Kutaurwa rokutanga Moscow mu yaMakoronike aishamwaridzana zita Grand Duke. Iro gore akaona kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga?

History of Ancient Russia - a anonakidza nguva tichitarisa ari nyanzvi zvinofarirwa nomunhu uye anoda. Yakanga kuchangotanga, yakaumbwa uye yakatanga-siyana socio-zvoupfumi, socio-enyika kwendangariro. Pane maguta dzakawanda idzo achiripo kusvikira nhasi. Ndiye iyi muridzi kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga.

A zvishoma kare

Kana kuti munhu pfupi karwendo kupinda kare venyika yedu kure, tinogona kuona kuti kugarwa vanhu pano vaiva mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. Chokwadi, yaiva yakasarira chaizvo chaizvo, asi izvi kunotangira zvose. pezvakaitwa Active dzinotama, vachifora panguva, akabvumira kugadzirisa uye kuwana kupfuura yakanakira nzvimbo iyi, mumwe wavo anova East European Plain, kunyanya Upland. It Vakamhanyira pano Proto-necheSalvic madzinza, riri kure racho weGermany uye necheSalvic Balt pachakwo. Kunyange pashure pakava nekupesana pakati necheSalvic gobvu mapoka matatu: kumadokero, kumaodzanyemba uye kumabvazuva. Sezvingatarisirwa, gore kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga achiri kure kure. Zvisinei, Slavs kugara mundima ramangwana Russia, uye pedyo guru rakatanga dzikamhara ari kupfuura hwomutambarakede kuti nharaunda iyi - Borovitsky Hill.

First kuona: Chronicle of Moscow

In dzakaitika nesayenzi zvakakurumbira shanduro chitarisiko muMoscow mumazuva mamiriro paumbwe Eastern Slavs mangwanani. Zvechokwadi, matongo uchapupu anotibvumira kuti munzvimbo ino paiva yokugara, uye zvikuru yakatanga. Zvisinei, kuti nharo kuti aiva Moscow, imi hamugoni. Yokuti hapana zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa pamusoro hunhu ichi hachisi, uye saka, chikonzero kuva nechivimbo kana. The huru Gwaro iri nhoroondo Russia yekare ndiyo "zvakaedza zvekare Years" Nestor mumongi. Kana isu ukanyatsoongorora izvozvo, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti chete kuitika wegumi remakore, kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga. Musi chiitiko ichi vemunyika 1147, kana unogona kudzidza zvinhu zvitsva zvishoma kunaka zita "Mosquito". Kazhinji, panguva iyoyo, nharaunda iyi ichienzaniswa nedzimwe maguta North-Eastern Russia, zvinogona kunzi nani shure, uye guta rakanga matsi uye okumaruwa.

Natural zvakwakanakira uye kufanoona Prince

Zvisinei, nzvimbo iri chaizvo iri pedyo munharaunda yakakura, saka akakwezva meso nemachinda vezvinzvimbo zvose. Asi kuoneke Moscow muchabuda refu chaizvo nguva. Nzvimbo nenguva imwe nguva akatora chinoshamisira kuti mwanakomana muduku Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky zita remadunhurirwa. Sezvo Rostov-Suzdal machinda, naiyewo akatarira kuna Kiev, asi aiziva kuti internecine kutamburira zvinokosha kuva chakasimba shure. Uye guta rekare vaiva rakanyatsorongwa uye simba Knights mapoka. Uyezve, guta raiva, nenzira yokufananidzira, pakati zvinhu Russian, yaiva nyore chaizvo kuti nokurwiswa anenge ose makuru zvemisoro of North-East. Saka, zviri kutaurwa Moscow chokutanga chokuita nezita Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich, pano munhu kanzuru wokurwa, akakumbira shamwari yake kurwira ukuru kuRussia uye hama Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich.

Hypotheses uye makakatanwa

Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, pakati dzekare hakuna vabvumirana pamusoro gore nheyo guta. Izvi imhaka kuzvipokanidza kuti zvinowanikwa yaMakoronike, pasinei chokwadi kuti chokuita 1147 kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga. Musi muna mubvunzo, nekuti mune mamwe yaMakoronike mashoko kuti muna 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky pa nzvimbo guru yemberi akavamba nhare. Kunyange zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva ino akatonga Kiev, uye kana akanga akavaka Moscow iyi, zvino chiitiko ichi kuti mumatauriro zvinyorwa. Zvisinei, pachiitiko ichi kunobva anochengeta runyararo ari gahadziko. Pasinei kutaurwa Moscow muna 1147, dzekare vanoti panguva iyoyo vanouti yokugara dzakazara haadaro. masayendisiti Most tenda kuchiri gore nedzokuisa nhare uye madhorobha kugarwa pamusoro 1153. Panguva kuti Rostov-Suzdal muchinda aiva munzvimbo idzodzo, saka tinogona kufungidzira shanduro iyi.

Kuchkovo - Moscow

Zvisinei, Yuri achiziva akataura muguta. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, Moscow kwakaita nzvimbo inoita mukana zvikuru uye yakanaka kupfuura nemunyika zvokuti gavhuna anonyatsonzwisisa. Kunyange apo Kiev muchinda, iye opedza chikamu chake pazvinovaratidza Moscow nezvinhu. mutemo uyu akaramba uye mwanakomana wake Andrew Bogolyubskii, asi kutaura kuti panguva iyoyo Moscow yaiva huru inokosha kukosha, hazvibviri. Raiva diki kuyambuka muganhu nguva, apo vakayambuka muganhu ukuru, dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Zviri nyore nzvimbo Moscow pfuma akabatanidza kupondwa Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Idzi vaiva duku uchidzingana Boyar Stepan uye akadana Kuchkovo. Achida kutendeuka nhaka mumba yavo, pakutanga ainyengetedza Prince Stepan kupa nzvimbo iyi, asi intransigence pamusoro Boyar kwakaita kuti aurayiwe, uye kusagutsikana pakati boyars 'Estates, zvakazoita vakarangana uye kupondwa Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, guta guru ramangwana yacho akanzi Monomakh.

Basa vatsivi Aleksandra Nevskogo kukura Moscow kwakaita simba

Asi kubudirira guta raiva anononoka chaizvo. Kubva apo yakatanga kutaurwa yaMakoronike Moscow, uye kusvikira panguva dzakadai sezvo anowana yayo simba, yave anopfuura hafu remakore. Chete muzana remakore namatatu, zvakatanga kutora zvinhu hombe madhorobha kugarwa uye rinokosha zvine urongwa pfungwa. Kutaurwa rokutanga Moscow yake kugona itsva inowira munguva iyi. Izvi zvinoratidza nokuwedzera simba kweguta pamusoro pezvinhu-Russian zvose. maruva True rinotanga pashure Alexander Yaroslavovich, akagamuchira nokuda kwake ugamba remadunhu- Nevsky, asiya nhaka kumwanakomana wake muduku, Daniel. Pakutanga, muchinda muduku akagumbuka kuti ane rundown kweutongi, asi sezvo Mougins, akatanga kunzwisisa kukosha nharaunda ino nezvainoita mutemo Russia nguva kusabatana. Ari munzira dzose kukusimbisa achishandisa dynastic dzimba, uto rehondo. Not yokupedzisira basa rakanga reDare uye muchinda oumhizha. Pakazopera kwake ushe, hugota of Moscow uye guta kwave zvikuru zvinokosha vorongerwa utongi munyika.

Daniilovich ari kurwira ukuru

Kunyanya zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuwedzera Moscow nokuti kuti tsaru nzvimbo (Kiev, uye ipapo Vladimir) rinosvava zvishoma nezvishoma vachipinda basa, uye yakatsviriridza Tver uye zvakafanana "yendarama-domed". Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo kukosha matambudziko sangano iri paruzhinji sezvo neChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia,. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, mumaguta dzokugara rikashamiswa kubva Vladimir kuMoscow. Iwo chokwadi, kwaireva nomusiyano yakawedzera chinzvimbo uye simba yokupedzisira. Chiitiko ichi chakaitika kuti chikonzero, uye waiva mugumisiro kure anoona zvakanaka mutemo pamusoro Moscow machinda. The inokosha mirayiridzo wakasiyiwa Daniilom Aleksandrovichem, zvakaramba vatsivi vake: Yuri, vasina kusiyana enyika pfungwa, uye Ivan akagara pachigaro choushe pashure pokufa munin'ina wake. Ivan, zita remadunhurirwa Kalita ndiye zvechokwadi mugadziri kunosimbisa pokudzora muduku asi chinzvimbo guta. Zvaive munguva yake Mongol khans vakapa kuripwa mutero iri mumaoko Moscow vatongi.

dzezvematongerwo

Apo Prince kuoneka venhoroondo, izvo zvinosanganisira panotaurwa rokutanga yenhau Moscow kusvikira wepfumbamwe, uye kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore rechisere. izvi zvose zvakaitwa kuti kupembedza kodzero muguta uye hugota pakutanga munyaya-Russian zvose. Machinda boyars dare vaitsigira shanduro iyi zvakasimba. Kalita Gwaro zvakaramba vanakomana vake Ivan Red, akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti wake wakanaka kuonekwa, uye Semyon Proud, kuzivikanwa nokutaurisa kuzvikudza. Vakati kuchinja rondedzero chinangwa zvishoma "kusakara" guta guru ramangwana. Zvisinei, zviri pachena kuti kutaurwa rokutanga yenhau Moscow pacharo venhoroondo vakatendeka, hachisi chokwadi, uye izvi zvinoitwa setsikawo kuti vavariro enyika. Dmitry Ivanovich zvakatonyanya simbisa aitungamirira nzvimbo muguta, vakakunda mubvunzo pamusoro Mongol-wechiTatar mauto ari Kulikovo munda muna 1380. Zvisinei, makore maviri gare gare, mutsva bvuta nechisimba akabata guta romuromo, uye akaendeswa nokupisa anenge zvachose.

Family kusawirirana pamusoro nhaka Moscow

Mune ramangwana, pakati venhaka kurwirana simba, akagamuchira munhau mabhuku ave hondo huru feudal. peji ino munhau Russian uzere dzakaipisisa nguva. The weNobel akabuda Vasily II Dark, uye mwanakomana wake, Ivan III, kokutanga kubva feudal kusabatana anopiwa zita Grand Muchinda All Russia uye Moscow yakava guta guru dzibatane Russia. Zvadaro, guta zvakatowanda kusimbisa uye richikura. Maererano zvaanorumbidza kubudikidza vatengesi British, wakanyanya kweLondon. chinzvimbo chacho sechinhu guru Moscow akaramba kusvikira kweDzimba St. Petersburg uye makore mazana matatu akabvuma muchanza kusvika kuchamhembe guta. Zvisinei, muna 1918 nesimba Bolsheviks, iye zvakare akava guru pakutanga RSFSR ipapo USSR.

Moscow: kubva guru weutungamiriri kusvikira guru Russia

Saka unogona runako zvishoma pfungwa huru chokuita hwaro uye kugadzira yeguta: kutaurwa wokutanga yaMakoronike Moscow sezvo yokugara diki kuti mamiriro hombe uye simba renyika. Nenzira iyi, zvave ndavhiyiwa dzakawanda kuchinja zvakafanana uye ukuru simba rayo pamusoro mukuru weboka zviitiko. Kunyanya, mwanakomana Basil Dark akavaka Kremlin sezvo tinogona kucherechedza nenguva yedu, dzvuku chidhinha. The yose risingakanganwiki peguta yakavakwa kuMiddle Ages, uye ipapo chete zvishoma achinja. Kunyange zvazvo vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaputsa yakawanda makopi, achiratidza hypotheses pamusoro nguva apo kugarwa, pane vakawanda vaibvuma maonero kuti kutaurwa Moscow rokutanga Mikoko kune wechigumi nemiviri remakore, uye anonzi muvambi Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Gore rokutanga kutaurwa vakaziva 1147. Zvino guta riri rimwe remaguta makurusa munyika uye guta guru munyika yedu.