10 Zvishoma-nezvaanoziva pamusoro yakakurumbira Captain James Cook

Dzheyms e aiva aidzidzisa, uyo panguva upenyu hwake pfupi vakakwanisa kuhwina rudo shamwari uye kuremekedzwa nomuvengi. Vaongorori vakashamiswa nemashoko ake vakararama-kushanda uye kunyatsoshanda. Akaita Reisen miviri yakapoteredza nyika, akakwanisa mukwanisi nyika mepu uye kuongorora kumaodzanyemba zvomuPacific Ocean uye kweArctic chando. Anenge makore 150 apfuura kubva chikepe chake "Yokuita" (the Yokuita, zvinoreva "kushanda") kokutanga yakawira kumabvazuva pamhenderekedzo Australia. Pazasi pane 10 zvishoma-nezvaanoziva pamusoro Captain Cook, uyo panguva mambakwedza rake basa, akavimbisa kuti kushambira "kure sezvinobvira."

1. Cook akaenda kushumira Navy nekaupenyu vanonoka

Ndisati ndabva Navy, Cook akashanda papurazi kuYorkshire. At 17, iye wechi yezvokutengeserana rengarava, ngarava Walkers hama. Iye nechikepe ngarava siyana wekambani kweanenge makore 10, nesimba kudzidza cartography, jogirafi, masvomhu uye wekushandisa. Dzheyms e akaramba kuisa mukuru chikepe achitengesa uye pachinzvimbo akabatana Royal Navy sezvo kuzvikepe. Cook aiva nemakore 26 okuberekwa. Command dzinenge pakarepo akaonga tarenda uye zvakaitika vatsva, uye makore maviri gare gare akava tenzi mubiki, uye makore mashoma gare gare akapiwa murayiro wake chikepe.

2. Aiva nyanzvi cartographer

Mumakore manomwe 'War cartographic unyanzvi James Cook akabatsira Britain kuhwina Hondo Quebec. Muna 1760, musi yake muchikepe, iye Akaongorora chitsuwa Newfoundland, raiva nemhenderekedzo Canada. The mepu akasika Cooke aiva yakarurama chaishandiswa kusvikira pezana XX remakore. unyanzvi Captain Cook vari wekushandisa uye wekushandisa vava huru zvombo waro tsvakurudzo mabasa. Akabvumirwa kusiya imwe rwendo pasi pose ari dzavo chikepe kuti mukuru zvakadini nokuti akakwanisa, kufanana hapana mumwe, kufamba mu sazivikanwa mumvura.

3. Wokutanga nyika kushanyira Captain Cook chokwadi muchivande basa

Wokutanga tsvakurudzo rwendo pakati Captain Cook akatanga muna August 1768, hurumende yeBritain basa wemutungamiri ake chikepe "Yokuita", iro vaisvika anenge zana rakarira. Pamutemo, rwendo rwacho aiva nechinangwa nesayenzi - kuchengeta ndima Venus pamusoro zuva muchadenga, asi chaizvoizvo mukuru aiva nechimwe basa - ". Great Southern Continent" kutsvaka Maererano zvekungofungira, uremu paNyika iri kure nechokumaodzanyemba. Cook nechikepe kune rechi40 yakafanana, asi kuwana aitodada yacho. Iye nechikepe kumativi New Zealand, achiratidza kuti chaizvoizvo zviri muzvitsuwa mbiri dzisina chokuita nepedyo. Munguva yake yechipiri rwendo pasi pose, Cook akaramba kutsvaka kwake wokumaodzanyemba kondinendi. Muna 1770, iye akananga kusimba pedyo Antarctica, asi rinorema chando vakamumanikidza kudzoka.

4. "Yokuita" rinenge akanyura pasi Great Chipingamupinyi Dzedu Dziri

Pashure yake yokutanga rwendo Cook akasarudza nechikepe kubva kuAustralia kuchamhembe. Nekuti akasarudza mvura isingazivikanwi, chikepe zvinosvika korari of Great Chipingamupinyi Dzedu Dziri. June 11, 1770 "vanoedza" rwakavhunika uye akatanga vazadze nemvura. chikwata chake, anotya kuparara, rava pachibvumirano pamwe vhinza, uye kunyange kukanda mu segungwa inorema pfuti uye emiti. The chikwata maawa anopfuura makumi maviri namahwindo mugomba, pashure iyo "Edza" akanga adzoka rokuAustralia chengarava. Pashure 2 pemwedzi kugadzira chikepe zvakare akagadzirira nechikepe kubva kumhenderekedzo.

5. Dzheyms e akashandisa nzira itsva kuti kudzivirira chakakuvara

Muzana XVIII remakore, chero rurefu achiperekedzwa chirwere chinouraya - chakakuvara, asi Cook akakwanisa kudzivisa kuonekwa panguva dzose vatatu kwayo kwenguva refu nzendo. Captain Cook akaedza kutenga zvokudya zvinyoro panguva ose chemabhazi. Uyezve, akaona kuti kuramba kushandiswa zvokudya zvakawanda mavhitaminzi anovava makabheji kunoderedza ngozi zvirwere. Panguva gadziriro dzakaitwa, Cook pakachengetwa matani makabheji. The chete dambudziko raiva kuti vafambisi vengarava vane dhishi ichi chinoshamisa. Cook akaenda wemanomano uye akakumbira nevabiki kuzviisa pasi zuva nezuva vatariri 'patafura sauerkraut. Vafambisi vechikepe vakaona kuti murayiro nokudya dhishi ichi, vakatanga kukumbira pachavo wedzera kuti zvaunodya.

6. vavengi Kunyange Britain vairemekedza Captain Cook

Pasinei nokuti rwendo kwakaitika Cook imwe nguva apo Britain akanga hondo pamwe vanoverengeka inoti, pakati pavo United States, Spain uye France, mukurumbira wake - kunoshamisa aidzidzisa aiongorora - akamutendera kuti kushambira mumvura muvengi ari hama makachengeteka. Muna July 1772, panguva yake yechipiri rwendo munyika, iyo dzechikwata Spanish muchidimbu wakavharirwa zvikepe ake, asi achiziva kuti mukuru wavo akanga Cook, vakatendera chikepe.

7. Captain Cook aitsvaka kumavirira ndima

Muna 1776, ndava nemakore 47, Cook akaenda ake exploratory rwendo rwechitatu. nguva ino, chinangwa chake chaiva kuwana Northwest Passage, iro rinobatanidza Pacific uye Atlantic mumakungwa. Skirting hafu pose, ngarava Cook vakananga kuchamhembe pamhenderekedzo yokumadokero Canada uye Alaska. Cook zvasvika zvinenge kune vanopfuura, kwete nechikepe anokwana 50 mamaira. Uyezve kutsvaga zvakanga zvisingaiti nokuda kukurumidza mberi chando. Extreme ezvinhu, ramakagadzwa paiva dzenzvimbo simba uye yakawanda inorema icebergs, vakauya chikwata kuna Cook nenjodzi. Kuona kufara vezvikepe ake, Cook akamanikidzwa kuenda shure.

8. Hawaiian zvemo vakatora Captain Cook samwari

Panguva wechitatu rwendo Dzheyms e akava wokutanga European kuisa rutsoka pamusoro Hawaiian Islands. An incredible madimbu ndechokuti nokusvika nezvikepe Royal Navy kuHawaii rakaenderana kupemberera wepagore mukukudza mwari wembereko. Sezvo vomunzvimbo havasati vamboona vanhu chena kana guru chikepe pamusoro ravakanga nechikepe, Cook neshamwari dzake vakatorwa vanamwari, uyo akasarudza kuenda pasi uye kutora zvipo. VokuEurope nechido pounced sezvipo, uye zvokudya, rinenge nokunyima zvemo kuti edibles. Avo "mwari" upenyu pamusoro apo mumwe vafambisi akafa nechirwere chomwoyo. Venyika iyo vakati vachiona vatorwa vanhu chena havasi chisingafi. Kubvira ipapo, ukama pakati Captain Cook uye marudzi Hawaiian vakanga kusvinwa zvakaipisisa.

9. Captain Dzheyms e akafa chinosemesa rufu

Muna 1779, ngarava Captain Cook aiva kumisa kuti kugadzira ari Bay of Hawaii. Panguva iyoyo, vagari vemo vakatanga kubata vaenzi utsinye kwazvo vokuEurope. Mushure zvemo vakaba chikepe kubva rimwe zvikepe, mukuru akatadza kudzora uye vakaburukira kunyika nezvaidiwa kudzorera pfuma. Cook uye boka duku revarume nezvombo vakaedza akakunda mutungamiri, asi vanhu veko aigona kununura. Kuedza kudzinga vagari vemo kubva mukuru navanhu vake, mungarava ngarava akatanga nokuridzira pfuti, mamwe akatsamwiswa uye vakatya zvizvarwa zvemo. Cook akamhanyira shure muchikepe, asi haana kuva nguva kumhanya navo. The zvemo vakamutema nematombo, uye wakakwidzwa uye akatanga kurova rinorema yemapuranga makirabhu. Mutungamiriri, ane mukuru aiedza kubatwa, vakakuvadza Cook banga. Mushure veko vanhu vakaziva kuti mukuru aurayiwa, vakagadzira muviri nevatsvakurudzi kuvigwa venguva inokudza vakakodzera mambo.

10. NASA akaita zita shuttles ayo pashure chikepe Captain Cook raMwari

Muupenyu hwake, Cook Akaongorora uye vakanyora mamiriro ayo pavanogadzira nhamba nzvimbo, kupfuura chero aiongorora XVIII remakore. incredible pamabasa ake kwakashamisa kwete chete vezvikepe, asi NASA vasayendisiti uye mainjiniya. Wechitatu university NASA ainzi pashure Cook kechitatu chikepe "Discovery". chomuruki wavo wokupedzisira ainzi "Yokuita", vachikudza wokutanga chikepe Captain Cook, paakange aita wokutanga rwendo munyika.