Makomo eBaikal kutakura: mienzaniso

Nhoroondo yose yezveGeorgia (makore anenge mabhiriyoni 4,5) yakavharwa mudiki kadiki georronological yakagadzirwa navasayendisiti. Munguva ino, makondinendi akaparadzanisa uye akatama, uye makungwa akachinja nzvimbo yavo. Makomo akaumbwa pamusoro pepasi redu, saka akadonha, uye mushure mokunge makomo matsva akasimuka munzvimbo yavo - kunyange yakakura uye kunyange yakakwirira.

Ichi chinyorwa chichagadzirisa chimwe chezvisikwa zvekutanga zvepasi zvakaputira-yeBaikal era. Yakapera nguva yakareba sei? Ndezvipi magomo akasimuka panguva ino? Uye ndezvipi makomo eBaikal hutenga-kumusoro kana pasi?

Era yeKubata Kwepasi

Nhoroondo yose yekuvaka makomo papasi redu yakakamurwa nemasayendisiti muzviitiko zvenguva, nguva, uye akazvitumidza mapepa. Izvi zvakanyanya kuti zvive nyore. Zvechokwadi, kwakanga kusina kumbobhururuka mukati mekugadzira pasi penyika.

Kune nguva dzakadaro dzakadaro munhoroondo yenyika. Kubata kwekare kudarika ndeyeArache, uye ichangopfuura ndeyeAlpine, iyo inoenderera mberi munguva yedu. Zvinyorwa pasi apa ndezvipi zvese zve geological zveNyika panguva yezvakanyorwa:

• Archean (makore 4,5 kusvika ku2 mabhiriyoni apfuura).
• Baikal (1,2-0,5 mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura).
• Caledonian (500-400 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura).
• Hercynian (mamiriyoni 400-230 emakore apfuura).
• Mesozoic (makore 160-65 emakore akapfuura).
• Alpine (makore emamiriyoni 65 apfuura uye kusvikira nhasi).

Izvo zvivako zvakagadzirirwa mune izvi kana kuti nguva yekuvakwa kwemakomo zvinonzi zvakakodzera-Baikalides, Hercynides, Caledonides, nezvimwe.

Zvadaro, isu ticharondedzera zvakadzama makomo anozivikanwa zvikuru eBaikal folding. Tichakuudza kuti ndevepi uye kuti vanotarisa sei.

Baikal folding: nguva yezvakagadzirwa uye zvakajairika zviitiko zvemazuva iwayo

Nguva yepasi rese tectogenesis, yakavhara nguva kubva pa 650 kusvika ku550 mamiriyoni emakore ezvakaitika kare geological (Riphean-Cambrian), inowanzonzi Baikal folding. Yakatanga anenge 1.2 mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura, uye yakaguma anenge mamiriyoni 500 emakore akapfuura. Nzvimbo ye geological yakatumidzwa mukukudza Gungwa reBaikal, sezvo panguva iyi yaiva iyo chikamu chekumaodzanyemba cheSiberia chakaumbwa. Izwi iri rakatanga kushandiswa neRussia geologist Nikolai Shatsky muma1930s.

MuBaikal kupfigira, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwekunamatira michina, kubhururuka kwemhepo uye granitization muhutanda hwepasi, ruzivo rwakakwana rwezvigadzirwa zvezve geological zvakagadzirwa pamuviri wepasi redu. Sezvo mutemo, maitiro akadaro akasimuka kunze kwemapuratifomu ekare.

Makomo anoyevedza eBaikal kuunganidza anogona kuwanikwa munharaunda yeRussia. Izvi, somuenzaniso, Khamar-Daban iri muBuryatia kana Timan ridge kumusoro kwenyika. Vanotarisa sei kunze? Ndizvo zvakaita makomo eBhaikal kunyanya kumusoro kana pasi? Ngatitaure mubvunzo uyu.

Maitiro aBaikalides Tarisai

Baikalides yakaumbwa kare kare. Kunyangwe nehutano hwemazuva ehupenyu. Nokudaro zvinonzwisisika kuti vazhinji vavo vari iye zvino vari mukutambudzika. Mamiriyoni emakore, zvivako izvi zvakanyatsorongedzwa: zvakaparadzwa nemhepo, mvura inonaya, kutonhodza kuchinja. Nokudaro, makomo eBaikal kupunganya achava akadzika kana mashizha mukukwirira.

Zvechokwadi, nzvimbo yakakwana yeBaikalids inowanzosvika kudarika mamita 2000 pamusoro pegungwa. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nyore nyore kana tichienzanisa mapepa e tectonic uye mapepa eNyika. Pamapupa e geological uye tectonic makomo eBaikal kupunganya, sekutonga, akaiswa muhutepe.

Ichokwadi, yekare yeBaikalides munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika dzakagadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma (yakadzorerwa) nekufamba kwenguva kwema tectonic kufamba. Somuenzaniso, zvakaitika mumakomo eCaucasus neTurkey.

Nezvizvivako zveBaikal kupfigira, pane kazhinji zvinowanikwa zvakakosha zvematare esirivha. Saka, mumiganhu yavo pane nzvimbo dzakapfuma zvikuru dze mercury, tin, zinc, mhangura uye tinini.

Makomo eBaikal kutakura: mienzaniso

Zvigadzirwa zvegungwa zvezera iri zvinowanika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Ivo vari muRussia neKazakhstan, Iran neTurkey, India, France neAustralia. Baikalides iri pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku uye inobatanidza ndima yeBrazil.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti izwi rokuti "Baikal folding" rinozivikanwa chete mumasayendisiti mabhuku e-post-Soviet space. Mune dzimwe nyika yenyika ino nguva inonzi yakasiyana. Saka, somuenzaniso, muEurope iyo inofananidzwa naKadom uye Assintian kupeta munguva, muAustralia - Luinskaya, muBrazil - iro zita rimwechete reBrazil.

MuRussia mazita eBhaikalides anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiwo maitiro ekutevera maitiro:

• East Sayan.
• Hamar-Daban.
• The Baikal Range.
• Yenisei Ridge.
• Timan ridge.
• Patom Highlands.

Makomo eBaikal akatakura muRussia. The Baikal Range

Zita remugwagwa uyu unonyatsozivikanwa nezita remazuva ekuvakwa kwezvikomo zvatinofunga. Nokudaro, pamwe chete naro tichazotanga kuratidza hukuru hweBaikalids yeRussia.

Guta reBaikal rinokonzera kuora mwoyo kwegungwa rezita rimwe chete kubva kuchamhembe-kumavirazuva. Iko iri mukati me Irkutsk region neBuryatia. Zvose zvakareba zveguta racho makiromita 300.

Mune kuchamhembe, geological structure inotarisa inoenderera mberi neAkitkan Range. Ivhareji yepamusoro yebhaikalid iyi kubva pamasita 1800-2100. Nzvimbo yakakwirira yegomba iri nheyo yeChersky (2588 m). Gomo racho rinotumidzwa mukuremekedza geographer, uyo akaita chikamu chikuru pakudzidza nezvemaitiro eBaikal.

East Sayan

IEngland Sayan ndiyo gomo guru kwazvo kuSouth Siberia, rinosvika makiromita anenge makiromita. Zvichida simba guru reBaikalids muRussia. Nzvimbo yakakwirira yeEngland Sayan inosvika 3491 mamita (Mount Munku-Sardyk).

Inonzi Eastern Sayan inonyanya kunyorwa nemasimba akaoma machena-gneisses, quartzites, marbles uye amphibolites. Muchiropa chayo makawana mabhokisi makuru egoridhe, bhauxite uye graphite. Icho chinonyanya kukoshesa ndezvekumabvazuva kwemakomo, ayo anonzi vatashanyi Tunkinsky Alps.

Chikamu chikuru cheEastern Sayan chinonyanya kufambiswa (orographically). Inoumbwa ne-high-altitude massifs, iyo inoratidzwa nemiriwo uye subalpine-mhando dzenyika. Mumiganhu yeEngland Sayan, kurums dzakapararira. Iyi inzvimbo huru yematombo emakona, anosanganisira zvikafu zvimedu zvematombo ehukuru hwakasiyana.

Byrranga Mountains

Byrranga ndeimwe gomo rinofadza reBaikal folding. Iko iri panzvimbo yekuchamhembe peninsula yeTaimyr. Makomo makanga akazara maguta akaparadzana, masango ane mapapiro uye mapaa, akachekwa zvakanyanya nemakango nemipata yemigwagwa. Zvose zvakakwana zvegomo iri anenge makiromita 1100.

"Kune umambo hwemidzimu yakaipa, dombo, mazaya uye hapana chimwe chinhu," vaNganasans, vamiririri veimwe yemarudzi evanhu vekuSiberia, akanyora nezvezvi nzvimbo. Wekutanga akaenda kumepu yeByrranga aiva mufambi weRussia Alexander Middendorf.

Makomo aya akadzika kwazvo. Kunyange zvazvo vachitaridzika kunoshamisa, nokuti ivo vari kumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Kureba kwepfungwa yavo yakakwirira ndeye 1146 mamita. Kuzorodzwa kwegomo iri rakasiyana chaizvo. Pano iwe unogona kuona yakadzika uye zvinyoronyoro zvakanyorova, zvakadzika uye zvakaputika, pamwe chete nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagetsi.

Yenisei uye Timan mitsara

Kunyatsoziva neBaikalides yeRussia tinopedzisa nekutsanangurwa kwemakumbo maviri - Yenisei naTimansky. Chokutanga chazvo chiri mukati memubatanidzwa weCentral Siberian uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvinopfuura mamita chiuru pakureba. Yenisei Ridge inoumbwa nekare uye yakaoma zvikuru matombo-makomera, misungo, misungo uye sandstones. Chimiro chakafuma mune iron ore, bauxite negoridhe.

Guta reTiman riri kumusoro kwenyika. Inotambanudza kubva kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa reBarents uye inobatana neUral Mountains. Kureba kwakakwana kwegomba iri anenge 950 km. Irogi rinonyatsoratidzwa mukununurwa. Chikamu chakakosha zvikuru chikamu chepamusoro, apo nzvimbo yakakwirira pane - iri dombo reChetlas (471 m high). Kufanana nedzimwe zvivako zveBaikal kupfigira, tangi yeTiman yakafuma mumaminerari (titanium, bauxite, agate nevamwe).