Patriarch naHerimogene. Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia naHerimogene

Vatendi vari Russia kubvira kare, uye kuva vanhu vaitya Mwari, nyore kuvanhuwo zvavo uye vatengesi vakapfuma, uye vakadzi zvikuru tsika hwakanaka, uye rinobwinya vatongi. rudzi Russian Orthodox vanomuremekedza anorichengeta yake Mwari, kuvimba kudzivirira yavatsvene dzokudenga, anotsvaka uye anowana mavari rutsigiro pasi munzira yomudzimu yavo.

Brief Biography Serene Lords

ChiKristu muRussia ane mugove vatsvene zvikuru nevanozvitsigira. Patriarch naHerimogene hadzina imwe rinonyatsooneka hunhu wokuRussia nhoroondo chiKristu. Zvakawanda Biography munhu havasi aizvinzwisisa. Kusvikira ikozvino, vanyori venhoroondo dzekare zvikuru nharo pamusoro zvinokosha kwawakabva hwake uye zvichaguma.

Biography Patriarch naHerimogene azere guesswork. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akaberekwa muna Kazan, akanzi zita Ermolay. Musi chaiwo chimiro raakazvarwa harizivikanwi, vanyori venhau dzinoti 1530. On evanhu kwakatangira Patriarch zvachose Data havasi kuwanika. Maererano neimwe shanduro, naHerimogene ndowenyika genus Rurik-Shumsky, pane dzimwe - iye rinobva Don Cossacks. Vezvenhau vari nyore kudavira kuti yemberi St. naHerimogene, Patriarch of Moscow akanga achiri commoner, kazhinji zviri nyore chizvarwa "vanhu."

Yokutanga matanho Orthodoxy naHerimogene

Ermolai basa rake rakatanga muna Kazan Muponesi-Kuchinja Monastery munhuwo rechina mufundisi weChirungu ainzi. Chechi mupristi kereke St. Nicholas Kazan, anova muna 1579, muchirongwa Mutambo nokuwana pechiso Kazan Amai vaMwari uye vakanyora "The zvakaedza Chiitiko uye soluble nezvishamiso mufananidzo Kazan Amai vaMwari" akatuma Naizvozvo kuna chevaux Ivan anotyisa.

Makore mashomanana gare gare naHerimogene anotora monasticism uye nokukurumidza anova abbot wokutanga, uye ipapo Archimandrite Kazan Muponesi-Kuchinja wemamonk. NaHerimogene erection ane bhishopu uye kugadzwa Metropolitan Kazan uye Astrakhan yakaitwa May 1589.

In basa iri kwenguva refu, uye ndiye anenge 18 makore naHerimogene kushanda nesimba. With ake rubatsiro, akasikwa kuti guva vafundisi vemo, ndiyo nokushingaira popularize ari (kazhinji chisimba) chiKristu pakati vanhu Volga. Anomuchinja mhuri yose vainge vava kugarazve anokosha misha pasi pokudzora Russian Orthodox.

ChiKristu vakapararira kuRussia, kuti akariisa zvinyoronyoro, kwete chaizvo vakavimbika uye kuda nzira, kuti vanomumukira "vahedheni" vaibvumirwa kushandisa mumuviri chirango, Mapedhi uye akapfigirwa mujeri. Mune gwaro, yomusi January 1592, Metropolitan Job tateguru anouya pakuomerera kuti mumakereke zvose Orthodox dzakatangwa kurangarirwa vakafira kutenda kwechiKristu uye mauto avo vakaisa pasi misoro yavo Kazan nedziviriro 1552.

Baba naHerimogene akatora chikamu mune mhemberero pakati kuchinjwa zvisaririra mutsvene Germana Kazanskogo kubva guru kuguta Sviyazhsk, kwakaitika muna 1592. Nyaya tateguru Hermogen zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa mupiro wake huru pakuvaka pasi makereke Kazan Orthodox uye dzimba dzemamongi, pamusoro wake mubasa kugadza Borisa Godunova uye voruzhinji, pamwe kutora chikamu akawandisa vanhu vachinyengetera vari parusvingo Novodevichy chechechi.

Paumbwe atateguru

Muna 1605 yokuRussia choushe muchidimbu akatora Venhema Dmitry I - Rogue, achinyepedzera kuva Prince Dmitry, uye vari chokwadi vakapukunyuka kubva Chudov Monastery mudhikoni Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan naHerimogene ainzi Nouveau "changamire" kune dare kushanda pachinzvimbo chevatatu Seneta, asi akanga pasi kunyadziswa nokuda ndechokuti tenzikadzi Polish aida kubhabhatidzwa Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek pamberi "changamire" kumuroora.

May 17, 1606, pashure pfupi ushe, Dmitry Wenhema akadzingwa yokuRussia choumambo uye nzvimbo yake rakatorwa rokupedzisira worudzii Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Mumwe zvisarudzo ake okutanga Akabviswa Bhishopi Ignatius (zviya, aichimbova protege Polish) uye kuvakwa Metropolitan pakati Kazan uye Astrakhan kusvika pachinzvimbo chevatatu Patriarch pakati All Russia. Patriarch of Moscow uye Russia All, zvingatadzisa chisarudzo ichi vakanga vachigere kugadzira. Panzvimbo ino, Patriarch naHerimogene aiva chechi anoshingaira uye zvematongerwo enyika zvainanga kusimbisa Orthodoxy ari Russian mamiriro.

Great protege kwokutenda kwechiKristu, oga pamusoro chehondo vavengi Russia, Patriarch naHerimogene, pfupi Biography riri asingakwanisi anobvumawo tsananguro hwake, zvinhu zvikuru, pamavambo, kutenda kwake kusingazununguki guru Mwari, ake haripindiki nekusimba mukati nezvaaitenda, inonzi kurudyi kare 'zvakaoma nedhaimani' uye 'muporofita mutsva "yeRussian nyika.

The political ezvinhu Russia

Patriarch naHerimogene, Photo mifananidzo yakajeka:

Zvematongerwo enyika muna State Russian panguva iyoyo yakanga isina chaizvo. Choushe wakapfuura paruoko mumwe, pamwe aiparadza nokukurumidza. Chero bedzi mumwe neusiku May 1606, soro boyars, akatungamirirwa Vasiliya Shuyskogo (mumiririri mumwe mukuru mhuri kwomuchinda, muzukuru machinda Suzdal, mumiriri wekupedzisira worudzii Rurik) hapana yakarongwa kumukira.

Chinangwa chaiva sapakuparadzwa wokuRussia choushe pamwechete Venhema Dmitry I uye kugadzwa Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Kupedza basa iri kubva zvose yemo casemates pachivande nevasungwa dzakapiwa zvombo, uye mangwanani Moscow yakadzokorora yambira aramu, vakakoka vanhu kuti Red Square.

vanhu Russian, ndaneta kokumanikidza Polish, boka akadurura padenga mumigwagwa kuti kumirira maoko boyars. Panguva iyoyo, apo huru, veropa boka vakamhanyira hwokuuraya Poles, nomuzongoza revapanduki, vachitungamirirwa Shumsky, akaputsa mukati dzokugara hwamambo uye noutsinye akauraya Venhema Dmitry I. 1 June 1606 Shuya pamutemo akatora chigaro panguva rutsigiro isiyo pakati neChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia. Kuti vanhu yakarurama chisarudzo ichi vagutsikane, tateguru of Moscow uye Russia All, akapa mvumo yokuti aina Uglich kusvikira guru zvisaririra zviri Tsarevich Dmitry, vakanga kufuka pachena kuratidzwa musi 3 June iroro.

yokutambudzika

Zvisinei, ichi chipimo haana kubereka zvakakodzera mugumisiro. Pasati mitatu pashure zvinorondedzerwa, zvose Russia akatanga kuparadzira runyerekupe pamusoro kunoshamisa kununurwa Dmitry, kuti iye zvichipomerwa kutiza pamaoko vamukira. Zvakare Ndakagomera pamwe kusafara Russian munyika. Mauto vakaungana nechokuchamhembe ehurumende akaramba kuteerera mambo. Patriarch naHerimogene voga nguva vavhunduswe yokuRussia nyika yaiva pedyo akazodzwa naMwari, mambo Basil.

Mamiriro akapoteredza matsva Russian changamire kawedzera kusagadzikana, vazhinji kutsigira Shuisky pamberi boyars uye vafundisi vakatsauka kwaari chete naHerimogene, Patriarch of Moscow, uyo kazhinji zvaiswa pasi kurwiswa uye kunyadziswa, stoically akaramba kudzivirira mambo. Muenzaniso nezvechiitiko chakaitika munguva yechando 1609, apo pavaiedza Shuisky deposition revanhu vakamhanyira Kremlin kunyengetedza boyars kubvisa mambo Basil, Patriarch naHerimogene yakatorwa uye kuendeswa kunzvimbo kuuraya.

Uye kunyange ikozvino, pakati kwehasha vazhinji mukweguru akanga achiedza kudzikamisa shoko vanhu vakarurama vaMwari, kuti abvume "kuti vasaratidza kwaDhiyabhorosi rokunyengera." nguva ino, kubvuta masimba akatadza, kunonyanya kukonzerwa uchenjeri uye kusimba hwekutaura, tateguru akati. Asi murayiro vanhu mazana matatu akakwanisa kutiza vanyengedzeri ari mumusasa idzva Tushino anoedzesera.

The yakachinja Troubles Russian

Zvichakadaro, mune hurumende yakatanga kunaya zviitiko pave nokuchinja unyatsoshanda Troubles. Rimwe chando mazuva yechando muna February 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky anopinda chibvumirano ne mutongi Swedish Charles IX. yokuzviparadzanisa Swedish masoja akatumwa Novgorod uye akaisa pasi murayiro muzukuru wamambo vatongi Skopin-Shumsky.

United Saka Russian uye Swedish muchiuto vakabudirira vakarwisa uto Tushino anoedzesera, vakavadzinga kubva kumusoro-kumadokero Russia. Kusaina Shumsky uye Charles IX chesungano uye mukova kunyika wokuRussia ari Swedish muchiuto zvakasimbisa pakutanga yakazaruka muchiuto offensives wePolish King Sigismund musi Russia. Mumatsutso chete gore, hondo Polish akaenda Smolensk, vachitarisira nyore kubatwa kweguta. Asi pane zvakanga!

Smolensk noushingi uye noumhare, anenge maviri yakareba makore, vakaramba yakakuwandira pakati Poles. Pakupedzisira, vakawanda Polish Army kutamiswa kubva Tushino kuna rakakombwa Smolensk, uye pakupera kwegore kubva Tushino kusvika Kaluga akamhanya anozviita munyengeri. In mangwanani chitubu musasa 1610 mupanduki rakaparadzwa zvachose uye musi waMarch 12, vanhu guta guru vakasangana pamwe nechido uto Skopin-Shumsky. chityiso achitora dambudziko-Maker muMoscow pamusoro, asi izvozvo hazvirevi kuguma hondo kamwechete vavengi maviri - inovandira panzvimbo Kaluga uye munyengeri vakanga vagara zvakasimba pana Smolensk Sigismund.

Shumsky nzvimbo panguva ino zvishoma akasimbiswa, kana pakarepo anofa muzukuru wake Hero Skopin-Shumsky. rufu rwake zvinotisvitsa aiparadza zvechokwadi zviitiko. Uto Russian vakaswedera Smolensk pamusoro Poles, pasi murayiro munin'ina wake mambo zvachose pedyo nomusha Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski akatungamirira Polish mauto akanga muMoscow uye vakatora Mozhaisk. Anoedzesera, vaiunganidza Zvisaririra revarwi nokukurumidza vakatamira kurutivi rwezasi guru.

Chevaux Vasily deposition. hiakindi Patriarch

Vose zvinouraya zviitiko izvi mucherechedzo njodzi Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Pakati chirimo 1610 vapanduki vacho vakapinda Kremlin Yakabata boyars, Patriarch naHerimogene vachidanidzira sapakuparadzwa mambo, akanga nechisimba vakabviswa Kremlin. Ishe Church remuSamoa zvakare kuti kudzikamisa nemafungu vazhinji, nguva ino haana vamunzwe. Mambo wokupedzisira nhengo rudzi yekare Rurik Akabviswa kubva pachigaro Russia, simba mumongi uye "vakatapwa" iri Chudov wemamonk, riri (kunotangira kuparadzwa kwayo) kumabvazuva chikamu Kremlin panguva Imperial Square.

NaHerimogene, Patriarch of Moscow uye haina kuramba basa raMwari uye namambo Basil, izvo pasinei zvose vaiona vechokwadi vakazodzwa kuti Russian choushe. Mhiko sezvo mamongi Shumsky haana kuziva nokuti kuti chinodiwa kuti basa mhiko ndiyo ezita mashoko dzomuchato zvinonzwika zvakananga vaya vakava mumongi.

Kana mhiko Vasily Shoko renunciation zvose zvenyika zvose zvaakanga pakabudisa Tyufyakin Prince - mumwe vapanduki nechisimba akapidigura mambo pachigaro chake. Zviya, Patriarch naHerimogene akanga vakazoroorwa Tyufyakina akadana mumongi. At deposition Shumsky, maererano kare, anouya kuguma kwehurumende uye mabasa enyika vaIshe uye anotanga ushumiri hwake rubatso Orthodoxy.

Simba guru iri zvakazara akabatwa boyars. Patriarch muwisira kunyadziswa, hurumende vakagamuchira zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "Boyars Zvinomwe" matsi zvose zvinodiwa, matanho, zano uye vanorumbidza naHerimogene. Asi, pasinei pakarepo deafened boyars, panguva ino chikumbiro chake vakanzwa zvikuru kwazvo uye zvakasimba, zvichipa simba riwedzere kuti kuda Russia kubvira "aSatani hope."

Kurwira chigaro

Pashure deposition pamusoro Vasily boyars vakamira pamberi mubvunzo unokosha - vanoita chamber mutsva Russia. Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi Zemsky Sobor akanga kuunganidzwa, panguva iyo nemaonero, vakakamura pakati pevatongi. NaHerimogene vakaramba nemaonero kudzokera choumambo Vasiliya Shuyskogo, zvakanaka, kana kana izvi hazvibviri mune kuzodzwa mumwe wamachinda Golitsyn kana Mwanakomana Rostov Metropolitan muduku Mikhail Romanov.

Sematunziro bhishopi mumachechi ose Orthodox kuita minyengetero kuna Mwari kuti kusarudza kuRussia chamber. Boyars, akavapindurawo, kutsigira sarudzo kusvika Russian choushe, mwanakomana mutongi Polish Sigismund, muchinda Vladislav. The Poles zvaiita kwavari chiduku zvakaipa zvichienzaniswa vazviidza Venhema Dmitri II uye ake Tushino "hondo." Patriarch oga kuona sei nengozi Russia richava vakasarudzwa nzira boyars.

Musateerera naHerimogene boyars akatanga kwakadzama nehurumende wePolish. Mugumisiro hurukuro idzi kwaiva chibvumirano remakurukota manomwe pamusoro okuzodza Prince Ladislas mambo. Uye bhishopi akaratidza zvose kusimba hunhu hwake pano. Akaisa mberi ezvinhu akawanda muchinyatsongwarira - Vladislav haagoni kuva Russian chamber pasina vachidziendesa kutenda Orthodox, Prince rubhabhatidzo vanofanira kutora nzvimbo pamberi pakasvika Moscow, akaroora Vladislav achava chete musikana Russian, kupururudza ukama vose Catholic Pope uye katolizizmom yose kuonekwa. Sent pamwe izvi zvinodiwa kuti Poles, nhume dzakadzokera asina mhinduro yakajeka tateguru akati kuti kana kurambirwa Prince vakabhabhatidzwa kuzombotaurazve hurukuro pamusoro okuzodza kwaari chigaro kutaura haangavi kuitwa.

kurasisa Semiboyarshina

Kudzokera Sigismund vakatuma nhume inotungamirirwa Metropolitan Filaret uye Prince Golitsyn nemirayiridzo yakajeka kuti Patriarch anokosha zvinoda kubva Vladislav kuitwa Orthodoxy. NaHerimogene akaropafadza nhume nokupa atenderwa kumira zvakasimba kudiwa ichi, uye kwete kukundwa chero mazano mambo wePolish.

Zvino Patriarch itsva ndavhiyiwa kuvhunduka. 21 September, usiku, vanokudzwa nokunyengera akazarura magedhi guru mauto Polish rinotungamirirwa Hetman Zolkiewski. Ishe vakaedza mupanduki chiito ichi. Asi boyars vose vakabvuma nokutsamwa kuna tateguru, chechi ndiyo chinhu kuvhiringidza zvenyika. Sigismund pachake vakasarudza kutora Russian pachigaro, chaizvoizvo chete kubatana Russia kuna Speech Pospolitnoy. A vakawanda boyars aida vanopika kuvimbika mambo wePolish. Uyewo, kuRussia mumiriri zvakasimba akazadzisa murayiro watateguru, dare achidzivirira national zvido wokuRussia ehurumende uye chiKristu Orthodox.

Rimwe zuva Ishe Germagen nyaya vanhu Russian, vachivakurudzira kuisa kushora nesananguro vokuPoland mambo mutongi Russia. Hot, akazadzwa akarurama tateguru kutaura yakasvika chinangwa chacho, akawana mumwe ungira mu mweya vanhu Russian.

Boyars akatuma mumwe tsamba pamwe vabvumirana vzoshestvii Mambo Sigismund, asi nokuda kwokushayiwa wake siginicha Serene Patriarch pakati vamiriri Russian akaratidza kuti kubvira panguva yakare paivhu Russian chero basa, kana paruzhinji kana rokunyika, yakatanga Council of Orthodox kwevafundisi. Uye ndiye padanda iri mudare dzakaoma kuramba yokuRussia hurumende pasina mambo, ipapo kuva huru mugoveri kunze tateguru Bole hapana uye kugadzirisa chero basa haagoni kuva pasina yake murayiro. Akatsamwiswa Sigismund matsime Nhaurirano zvose, nhume dzakadzokera Moscow.

Winter manheru muna 1610 Venhema Dmitry II akapondwa, sparking muchifarisisa pakati chipo vanhu Russian. Kuramba vakatanga kuva kunoda kudzingwa pakati Poles kubva Russian nyika. Kuti dzakararama vamwe uchapupu Poles pachavo nguva ino. Vanoti Patriarch of Moscow pachivande dzakapararira wemirayiro guta, iro rinokurudzira vanhu kuti dziite, uye nokukurumidza kuswedera guru kudzivirira Orthodox kutenda kwechiKristu uye makatodzinga dzimwe nechisimba.

Monument kuti tateguru naHerimogene Dzvuku Square muMoscow:

Kwekuoma kutenda uye heroism of Patriarch

Uye zvakare kuna Patriarch naHerimogene akaba kutyisidzira. Polish vatengesi uye evatsigiri vakasarudza kuparadzana bhishopi kubva munyika kumisa mushumo atateguru kuteterera vanhu.

January 16, mauto 1611 muAtlantic mune ateteguru muchivanze farmstead vakapamba, uye Ishe pasi kunyadziswa uye kusekwa. Asi pasinei kutopedza voga, anodana Russian Orthodox Church of St. akagoverwa pakati pavanhu. maguta Russian, nokuti umpteenth nguva vakasimuka achidzivirira ehurumende. Varwi vakamhanyira kumasvingo guru kuti rusununguko rwayo kubva Polish nechisimba. Muna February 1611, tateguru pakati vatengesi akabviswa uye mujeri naye murima mugomba iri wemamongi Chudov, apo nenzara uye zvimwe pokuzvipira.

Ishe naHerimogene yakapondwa 17 January 1612 gore. Kunyange zvazvo vanyori vezvakaitika kare havana nekubvirana pasi nyaya iyi. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo, tateguru vakafa nenzara, pane dzimwe - nayo nemaune yakazarawo carbon monoxide kana utsinye zvakadzipwa.

Vamwe nguva pashure pokufa mukuru Moscow akanga asina nokuvapo mairi pakati Poles, uye February 21, 1613 yokuRussia choushe maigara Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, uyo naHerimogene akanyengetera Mwari mubvunzo.

Pakutanga, tateguru akavigwa Miracle wemamonk. Zvadaro, mutumbi waIshe, kwakasarudzwa kutamira nokufungidzira Cathedral - a pantheon kuti vafundisi yakakwirira muMoscow. It Vakawana kuti simba mutsvene yakaramba incorrupt, nokuti mapfupa havana pasi pavhu. Patriarch canonization kwakaitika muna 1913.