Estonian upfumi: tsanangudzo pfupi

upfumi Estonia ndiyo imwe mienzaniso vakabudirira zvikuru upfumi duku. Munguva dzenhamo, mamiriro akamborara usinganyanyi kuderera zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vaimbova dzeSoviet, uye ipapo nokukurumidza akapora. Nhasi Estonia ndeimwe vakapfuma, pane dzichiri kusimukira.

A Brief History of Estonian upfumi remakore rechimakumi maviri

Kwenguva refu, upfumi ndima, uko vemazuva Estonia, inobva kutengeserana. Kuburikidza Tallinn (ipapo guta rainzi Reval) uye Narva zvaikosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana unobatanidza Russia uye Western Europe. Narva River liaised pamwe Novgorod, Moscow uye muPskov. Mukuwedzera, kuMiddle Ages, Estonia chikuru nokutengesa zviyo zvirimwa Nordic munyika. The kwemaindasitiri zvimwe sectors (kunyanya matanda migodhi Mazinga) akatanga pamberi accession pamusoro muEstonia kuna Russian Empire.

Estonian Economy uye Russia yakatanga pavanoparidza musi mubereko yeRussian Empire muGungwa reBaltic tatarisana Swedish zvido. Accession kuna Russian Empire, nharaunda Estonia ano, iyo yakaumbwa vanotozvifarira uye Livonia, uyewo kwaita guru idzva (St. Petersburg) akaita akaderedza zvebhizimisi kukosha Tallinn uye Narva. Positive kukanganisa upfumi nyika yakanga agrarian kuchinja zvinhu 1849, pashure pacho aibvumirwa kutengesa kana risi nyika vanhuwo zvavo. By pakuguma XIX remakore varidzi kana varimi nyika vanenge 50% varimi vari kuchamhembe kwenyika uye 80% kumaodzanyemba uye pakati vemazuva Estonia.

Muna 1897, vanopfuura hafu yevagari (65%) vaiita basa rokurima nemauto, 14% aishanda maindasitiri nemauto uye zvakafanana nhamba vaiita bhizimisi kana vakashanda mubasa zvekutepfenyura. Intellectual, zveupfumi uye enyika vaiva vepamusoro Estonian vanhu vaiva Baltic German uye Russian, kunyange zvazvo nhamba Estonians mu National nziyo yaiva 90%.

The rakazvimirira Matanho rokutanga upfumi

The Estonian upfumi kwapfuura muedzo wokutanga kuti zvinoita yokudzora dzomunyika mauto ehurumende ari 1920s - 1930s. rusununguko weHurumende akaita zvakakodzera kutsvaka pamisika itsva, dzika kuchinja (uye zvinetso upfumi panguva iyoyo yakanga yakakwana), sarudza sei pfuma zvakasikwa dzinoshandiswa. The itsva mutemo zvoupfumi, anosarudza iyoyo Minister of Estonian upfumi Otto Strandman, akanga zvainanga kukura indasitiri, nezvezvaiitwawo nezvipfuwo kumusika, uye kurima zvainanga ekisipoti.

Independent Kugadzirwa mamiriro upfumi pave zvinhu zvinotevera:

• zvinobetsera nzvimbo;
• hwakagadzwa paRussian Empire kugadzirwa mamiriro;
• dzakabudirira richikurukura njanji kuti dzive mumhuri pamusika;
• rubatsiro rwemari kubva Soviet Russia muna uwandu rubles miriyoni 15 nendarama nerokuti.

Zvisinei, paiva wandei nematambudziko mashoma:

• zvinenge zvose zvokushandisa kubva mafekitari akabviswa muHondo Yenyika II;
• kukanganisa mamiriro ezveupfumi, nyika akafirwa pamusika kuMabvazuva;
• US akarega kupa Estonian chikafu sezvo pamusana Tartu Peace;
• Estonia wakadzosera vanopfuura zviuru 37 vagari vaida redzimba uye mabasa.

Upfumi yokuEstonia Soviet Socialist Republic

tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro Estonian upfumi muna USSR anotanga kuverenga zvakakanganiswa mabasa nemauto munguva Second World War. Munguva neGermany 50% of chokugara musha uye 45% kuti maindasitiri emakambani vakaparadzwa munyika. Vose kukuvadzwa vanofungidzirwa pa mabhiriyoni 16 rubles mu pre-hondo mitengo.

Mushure Second World War, Estonia yaiva nzvimbo wokutanga kukosha oupfumi por capita pakati ose dzeSoviet. The Estonian upfumi kwave anounzwa makore iwayo:

1. Industrial kunzwisisa. Kunotangwa sezvo kuchera (zvakanzi mined mafuta shale, phosphorite, uye peat) uyewo mukugadzira. wokupedzisira nemauto vaisanganisira engineering, simbi kubudiswa, zvemakemikari, Whitehead Textile uye zvokudya Mazinga.
2. Energy. Zviri muEstonia wokutanga gazoslantsevy chirimwa munyika yakavakwa, uye mune ramangwana, uye nyika guru hydropower chirimwa mune shales. Energy zvakaoma chose zvinopa zvinodiwa zvokuvhoterwa uye kubvumirwa uchatamisa chikamu simba nechokuchamhembe USSR.
3. The zvekurima zvekutepfenyura. Estonian kurima mumakore Soviet Union nyanzvi dheri uye nyama mombe uye nguruve. Dzakasimukira mbava kurima, nyuchi-vaitamba, yehuku kurima. Akura zvekushandisa, zvadzinofura uye zvirimwa.
4. Transport hurongwa. Kubvira mumazuva Russian Empire chinoramba kukura kuchiteshi samambure munyika. Uyezve, kuva mugwagwa uye gungwa zvifambiso.

Kudzorerwa rusununguko uye zvoupfumi kuchinja

Panguva kudzorerwa rusununguko, upfumi Estonia inozivikanwa nokuva pfupi kuchinja. Ekupedzisira inogona mapoka mapoka mana: mazvake, STRUCTURAL uye masangano okuchinja, kudzoka nationalized pfuma yakakodzera varidzi dzavo, Kudzikamiswa. Danho rokutanga shanduko yakanga inozivikanwa yezwi imwe Pricing mutemo chete magetsi, kudziyisa uye voruzhinji kwedzimba.

A chinetso chakakomba chaiva kumusoro mitengo. Muna 1991, nhamba yakanga 200%, uye 1992-mü vakasimuka 1076%. Mari, vakanga akachengetwa rubles, achikurumidza depreciated. Sezvo chikamu chitsva zvoupfumi nomutemo rainge zvadzivisa kamwe nationalized pfuma varidzi. Pakazosvika makore kuma1990, kuti privatization anga kutopedza. Panguva iyoyowo Estonia aiva pakati vokutanga nyika munyika kuti vava sandara mari mutero hurongwa.

Jobs uye Takudzai Estonia chokufambisa yenzira nechokwadi zvokutengeserana uye dzaifanoiswa kwenhumbi kubva Russian Federation. On dzaifanoiswa senga mabasa chakaita kuti 14% kwakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa. Vazhinji Estonian wehurumende bhajeti (anenge 60%) yakaumbwa tichiregeredza Russian dzaifanoiswa.

Economic kukura pashure muEstonia kwakaita accession kuna EU

The Estonian upfumi pashure asapinda EU akaita rakavapo nenzira yakanaka. Nyika iri kukwezva zvinokosha kushanda wokumwe inivhesitimendi. Pakazosvika 2007, Estonia yakatanga pakati dzaichimbova dzeSoviet GDP muzana capita rakava. Panguva iyoyowo, Zviratidzo "overheating" vakatanga kuonekwa mune upfumi: kudzikamisa mwero mitengo vakaenda zvakare kumusoro, nemugwagwa dhefisiti yakawedzera 11%, uye paiva vanonzi mutengo sefuro ari redzimba pamusika. Naizvozvo, kukura kwoupfumi akatanga kusviba.

The Kuderera hwenyika pakupikiswa yose mari dambudziko

Negative kuitikawo chokuita zvoupfumi kuGreece, uye akaonekwa wokuEstonia upfumi. Industrial kugadzirwa yakawira 2008, bhajeti dhefisiti kokutanga akabvuma, uye GDP akawira matatu nehafu muzana. Zvisinei, mumwe 43% zvinoderedza njanji motokari kuti 8.3% vakawedzera mitengo yakaderera mumhuri vade uye ungaderedza kupinzwa.

Studies inoitiswa kushanda boka wepaYunivhesiti Tartu, akaratidza kuti Estonian zvoupfumi iri kukura maererano Greek kuitika. Munyika dzaitongwa wezvokutengeserana uye hotera mabasa, uyewo kuvakwa madiki, kwete maindasitiri, mari intermediation uye mukuru-kuguma mabhizimisi mabasa. Dambudziko rave zvikuru zvakakanganisa Estonian upfumi yakaitwa kutaura pokuwa aripo pakukura womuenzaniso.

The mamiriro kuitika pamusoro Estonian upfumi

The Estonian upfumi iri muchidimbu zvinotevera matavi:

1. Industry (29%). Vachishingaira kutanga makemikari, kugadzira, pulp nebepa, huni, simba, zvokuimba mapurani. A chinokosha mugove GDP ndiye kuvakwa uye Real Estate.
2. Agriculture (3%). The chikuru matavi rokurima nemauto vari nyama uye nomukaka mombe, nguruve. Agriculture dzinowanzotsigi- mubasa kurimwa kwezvokudya uye maindasitiri zvirimwa. Inokudziridza uye hove.
3. Services (69%). Kuwedzera muEstonia ari kusangana tourism, kunyanya zvokurapa. Mumakore achangopfuura, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera uwandu pemvura IT-makambani. Chinokosha upfumi ndiwo dzaifanoiswa nomunharaunda yacho ehurumende - ichi imhaka basa kuEstonia ari pose upfumi. Somuenzaniso, kuti dzaifanoiswa nhoroondo 75% njanji motokari.

Regional zviri upfumi

upfumi Estonia riri kuparadzirwa munharaunda yakakura. Saka, kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva chikamu ehurumende kunyatsobudirira kugadzira kwemauto, nharaunda yakabereka-makota matatu kugadzirwa zvinhu. The chikuru maindasitiri nzvimbo munyika vari dzakapoteredza Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. Nechokumaodzanyemba Estonia kunokudziridzwa nevakawanda zvokurima, uye kumadokero kwenyika kunoratidzwa ne dzakabudirira Fisheries, uye kukura dzemhuka minda uye ushanyi.

Finance, mabhengi uye chikwereti kwokunze ehurumende

The pamutemo mari ndiyo euro muEstonia, yezwi European mari pamwe Kroon kunyorwa kwenyaya nenzira mangwanani 2011. Central rwezvemabhengi mabasa munyika anozadzisa European Central Bank uye National simba mutoro kutarisira, ndiye Bank of Estonia. Mashandiro anoita yokupedzisira ndiko kugutsa zvinodiwa chavagari iri mari, uyewo kuona rakavimbika uye kutsiga yose rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

yezvokutengeserana mabhanga anenge gumi uchishanda muEstonia. Muchiitiko chino, anopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu mari yesangano dzinotungamirirwa mikuru vatambi vaviri musika mari - the Swedish Swedbank uye SEB bhengi. Mudanga kukura munyika zvoupfumi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwedzera kutsanangurwa Bank anomukweretesa.

Public chikwereti kwokunze kuEstonia ndiyo yepasisa pakati kunyika European Union, nekurangarira kuti 10% kwakakomba wechipfuwo chigadzirwa sezvo cha2012. Pakati pezana remakore nineties nhamba oda hafu GDP, uye kubudikidza 2010 yakasvika 120% kwakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa. Vanopfuura hafu chikwereti vari munataisireva mari chikwereti masangano.

Sechivako munyika yokumwe wezvokutengeserana indasitiri

Estonia inonyanyoshandiswa dzokutengeserana vakaroorana ndivo vavakidzani kuchamhembe, uyewo Russia uye European Union. The chikuru mapoka dzimwe wezvokutengeserana vari chicherwa fetiraiza, rinochiwedzera uye lubricants, kugadzirwa zvinhu, michina uye midziyo, siyana rakapera zvigadzirwa.

Mari yevanhu, basa uye hwevanhu zviwanikwa

Kudeuka mugove chavagari kuEstonia (67%) vagari akagwinya - hakuiti achitambura nokushayiwa manpower Estonia ano. Economy akapa manpower Zvisinei, avhareji urovha mwero iri 6%, izvo unoenderana avhareji. Nokuti awa rimwe (kubasa ane Hourly hwaro), chiremba anogona kuwana zvishoma kupfuura pfumbamwe euros, vanamukoti - shanu euros, manesi, nannies uye vanamukoti - euros matatu. Paavhareji muhoro pamberi mutero yakasvika 1,105 euros. Shoma mubayiro akaenzana 470 euros pamwedzi.