Novella - chii ichocho? Tsanangudzo. Nhoroondo. Mabasa akanaka

Imwe yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepuroseti ndeyenyaya pfupi. Ndeipi iyo mharidzo yenyaya yaunodzidza kubva munyaya ino.

Tsanangudzo yezwi

Novella - chii ichocho? Izwi iri rinoreva imwe yemhando yezvinyorwa zveprose genre, inoratidzirwa nekupfupika, chimiro chakakomba, nzira isina kwaakarerekera yekuratidza, kusakwanisa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa uye nedouement isingatarisirwi. Muchirevo cheRussia chinotsoropodza, chiri tsika yekusiyanisa pakati pemashoko ekuti "nhau pfupi" uye "nyaya". Zvisinei, kusiyana kwepfungwa idzi mbiri hakusi nyore. Maererano naBom Eikhenbaum, inozwika inoratidzira chinangwa, asi nhoroondo yacho inoratidzirwa nenzira yakanyanya yepfungwa uye inonzwisisika yekurondedzera. Goethe akadana nyaya yeruzivo "chinhu chisina kuitika chechiitiko." B. V. Tomashevsky akashandura shoko rokuti "nhau" semutauro weRussia chaiwo wezwi rokuti "novella". Aya maonero akakodzera, sezvo mumitauro yakawanda kusiyana kweizvi pfungwa mbiri hakuiti zvachose.

Genetic origins

Mhando ye "nhau pfupi" inodzokera kumashoko evanhu, fables, proverbs uye anecdotes. Iko kunoshamisa kwezvinyorwa zvepagore zvenhoroondo dzeMiddle Ages zvakaguma zvichisvika muzvikamu zvakanyatsogadziriswa, umo maimba nemashiripiti zvakange zvakanyatsopindirana: "Mahombekombe ezvinyorwa", "Panchatantra", "Bhuku reSindbadova", "Khazar-Efsan", "Chiuru neusiku humwe". Mumabasa ose aya pane mavambo emanyori yemazuva ano. Kubva pane anecdote, iyi mhando yezvakaitika haisi mifananidzo, asi inofungidzira kana yakaipa. Kubva mu fable - kusava nekuvaka. Mutsva, mashekeri anoonekwa sechinhu chisina kusimba, uye izvi zvakasiyana nedheti.

Classical novel

MuneRaissance, maitiro makuru emhando iyi akafanirwa. Makirasiki novella anofanira kusanganisira tambo, kuguma uye denouement. Izvo zvinoratidzwa mubasa ndezvokuda. Asi kutanga kweizvi marudzi aya anosiyaniswa ne "zvisinga" zvisingatarisirwi (pointe), iyo, maererano neAristotle, inofananidzwa nenguva yekucherechedza kana kusagadzikana. Semuenzaniso, V. Shklovsky akatsanangura rumbiro kwete semuratiro we rudo rwese rwemufaro, asi sekunotsanangurwa kwerudo nezvipingamupinyi izvo vanhu vari kuedza kukunda. Nhoroondo yakakurumbira yevanovhesi muRenaissance yaiva "Decameron" naGivanvan Boccaccio.

Novella munhau

Novella - chii ichocho? Nguva imwe neimwe yekunyora yakapindura mubvunzo uyu nenzira dzakasiyana. Kukurukurirana kwakagadzirirwa pamhando iyi chirevo chekufungidzira. Mune "Sand Man Man" Hoffmann, mutsetse pakati pezviitiko chaiyo uye kududzirwa kwavo mufungwa yehero inopedzwa. Kusvikira nguva yezvokwadi muhupfumi nyaya yaisava nepfungwa nefilosofi, nyika yomukati yegamba inogona kutongwa nezviito zvake. Munyori haana kumbokupa maonero ake ezviri kuitika. Nekuuya kwezvokwadi, inoverengeka muhurukuro yayo yekare inonyangarika inopera. Icho chinzvimbo chinotsiviwa nemamwe marudzi eprose. MuRussia, nyaya yacho inotanga kuuya, iyo yakareba kwenguva yakareba shanduro yenyaya yacho. A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, W. Marlinsky, V. Odoevsky - vatenzi vanozivikanwa zvezvinyorwa zvishomanana.

Mabasa akanaka

Nhau, nhepfenyuro shoma dzemakore akasiyana-siyana inowanzokwezva kuverenga kwemuverengi wemazuva ano. Icho chinzvimbo chinounza rudiments yemanzwiro, fungiro, muchengeti. Edgar Poe pakati pezana remakore rechi19 akanyora zvishamiso zvinoshamisa, zvakadai se "Kuwa kweImba yeVashandi", "Ligeia", "Nyaya yeMakomo Makomo", "William Wilson". Uyu munyori anomira pamudzi wekuvandudzwa kwezvakaitika ("Golden Beetle") uye muchengeti (Novels pamusoro peSergeant Dupin) prose. O. Henry nyaya dzinogara dzichizivikanwa. Iyi nyanzvi yemafungiro emasikirwo akaumbwa inoverengeka ine kaviri twist, yenhema uye yechokwadi, iyo muverengi asina kugadzirira. Iyo nyaya "Zvipo zveMagi", "Mutungamiri weRedskins", "Sasha reRussia", "Debut Tildi" inowanikwa mune imwe mweya. Novella - chii ichocho? Prosper Marime, Guy de Maupassant, Tofil Gauthier, Anton Chekhov, Conan Doyle, Ludwig Tik - mumwe wevanyori ava vakapindura mubvunzo uyu nenzira dzakasiyana uye akaratidza kuti mumhando yeprose duku iwe unogona kugadzira kunyatsoita.