Periodization mutemo weRoma, zvokukura-shanduka

Kushanduka periodization mutemo weRoma - pokuiswa pfungwa dziri mukudzidza yepamutemo anoranga, sezvo kwakanga mutemo weRoma awana zvakasikwa ukoshi. Izvi imhaka yokuti zviri kubva hwakavigwa mumakamuri ane tsika imwe vanhu pamusoro nguva kuva zvakasikwa mitemo munyika yekare. Periodization mutemo weRoma rinojekesa sei zvakaitika. Ndizvo nezvazvo huchakurukurwa.

zvekare nguva

Periodization anopa mutemo weRoma:

• Sanyorwa mutemo.
• Yemadzitateguru tsika.
• mitemo yamambo.

Muna 510, mambo (mambo) chakawa isingachinji zvokuvhoterwa zvinosanganisira vemo vakasununguka (civis). Saka zita "kodzero vehurumende", kuti akasununguka.

Predklassichesky nguva: wokutanga codification

Periodization codification mutemo weRoma chinotanga yokutanga yakatarwa - "Pagomo matafura 12." The rusununguko hondo yacho plebeians uye patricians muRoma kwakakonzera chimiro muna 451 BC. e. Mitemo wokutanga muRoma. Chokwadi, vakanga vasina zvakananga akafunga kunze, zvose mitemo kunge zvaiitikawo kare muchimiro tsika dzakasiyana, asi patricians vaiva naro, nokuti zvaizova zvakavatorera outrages siyana munzanga. Zvino ukama zvose zviri pamutemo wakaiswa.

"Mitemo matafura 12" akagadzirira rinokosha basa decemvir, izvo kwemakore akashanda pamusoro pavo.

Arch aimiririra panzvimbo kukumbanidzwa zvakavhenganiswa wokuyera: pfuma, Maitiro, mhosva uye kunyange vamwe mirayiro mapurisa. Asi pasinei neizvi, mamiriro akanga aine thematically: pakutanga akafamba Maitiro mitemo, akauya yezviri mukati nokuda dzemunharaunda ukama hwemhuri, worusere - tsotsi zvokudya, chegumi yakarambidza kubwinya panguva tsika pamariro, inoita ngatiti weRoma nzanga kwaiva dambudziko rose, uye t. d.

muviri ichi aiva muenzaniso yemberi codification mitemo, sezvo vaine conciseness uye zvakajeka.

Periodization yeRoma mutemo private uyewo zvinobva pano. "Mitemo matafura 12" kokutanga akanyora pfuma private kuti vanodzivirirwa pasi marwadzo rufu, uye inonyoreswa uranda.

Periodization mutemo weRoma: kupa ruzivo pamutemo pontifical

Pontiffs kwete vapristi veRoma, sezvo vanhu vakawanda vanofunga, asi ndiyo magweta wokutanga kupa zano kuti vagari. Vaiva fomura kumatare uye kududzira murayiro. No mabasa vamwe pane vaya kusimuka "Tables 12", haana pamutemo simba.

Pontiffs aiva anotambura kujekeswa pamutemo dzemunharaunda kwedenga, sezvo vose mafaira zvaiva mutemberi Saturn. Zvinogona pamutemo kujekesa kushanda mitemo uye mashoko mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu asina kufukidzwa nemurairo. Kuti chaizvoizvo akaita ano basa mapuranga Supreme Court munyika yedu.

Voga pakati dzeutongi

Kutongwa periodization mutemo weRoma yakatanga kusvika 367 BC. e. pamwe kuitwa nemurairo, iyo initiator iyo yaiva wavarwi Licinius stolons. Sezvazvakanyorwamo mumwe consuls maviri (soro nzvimbo), anofanira kusarudzwa kubva plebeians. Ndisingambofariri patricians vakarasikirwa chindingindingi yavo soro simba rehurumende. Sezvo "kunyaradzwa mubayiro" vakaita kusikwa hutsva nzvimbo pachake - mumaguta praetor, mutevedzeri consuls, uyo specialized mukururamisira. Izvi zvinoreva zvechechi yavaive kwehurumende itsva - dzeutongi.

mabasa praetor

Pretor akanakidzwa simba guru muguta, akatevera zvoupfumi upenyu, zvokutengeserana kwema, kuti vanoita ruramisiro.

Zvechokwadi, basa rake kwaibva huripo mitemo, asi zvikuru kazhinji zvaaisarudza vakandorwa navo. Dzimwe nguva kutonga edu ano havasi amenable chero tsananguro. mutongi akasiyana nhasi, sezvo zvino, nokuti zvakafanana nyaya dzinoshandura akatarisana mhinduro.

Periodization mutemo weRoma rinosanganisira chiitiko chinokosha - Hydrangea Act, dating 287 gore BC. e. Maererano naye, zvose Zvaitongwa plebiscite inofanira kuita zvinoenderana vagari vose. Zviri rudzi pakusarudza Paramende iri weRoma Republic. Zvino pamutemo plebeians vaiva neropafadzo nechinzvimbo, sezvo Mutongo mumiririri muviri inofanira akasungwa zvose. Patricia haana aine kodzero yokuita mitemo. The plebeians vaiva neropafadzo uye zvinzvimbo, nekuti vakanga wose apo tiine exclusivity wenhaka ari plebeian vatongi.

The kwaita "kodzero dzavanhu" uye yokupedzisira yavaive kodzero vemuMuzinda

Periodization nhoroondo kwomutemo weRoma predklassichesky nguva huru pamwe rehurumende imba yomubati rworudyi nokuumbwa vanonzi kodzero dzavanhu. Roma akakunda muCarthage uye vakabvuta rose Italy, vakatanga kuwedzera miganhu yayo yose nyika. Kumanikidzira inokwanisa kumisa nayo Colonisation, rakanga risisipo.

Kusiyana nomutemo weRoma - mukana wokushandiswa, kuchinjira kumamiriro matsva chaizvo. New vanhu vane munhu nomutemo maitiro, tsika uye tsika. Kubatanidza nyika yose pasi mitemo guta rakanga zvisingagoneki.

Under izvi mamiriro, muna 242, pasi yavaive chaiwo nezvenzvimbo praetor, kuramba hurongwa ukama vaRoma uye Pellegrino (navatorwa).

Nezvaakatonga masimba vakachengeteswa private mutongi uyo anofanira kuita muitiro maererano chaiwo inonyatsoita (pa Masvomhu). Uyezve Masvomhu (pezvakaitwa) iiswe edicta izvo ramakazivisa, iyo ukama achadzivirirwa panguva pambiru Pretoria. Nemamwe mashoko, akamisa Maitiro mitemo, uyewo mhando mitemo yechipiri noruoko chaicho munhu. The praetor mutsva, rapfuura magwaro, asi aigona nokusika vatsva. Kwevaapostora haana zvakakodzera.

Praetor aisagona kuita mukusiyana ne "Tables 12" uye dzimwe mitemo plebiscite uye neDare, asi kunyange ano kukura pamutemo hurongwa rinojekesa kuti hazvibviri kuti taurira Codes vose zvokudya. pamutemo nyaya mumwe - nomumwe mutoo pamwe nuances ayo. mutemo weRoma KUSATSIGIRWA NOMUTEMO burrows that, zvinotisimbisa iyo vaiva "Tables 12" plebiscite mhinduro uye dzimwe Senates vasingagoni kufukidza zvose zvoupenyu. Kuoma mamiriro ezvinhu "kodzero marudzi" panguva kuwedzera yeRoma pazvimwe nzvimbo.

izvi zvose akapa vatongi mukana kuzvisarudzira zvavanoda pane anokakavara uye nharo nguva. Asi chaizvoizvo mitemo pachavo pamutemo. Pakutonga muenzaniso hakunganzi ichikonzera mutemo. Zvose zvakachinja kuitwa Mutemo Ebutsiya yechipiri yezana II. BC. e. Iye inonyoreswa dzepamutemo matanho matare vehurumende.

With veMubatanidzwa pretorskogo mutemo zvarakaita iri rakapa kudzivirira private pfuma kodzero, sezvo zvichemo dzakawanda nezvakatongwa vatongi vaingofungirwawo pfuma nyaya. Zvakatonyorwa saka anga dzinounzwa chaiwo praetor, kuita upfumi makakatanwa pakati vagari veRoma uye Pellegrino.

Periodization pakati kukura mutemo weRoma inosanganisira danho rinokosha - kuitwa mitemo August 17 BC. e., iyo yakanga yabviswa kumisa kururama kwavo pachavo pamutemo magwaro neimwe praetor itsva. pezvakaitwa All vakanga dzibatane, uye zviri pamutemo hurongwa kwave kuchiita okunatsiridza, uye Chikurukuru, systematization.

Izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera, nokuti Rome sehurumende yaiva rakakura chokushandisa. Gore negore kuchinja mitemo uye Maitiro nezvimiro chete hwakawedzera kuderera ari kutengesa uye administrative kuzvidzora. Nepo Pelegrin akakwanisa kuti dunhu kure, takava kushandura mitemo. Fast mukana wokushandiswa uye kugara chinja mitemo zvakafanira duku ezvinhu. Kana iwe kusika pakukura umambo, nekusiyana, vaida Kuchengetedzwa uye kubatana vose kwendangariro.

Mamiriro Akaita dzekare nguva

mutemo Uyezve periodization Roman inosanganisira Nguva dzekare kumwedzi. Muna 27 BC muRoma akaumba Principate. Zvose zvinokonzera murairo dzichiitika chete mumaoko mambo kuburikidza bumbiro (constitutionis principium). Vose zvinetso kuitika pamusoro pehurumende uye muzvikamu 4 zvinogona:

1. Magwaro - mitemo mukuru.
2. Mitemo - zvirevo dzakananga nyaya.
3. Rescripts - dudziro akaoma nyaya.
4. Wemirayiro - basa kurondedzerwa vakuru.

Zvakakurukurwa kukura yomurayiro post-dzekare nguva (284-476 gg. BC. E.)

Periodization mutemo weRoma Postclassic rinoguma. Ndiyo ichikosha yokupedzisira kuderera mutemo uye pamutemo basa. Kana klassiske nguva yavo mutemo-kugadzira aishamwaridzana marapirwo uye kuvandudzika iri youmambo emitemo, mune post-dzekare nguva, ivo vakadzokera zvavo vakuru.

Pane itsva periodization mutemo weRoma chokuita weboka hweRoma muna West, ipapo akabatwa venyika, uye Eastern.

Development kodzero chokuita mambo of Eastern hweRoma naConstantine, uyo akaronga Commission Jurists. Mukati 5 Makore vakaita zvakasikwa 3 codification:

1. Institutions - pamutemo mutungamiriri nokuda zvikoro akasimbisa mutemo.
2. Dagesty - dzakaunganidzwa ose mabasa jurists Roman.
3. Code - dzakaunganidzwa youmambo mitemo (the Constitution).

Munguva Justinian Code kwakakwana, yaisanganisira enganonyorwa - Justinian remitemo (saka rokuti "kururamisira").

Periodization uye chikuru nzendo shanduka mutemo weRoma

1. Zvekare nguva (753-451 BC.) -. Madzimambo 7 ushe. Main mabhuku: nyaya mutemo kana mutemo sanyorwa, mitemo yamambo uye tsika.
2. Development yevagari kodzero (451-449 BC.) -. Creation kuti "Pagomo XII Tables", mumwe anotambura kududzirwa kurudyi pontiffs.
3. Predklassichesky nguva (3-1 remakore BC ...) - chiitiko pretorskogo zvakanaka uye wezvamatongerwe "vanhu zvakanaka".
4. Classical nguva (27 BC - .. 284 AD ..) - chete tsime bumbiro chamambo.
5. Postclassical (kubvira 284 AD ..) - kuderera mutemo muna West Rome, codification uye jurisprudence ndakajeka muByzantium.