Mapuroteni: Mapuroteni chimiro uye basa

Mapuroteni ndiwo organic substances. Izvo zvikamu zvakakura-maserosi zvinoratidzwa nechimwe chimiro uye zvinoputsika muamino acids panguva ye hydrolysis. Puroteni mamolekemu inogona kuva yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakawanda dzazvo dzakagadzirwa nemaketani akawanda epepepeptide. Tsanangudzo pamusoro pehutano hweproteni yakanyorwa muDNA, uye nzira yekushandiswa kweprotein molecule inonzi kushandurwa.

Kemikemu yakagadzirirwa mapuroteni

Puroteni yakaenzana ine:

• 52% carbon;
• 7% hydrogen;
• 12% nitrogen;
• 21% oksijeni;
• 3% sulfur.

Mapuroteni mamolekemu mapurisa. Kuti vanzwisise maitiro avo, zvakakosha kuziva kuti avo vanonamatira chii - amino acids.

Amino acids

Izvo zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: nguva dzose zvichiitika uye dzimwe nguva zvinoitika. Ikutanga inosanganisira 18 proteine monomers uye 2 mamwe amides: aspartic uye glutamic acid. Dzimwe nguva kune ma matatu acid chete.

Izvi zvinogona kuenzaniswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: kuburikidza nemhando yemaketani emaketani kana kuti kutengesa kwezvakagadzirisa, uye inogonawo kugoverwa nenhamba yemapoka CN uye COOH.

Purogiramu yepuroteni

Kuenzanisa kweamino acids muprotini yechina kunoita kuti zvikamu zvayo zvinotevera zvesangano, nzvimbo uye mabasa. Mhando yakakura yehukama pakati pevarume ndeye peptide. Inoumbwa nekubvisa hydrogen kubva kune aminexlota uye OH boka kubva kune rimwe.

Nhamba yekutanga yekusangana kweprotein molecule ndiyo kuenzaniswa kweamino acid mukati maro, kungofanana neketani inogadzirisa hurongwa hweprotein molecules. Inoumbwa ne "skeleton" ine nguva yakarongeka. Uku ndiko kuwirirana kwe -NH-CH-CO-. Rimwe rutivi rwemaketani hunomiririrwa nema amino acid radicals (R), maitiro avo anoona kuumbwa kwehutano hwepuroteni.

Kunyangwe kana chimiro cheprotein molecule chiri chimwe chete, chinogona kusiyanisa muzvivako chete kubva kunezvo kuti monomers avo vane kusiyana kwakasiyana mumaketani. Mutemo we amino acids muprotheni unotsanangurwa nemajeni uye inorayira zvimwe zvipenyu zvinoshanda kumapuroteni. Kuenzanisa kwemaonomeri mumamolekoro anoita basa rimwe chete inowanzotarisana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Mamolekemu akadaro akafanana kana akafanana musangano uye anoita basa rimwechete mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa - mapuroteni anoketeti. Chimiro, zvivako uye mabasa emangwana emamoreksi zvakatowanikwa kare muchitambo chekushandiswa kweketani ye amino acids.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvakajairika

Chimiro cheprotein chakadzidzwa kare kare, uye kuongororwa kwekugadzirwa kwavo kwekutanga kwakabvumira mamwe generalizations. Kuwanda kwenhamba yemapuroteni, kuvapo kwezvose makumi maviri amino acids inhu , iyo inonyanya kuwanda glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine uye little tryptophan, arginine, methionine, histidine. Kusiyanisa kunongova mapoka mashomanana emapurotini, somuenzaniso, histones. Izvo zvinodiwa kuti DNA isungirire uye ine zvakawanda zve histidine.

Chipiri chekuita: mune mapuroteni akawanda ane maitiro akawandisa mune kushandiswa kwemamino acid. Asi kunyange muzvinyorwa zvepolpeptiptide kure nemabasa ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kune zviduku zviduku zvakafanana zvemamolekoro.

Secondary structure

Nhengo yechipiri yekusunganidzwa kweketani yepepepeptide ndiyo yakagadzirirwa nzvimbo, iyo inochengeterwa nekuda kwehutano hweHyrogen. Kusiyanisa α-helix uye β-fold. Chikamu cheketani hachina chekugadzirisa, nzvimbo idzi dzinonzi amorphous.

Ita alpha inowedzera yepuroteni yese yepanyama yakarurama-ronda. Ride radicals ye amino acids mu helix inogara iri kutarisana nechokunze uye inowanikwa kumativi akatarisana e-axis yayo. Kana vasina nhepfenyuro, ivo vakabatanidzwa kune rumwe rutivi rwemhepo, zvichiita kuti arcs inoumba mamiriro ekushandura kwemavara akasiyana-siyana.

Beta-mapepa - zvakasimba zvakanyatsorongerwa-zvinowanzoenderana nemaprotein molecule kurutivi rumwe uye kuenzanisa uye kusina kufanana β-fold folders.

Chimiro chepamusoro cheprotheni

Nhamba yechitatu yekusangana kweprotein molecule ndeyekunyanya kwemaviringi, mapanga uye nzvimbo dzomukati munzvimbo yakagadzirwa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubatana kwemadivi emagetsi evanhu vanomirira mumwe nomumwe. Kubatana kwakadaro kwakakamurwa kuva mhando dzakasiyana:

• Hydrogen bonds zvinoumbwa pakati pe polar radicals;
• Hydrophobic - pakati pevanhu vasina R-polar;
• Electrostatic forces of attraction (ionic zvisungo) - pakati pemapoka ane mhosva;
• Dhifuridza bhujiro - pakati pezvinodhaka zve cysteine.

Rudzi rwekupedzisira rwebvumirano (-S = S-) inobatanidza zvakafanana. Kudzivisa mabhiriji kusimbisa mapuroteni, chimiro chavo chinova chakasimba. Asi kuvapo kwekubatana kwakadaro hakuna kudiwa. Semuenzaniso, cysteine inogona kuva yakanyanya muketani yepepepeptidi, kana kuti radicals yayo iri kurutivi rumwe uye haigoni kuumba "bhiriji".

Nhamba yechina yesangano

Quaternary structure haina kuumbwa nemaproteine ose. Chimiro chepuroteni pachikamu chechina chinoratidzwa nenhamba yemaketeni epepeptipti (protomers). Iyo inobatanidza nehutano hwakafanana nehutambo hwekare hwe sangano, kunze kwemabhiriji e disulfide. The molecule inoumbwa nemaitiro akawanda, rimwe nerimwe rine zvaro (kana zvakafanana) zvepamusoro.

Mapoka ose ehurongwa anoona mabasa ayo mapuroteni anozoita achaita. Chimiro chepuroteni pachikwata chekutanga chesangano chinonyatsotsanangura basa ravo rinotevera mumasero uye mhuka yose.

Mabasa emapuroteni

Zvakaoma kunyange kufungidzira kuti zvakakosha sei basa remapurotini mubasa rekamuri. Pamusoro pedu taifunga nezvemaitiro avo. Mabasa emapurotini anotarisa zvakananga pazviri.

Kuita sarudzo (yakarongeka) basa, inoumba hwaro hwe cytoplasm yeimwe sero rekugara. Aya mapurisa ndeaya makuru ezvese masero emasero paanenge akaoma ne lipids. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupatsana kwemasero kuva makamuri, mune imwe neimwe iyo maitiro avo anoenderera mberi. Ichokwadi ndechekuti kune imwe neimwe yakaoma yemagadzirirwo emagetsi mamiriro avo anodiwa, kunyanya pH yepakati inobata basa guru. Mapuroteni anovaka zvikamu zviduku zvinoparadzanisa sero mune izvo zvinonzi makamuri. Uye chiitiko chacho chairo chainzi kubhedzana.

Icho chinotungamirira basa ndechokutonga zvose kushandiswa kwesero. Izvo zvose enzymes kubva kumapuroteni akareruka kana akaoma.

Mhando ipi zvayo yekufamba kwezvisikwa (basa remisungo, kufamba kweprotoplasm muchitokisi, kuputika kwe cilia mune protozoa, nezvimwewo) kunoitwa nemaproteine. Chimiro chepuroteni chinovabvumira kuti vafambe, vagadzire michina uye zvindori. Ikutakura basa ndechokuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotakuriswa kuburikidza nechitemukisi chesero nemapuroteni anonyanya kutakura.

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nehomoni inowanikwa zvinonzwisisika: mahomoni akawanda muhutano ndiwo mapuroteni, somuenzaniso insulin, oxytocin.

Nzvimbo yekuchengetedza inosarudzwa nekuti mapuroteni anokwanisa kugadzira zvinyorwa. Somuenzaniso, salmon valgum, mukaka casinini, kudyara mbeu yemapuroteni - vane nhamba yakawanda yezvibereko.

Zvose zvinoshandiswa, majoka akafanana, mapfupa emasaga, mahwanda akaumbwa nemapuroteni, anotitungamirira kune rimwe rinotevera basa - rinotsigira.

Mapuroteni emakemikari inogamuchirwa, achiita kuti kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvivepo. Mune basa iri, glycoproteins uye lectins zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere - zvirwere zvekare uye kubatsiridza maitiro zvakabva kune mapuroteni. Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chekuvhara ropa kunobva pakuchinja mu fibrinogen protein. Madziro emukati ehuputi uye mudumbu zvakasungirirwa nechekuchengetedza kwemaprotini emukonde - lycins. Uturu huriwo mapuroteni anobva. Chikonzero cheganda, kuchengetedza muviri wemhuka, is collagen. Zvose izvi zvepuroteni zvinodzivirira.

Zvakanaka, basa rokupedzisira rinotungamirira. Iko kune mapuroteni anodzora basa rejenome. Ndiko kuti, vanotonga kudhinda uye kushandura.

Pasinei nokuti mapuroteni anoita sei, chimiro cheproteine chakagadziriswa nevasayenzi kwenguva yakareba. Uye zvino vari kuvhura nzira itsva dzokushandisa zivo iyi.