The kweropa maitiro emhuka pamusana shanduka kusimudzira nyika

The kweropa maitiro emhuka kwapfuura refu nzira inotungamirwa mukufamba shanduka pakukura munyika. It yakaumbwa pachinzvimbo chezvinhu wokugaya nhengo dzomuviri mhango, izvo mhuka yakakwirira kwave kuribvisa tsellomom kana yechipiri muviri mhango. Panguva ontogeny kweropa negadziriro mhuka yazova zvakasikwa basa rokuita, kureva kuchinjwa zvinovaka muviri, okisijeni, metabolic zvigadzirwa, hormone nevamwe pakugadzira chinokosha. Saka kunokosha kusanganisa ezvinhu ane muviri mupenyu, izvo zvinoita kuvimbika kwayo.

Full kweropa hurongwa zoologists, masayendisiti dzoga chinyakare fauna of zvakadai nemerteans, annelids, echinoderms, mollusks uye tumbuyu, kureva, nemakirasi chokuita mhando invertebrate. Dzavo kuzitateguru nemamiriro kweropa hurongwa yakanga yakasarira chaizvo - duku gadziriro pakakoromorwa, ane mhango pasina masero epithelial, iyo haina akasimbisa kutungamirirwa ropa riyerere. Modern invertebrate mamiriro nhungamiro kweropa ezvinhu ndiwo chaizvo chinyakare: mbiri huru longitudinal midziyo - the ventral uye dorsal nhema pamusoro uye pasi ura, ukuwo. Uye interconnected ne transverse tsinga kuti vafukidze ura ari mhete uye vane mapazi yakawanda zvomukati muviri uye pakavha. Panguva iyoyowo, rutivi kushanda kwava kuti ropa ventral mudziyo anochinja uye shure - mberi. Blood nemotokari basa inopiwa mutinhimira marwadzo ari dorsal mudziyo nzvimbo.

Mune Kushanduka kweropa ezvinhu mhuka iri nani nenzira dzakawanda kuti makirasi zvose. kukura kwayo haina akabva kubva zvikuru vascular ezvinhu invertebrates. Izvi inotsanangura yayo huru dzichipfekeka chepfungwa: kuvapo tsandanyama pulsating nhengo, inonzi mwoyo rinowanika mumamiriro chordates akaronga vamiririri - mune cyclostomes. Uyewo, sangano ropa kunoitika kutevera ventral mudziyo mberi, uye pamusoro musana - musana.

The kweropa maitiro pamusoro vertebrates ane chete zano STRUCTURAL, kunzwisisa uye zvakakwana izvo yakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro shanduka kwacho. Asi kwete vose shanduka kugadzirisa vaiva aromorphoses, kureva, mberi kuchinja morphological uye vasiri. The kuwedzera kunzwisisa kubva sangano kana kuti mamiriro haagoni kunzi mberi chinoratidza kuchinja kuchaita kuti mhuka, awana zvikuru. Mugore shanduka transformations ari kweropa ezvinhu chordates undoubted aromorphosis chaiva kukura mwoyo vari vamiririri kupfuura kare, uyewo intensification yawo basa uye paumbwe imwe namahwindo kweropa maitiro mukirasi jawed. Uyewo aromorphoses zvinokosha vaiona kushanduka huru nhumbi mwoyo uye kuparadzana kuyerera uye venous arterial ropa iri zvinokambaira, neshiri nemhuka.

The kweropa maitiro mhuka akaumba mwoyo uye ropa midziyo. Heart - negomba tsandanyama nhengo kuti ropa riyerere kuburikidza midziyo, kupomba naye. Kubva iye nhengo dzose ropa inofamba kuburikidza arteries, uye nhengo kubva pamwoyo - kuburikidza mutsinga ake. Heart mumakirasi akasiyana vertebrates kunogona monkey (pa cyclostomes) uye dvukamernym (hove),-chambered nhatu (amphibians, nezvinokambaira) uye mana chambered (shiri uye mhuka). Nokudaro, anatomi mwoyo vangasarudza mwero basal muviri yacho Muviri rinobvumira aparadzane mhuka poikilothermic uye mhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo. Mumamiriro chordates, nguva dzose kurarama mumvura, nyore nhungamiro sangano kweropa yezvinhu - ine chimwe kutenderera. Goho mhuka panyika zvinoda zvikuru muviri, dzinoratidzwa pakuonekwa pulmonary afemeruke, uye somugumisiro, panowanikwa riparadzirwe rechipiri, riri basa ropa gasi mukutsinhana mumapapu. The kweropa maitiro emhuka zvakaoma kuronga, pamwe nekupatsanurwa kubva systemic riparadzirwe wakakwana, iwo kunoratidzwa mana-chambered mwoyo, uye Kuwanikwa dzimwe yeChina, dzakadai placenta, uye mwoyo chaiyo pakati Willis denderedzwa ropa kutenderera.