mbiri kuna guta, asi zvichiri zvikuru inonaka, uye vashanyi vachiri kuedza kutenga uye kutengesa kuti vavanoda.

Maererano chiratidzo, izvozvo zvakachinja maoko kakawanda. Muna 1710, pashure mukukunda Peter I, yaiva kuedza vashongedze mufananidzo wake nzou, asi chimiro hauna kubatwa. The ano nguo maoko Vyborg - zvishoma nani shanduro chiratidzo, mvumo zvakawanda Empress Catherine II muna 1788. Pairi muri minda mitatu - zvitema, yellow uye tsvuku. Ivo - matatu korona uye tsamba W. Right uye vakasiya vatumwa vaviri. mapapiro makuru vanoitisana vokudenga uye nhare norusvingo necheseri uye kudzivirira zvinakire vagere munyika iyo avakapiwa.