Petrovsky Baroque. Mifananidzo yeBaroque style

St. Petersburg, inofungidzirwa somumwe mudiki kudarika maguta makuru enyika, inomiririra zvakasiyana-siyana zvakajeka mazano ekutenda kwekare kare nemitambo yeWest Europe neRussia. Nyanzvi dzinoti maitiro ake ezvigadzirwa akagara agadziriswa nezvakanyorwa panguva yekuzvarwa kwake. Mushure mezvose, guta racho rakasikwa munguva yekutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, risingaiti asi rinosvibisa maitiro aro.

Inovakwa nechisarudzo chisingachinjiki chomunhu mumwechete - Peter Mukuru, akawana zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zveEuropean architecture. Chimiro chake chakasikwa mupfungwa yekupedzisira Russian tsar pasi pesimba raFranz Lefort naVinius - veDutch vadzidzisi, avo vaiva nehomwe huru yekuunganidza mifananidzo nemifananidzo. Vakarondedzera yeEurope uye, kunyanya, madhorochi echiDutch, ayo akanyatsojekesa magadziro ekumadokero ezana remakore rechi17.

Mifananidzo yeBaroque style

Iyi chivakwa, iyo vateki vekuvakwa kwechigadziriro kwenguva yakareba havana kuona sevanhu vanozvimiririra, vakaonekwa muEurope panguva yokuputsa kweRevente yekupedzisira. Zvaive, sezvazvaive, kupfuurira kwayo uye kubudirira. Kune imwe nzvimbo iyo nzira yekuvakwa inogona kudanwa kudzoka kufilosofi. Zviratidzo zvaro zvakange zvakadzama uye zvisingaoneki. Idzo pfungwa dzekumusoro uye dzakatenderera, izvo vavaki venguva ino vakaziva, vakaita kuti zvivako zvive zvakanakisisa uye zvizere nemashoko ekugadzira. Nenzira yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinofadza dzakagadzira zvinyorwa zvisiri zvechokwadi.

General information

"Petrovsky Baroque" iri izwi iro vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoshandisa kuumbwa kwemaitiro akagamuchirwa naPeter the Great. Yaiva yakawanda yakashandiswa pakugadzirisa kwezvivako munzvimbo iyoyo iyo huru-St. Petersburg.

Muna 1697-1698, mamishinari aPeter the Great akashanyira Holland, kunyanya Amsterdam. Guta iri rainyanya kufarira madzimambo nemigwagwa yaro yakanyatsorongedzwa zvakanaka, maguta akazara mumigwagwa. Amsterdam zvinyorwa zvinopera mumakona akapfupika akadzika zvigaro zviduku, zvigaro kana kuti denga repamusoro. Dzimba dzekuDutch dzemazana emakore rechi17 dzinoshandiswa nekushongedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai zvakagadzirwa zvakadai sefestile, mahwendefa, pilasters, magareta nemavhiri. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira chimiro chekunaka nekupembera, kusanganiswa nemufananidzo unozvininipisa uye webhizimisi weguta racho.

Petro aifungidzirwa nepfungwa yokuti Russia inogona kubatana nenyika dzekuMadokero dzakabudirira, kutevera nzira yeEurope kwete kwete zvematongerwe enyika kana zvehupfumi, asiwo nenzira dzakawanda kukura kwetsika. Uye ichi ndicho chikonzero akakoka vashandi vakawanda vanozivikanwa, vashandi vekuveza uye vashandi kuti vashande mumusha wavo mutsva.

The Petrovsky Manor

Zita rekare zvinonzwisisika kuti kuburikidza nekuratidzika kwaro munyika yedu iyi chimiro chinoshamisa chinobhadhara kune mambo wekutanga weRussia. Petrovsky baroque yakava musanganiswa weItaly yezita rimwe chete nekutanga kwechiFrench classicism uye rococo. Muumbi wega wega, akadanwa kuSt. Petersburg, anomiririra tsika dzechivakwa chake chekugadzira. Ndicho chikonzero nei Petrine Baroque inoratidza zvisingaiti zvakajeka zve nguva ino.

Chido chakakura chaPetro chokushandura maguta ake ave akanaka kwazvo uye chakava chikonzero chekuti munguva yekutonga kwake Baroque yakava shanduro yekuvaka yakakosha. Kugadzirwa nekuvakwa kwezvivako mumutauro uyu, uyo wainziwo Peter Manir, muSt. Petersburg kwemazana emakore mashomanana akatevera akafunga kushandiswa kwemapurani.

Zviratidzo

Mutongi wokutanga weRussia akaedza kubva kubva kuByzantine tsika mumapurani. Nguva yekuumbwa kwehutungamiri iyi inowira muzana remakore rechi17. Baroque style yaPeter yakasiyana neimwe yeuropuro yake yekuEurope. Uye kutanga kwezvose izvi ndezvokufungidzira, zvakajeka uye zviri nyore.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzika kuti Petrine Baroque architecture ndeyemifananidzo miviri yezvivako: tsvuku uye yakachena. Chimwe chiitiko ndechokududzirwa kwepakapfigiro muzvishongo.

Zvivakwa zvokutanga muSt. Petersburg zvaiva matumba ematope, uyewo matanda ematanda, akafanana pakuvakwa kumadokero kwehafu yematumba. Chigadziko chavo chaida kupora. Nokudaro, zvirongwa zvakadaro uye kunyange brickwork "ine tsvina" zvinogona kupa zvinyorwa zvishoma zvezvikwata zvakagadzirwa kana kuti mahwendefa, pamwe chete nemapilaster nemapuranga emasuo.

Tsanangudzo yemutauro

Petrovsky baroque inoshandiswa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvechikoro chechiTuscan kana kuti Corinthian orders, kunyange zvazvo zvichinyatsorondedzerwa. Zvimwe zvaiwanzova zveRussia zvisiri nyore "scapula", izvo zvakatsiva pilasters nemirasi. Mawindo acho ainge akaiswa nemabhandi ekuputika - kazhinji akachena pamusana mutsvuku, ane ruzivo rwekuwedzera, nzeve, uye kushandiswa kusvika kumusoro kwebwe reimba. Makona eimba iri muBaroque style, uye mune dzimwe nguva denga rekutanga, rakashongedzwa neura.

Iyi mhemberero uye inoyevedza maitiro ekugadzira yakawedzerwa nemashoko akawanda mashopu ekugadzira, akadai edgings, curls uye balustrades. Kushandisa pamusoro pezvikamu zvose zvinoputika zveuta kana zvigadziro zviduku zvaionekwa zvichifanira. Nokudaro, mitsara yedenga yakave yakaoneka yakaoma uye yakagadziriswa.

Zvakafanana zvakafanana nekuiswa kwezvifananidzo kana maruva. Pamatope, varimi vanoisa lyukarny. Nokudaro chikamu chepamusoro chezvivako zvakawanda chakawana ruzha rwekupfumisa uye rakanyanya rakaoma.

Baroque architects

Kunyangwe kusati kwavambwa St. Petersburg, Peter nevamiriri vake veEurope vakatanga kuunganidza vatorwa: vadzidzisi, vashandisi, vanjiniya. Pachigamba chekutanga, zvivako zvose muguta racho zvakavakwa zvakajeka pamapurogiramu evakirisheni vedzimwe nyika vakauya kuzoshumira muRussia. Uye wekutanga pakati pavo aiva Domenico Trezzini, uyo akavaka zvivako zvakakurumbira zveSt. Petersburg, iyo inogadzirisa Petrine Baroque style. Mifananidzo yePeter naPaul Cathedral inoratidza pachena izvi. Bhero-shongwe ndiyo yakakwirira-yakakwirira yeSt. Petersburg. Icho chinzvimbo chinoputika kedhedral chinoderedza denga rakasvibiswa sezvinopesana nekatambanudzwa squat mitsara yeNeva embankments.

Izvo zvinenge zvisingaenzaniswi nechechi yekatehedrini muWest European architecture. Inongotaura chete nemhepo yakashata, iri pane yekuvakwa kwechitsinhanho kuCopenhagen, iyo inowanikwawo neBaroque style. Mufananidzo wekupedzisira, zvakadaro, humwe humwe humwe uchapupu hwokuti kupisa kweSt. Petersburg kwakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana: zvose muhukuru hwahwo uye maitiro akasiyana.

Pakati pevakagadziri vekutanga vakasika Petrine Baroque, ndeyevo, kunze kweTrzizini, naJean-Baptiste Leblon, naSchuter, naJM Fontana, pamwe naMichetti naMatarnovi. Vose zvavo vakauya kuRussia pamusana pekukoka kwaPetro. Muumbi wega wega akaunza kuonekwa kwezvivako zvaakavaka tsika dzakawanda munyika yake, zvidzidzo zvechikoro chaaimiririra. Kubatsira kuita zvirongwa zvavo, tsika dzeEurope baroque dzave zvishoma nezvishoma dzakagadzirwa nevavakwa vemo, saMikhail Zemtsov.

Kusiyanisa kubva kuBaroque yeMoscow

Petrovsky baroque inowanzoitirwa St. Petersburg. Kunze kwayo kune zvivako zvishomanana chaizvo. Kunyanya, ndiyo Menshikov Tower, yakavakwa muMoscow, uyewo Tallinn Palace Kadriorg.

Kusiyana nemutungamiri weNaryshkin muMoscow, Petro, anomiririrwa nekurambwa kwakasimba kwetsika dzeByzantine, iyo yakatungamirira chivakwa cheRussia kwemazana anenge mazana emakore, inoratidzirwa nekuenzanisa uye poise. Kujekesa pakati pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mazamu uye kudzivirira mukati mekushongedza, arched kana rectangular mazaruriro, mahwenga emamadhiresi nekuputsika - zvose izvi zvinowanikwa muBaroque style, inonzi zita rokutanga mambo, rakave chiratidzo chezvivako zvakawanda zveSt. Petersburg.

Mienzaniso yakajeka

Nhasi, vatasvi vanouya kumusoro-soro vane mukana wekutenda kusikwa kwemaoko evakagadziri vakakasika munguva iyoyo. Petrovsky baroque pano inomiririrwa nezvivako zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa. Uyu ndiye Peter naPaul Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Imba yeVadzidzi gumi nevaviri pamwe neimba yechando yePeter the Great, Chamber of the Schluter, Palace yeMenshikov, Kunstkammer, vanhu vazhinji vanoshanda panguva imwechete: Matternovi, Kiaveri naZemtsov. Zvisikwa zvekupedzisira ndezveChechi yaSimeon naAna.

Pasi peVasilievsky Island pane imwe muenzaniso wekuvaka baroque - imba huru yekutanga muSt. Petersburg. Yaiva nzvimbo yaGavhuna Mukuru, uko kugamuchira kwakagadzirirwa uye magungano akapfuura. Kuva chimiro chechimiro chepfuma yakawanda iyo inotanga kusvika pachigadziko chepamusoro pakurumbidzwa, chivako chinoshandisawo Petrine Baroque.

Kuvaka kweVane Kumi Kumijijiji

Pedyo pane imwe chivako chakavakwa muhuyu hwekugadzira. Iyi ndiyo Imba yeVadzidzi gumi nevaviri. Architect Trezzini yakanga iri yakakosha yekugadzirisa basa rakagadzirirwa naPetro. Iyi chivakwa chebaroque, iyo zvivako gumi nemaviri zvakafanana, zviri mune imwe mutsara pedyo nemumwe, zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekorodho rinotambanudza mazana matatu nemakumi masere mamita. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine denga rakasiyana. Panguva imwecheteyo, chikafu chinokwezva chaiyo chekudzokorora gables uye risalitas, pilasters uye mabhanhire pachigamba chitsvuku-chichena chakasvibiswa nepepuru uye chena chipa chivakwa chimiro chikuru.

Mamiriro ekugadzira chivakwa

Zvigadzirwa zveBaroque style zvinogona kuonekwa kwete muzvivako zvakavakwa munguva iyoyo. Hazvina kufarira imba yacho uye paki insembles. Izvi, somuenzaniso, ndiyo inozivikanwa yeChinical Garden, iyo yakaputsika maererano nemufananidzo wakakosha naPetro pachake; Peterhof pamwe, iyo, maererano nenyanzvi, inobva pane zvakaonekwa nemambo wekutanga weRussia kubva pakushanyira kwake kuVersailles. Izvo zvichiri kumira zvakakosha zviyeuchidzo zvekuvakwa kwenzvimbo.

The Garden Garden yakanga iri kuedza kweTsar kuita "chimwe chinhu chinodzidzisa" kubva paki huru. Matsime akavakwa mauri, achinyatsoenderana nemitambo yeAesop nhau, uye mune imwe nzvimbo yakajeka iyo chifananidzo cheVenus, chinyorwa chekare cheRoma marble chechiGiriki chepakutanga, chakawanikwa panguva yekuchera muRoma uye nematambudziko makuru, yakaiswa muRussia. Vanoshanyira kumunda, vose vasina kunze, vaifanira kutsvoda marwende echando emukadzikadzi wechihedheni. Zvimwe zvifananidzo nemabhazi zvakagadzirwa pamativi ose, uyewo "muVersailles."

Summer Palace

Uyu mumiririri akajeka wePetrine Baroque muduku uye akareruka zvikuru maererano nekuronga. Akanyatsozadzisa basa rake-kupa mukana wekuvaraidzwa kwemhuri yeumambo.

Vamwe vanoshevedza chivako ichi mumutauro weBaroque waPeter nekuda kwekukura kwayo "imba yokutanga yeRussia". Kuva vose mugadziri uye mugadziri, D. Trezzini akakwanisa kuvakwa kweimba iyi yemakore kwemakore mana ose. I-bas-reliefs inogadzirwa kune kunze nechinyorwa chezvinyorwa. Chinangwa cheTitzini chakanga chiri kupfuurira mberi kukunda muNorthern War. Pamberi pevanhu vakararama panguva yakavezwa muouki uye nemicheka yakavezwa zvishongo mukati uye mukati mezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvakachengetedzwa zvakakwana uye zvakasvika.

Mukupedzisa

Pasinei nokuti iyo inofungidzirwa isiri yakakodzera kune zita racho, Petrine Baroque yakasiyana nenzira yayo pachayo. Nezvose zvikwereti zvakajeka, chimiro ichi chinotakura zvinhu zvakawanda. Uyezve, zvivako zvemazuva iwayo hazvina matanho munyika, zvakasikwa. Zvisimba zvezvivako, kunyange zvazvo zvisiri nyore, asi panguva imwechete zvinonakidza uye zvinomiririra. Havana dambudziko rakaoma uye rinorema, asi kudzokorora kunowanikwa nehuwandu hwemashoko.