The European Central Bank (ECB). Mashandiro of European Central Bank

European Central Bank - ndiro Reserve Bank of European Union uye Eurozone. Unonzi sendarama yakazvimirira bhengi munyika. Hazvina urongwa zvemari ichi ane zvizere kodzero yokusarudza chero nyaya chokuita kweeuro. Institution nheyo muna 1998. Purezidhendi tsika mari yekutanga yakanga Wim Duisenberg, uyo akasarudzwa kuti izwi 5 makore. Muna October 2003, sezvo mutungamiri mutsva akatora Jean-Klod Trishe. Nhasi, vaitungamirira ndohwake Mario Draghi.

nyaya

Mushure Second Hondo Yenyika akatanga kubatanidzwa kweEurope. Kusashanda ari yokuronga patsva uye paumbwe chete musika nzvimbo. Munguva kubva muna 1947 kusvika 1957, yakanga vakabudirira anoitwa panguva kusangana kwenzvimbo pamwe yakafanana kwaita State of European kubhadhara Union. Muna 1957, pane sangano makurusa nyika dzokuEurope dziri European Economic Community. Muna 1979, ivo EEC akatanga zvimiso mari - ECU - nokuti nemisha akanga kamwe yakasungirirwa tswanda European dzeEurope. The gwaro iri paumbwe European mari nzvimbo, uye ECB kwave nemasaini 1988. CB "Central European Bank" akazviratidza pashure kusaina muna 1992 pamusoro munharaunda Maahstrihta dzepasi chibvumirano wakateya European Union, uyewo pashure paumbwe European Monetary Institute, waiva nebasa pakugadzirira yezwi imwe chete mari - euro.

External uye zvemukati marongerwo

The European Central Bank ane rakasiyana utariri chikwata. Zvinosanganisira vamiririri neimwe EU Member States. Mibvunzo pamusoro kushanda chevanorwara zvemari, kufarira rates, wevimbiso manotsi uye nezvimwe zvinhu, kutaura mashoko Directorate of masangano, uye Board nemagavhuna. Mamaneja ine 6 vanhu, pamwechete sachigaro kubhangi, uye ake Mutevedzeri, zvichibatanidzwa. Board Nhengo vakasarudzwa kuti masere izwi. Nominations nokuti nzvimbo Directorate vari nominated uye vanoonekwa ne European Paramende vatungamiriri rinoti vari chikamu kweeuro wongoramba. The ECB ari nhengo yeEuropean System of Central Banks, zvinosanganisira National Bank of yeEuropean Union. The dzakawanda Hurongwa anoshanda maviri-chechetere algorithm. mubvunzo upi panyaya mari mutemo kugadziriswa chete chiitiko kuti chibvumirano zvasvika pamusoro nechimwe siyana.

tsananguro

Central European Bank kubva inception kwayo muGermany, muFrankfurt, vakabatana pasi utungamiriri yose ezvinhu European nechepakati mabhanga. The sezvamunoita mamiriro unotora:

• Bank of Belgium.
• Bundensbank.
• Bank of Greece.
• The Bank of Spain.
• The Bank of France.
• Luxembourg Monetary Institute.

Mamiriro sangano repamutemo chete ECB, zvose mamwe masangano zvemari zvaisanganisira munyika kuridza basa webetsero dzakabatana. mabasa avo zviduku. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuti kurambidza ECB ichikwira mitengo uye Kudzikamiswa kuti mitengo, izvo haafaniri kupfuudza 2%. Chero Zvisarudzo nezviito kubhengi ane zvakananga kukanganisa kweeuro Gengi pamusoro dzimwe mari munyika. Sharp nokufamba kunokonzera kuchinja ari chimbadzo uye chikwereti kuna Member States Union.

Ko ECB?

Central European Bank anoita akawanda zvakazara mabasa:

• Development uye Implementation usapinde mutemo munharaunda kweeuro nzvimbo.
• Security, budiriro uye kurapa mukutsinhana matura mamiriro kweeuro-zone jinda.
• Nyaya Euro.
• Kuronga mubereko prices.
• Nechokwadi mutengo nokugarika kweeuro wongoramba.

Zviratidzi of ECB ndiwo indekisi ari mutengo nhumbi vatengi yose EU uye kukura mari nerubatsiro, izvo zvibereko hakufaniri anopfuura 4,5% mugore.

Key mubereko dziine Bank

Mashandiro of European Central Bank kufukidza kuzivikanwa uye mubereko prices. Kufarira rate rinogona zvitatu mhando:

• The refinancing zvazvingava. Ndiwo chimbadzo, izvo anosarudza shoma kukosha zvikumbiro kukwezvana zvinhu zvinhu norudo inoitwa parutivi ECB.
• The chimbadzo pamusoro deposits. Ndiwo chimbadzo, inova nechepasi apo achiisa mari kuwanika ECB wacho masangano. Rate anoita sezvo yepazasi panogumira mubereko prices pamusoro pamusika usiku hwose.
• zvazvingava Marginal pamusoro zvikwereti - ndiro mwero panguva iyo mabhanga ari nemamiriro ESS, unogona kuwana chikwereti, izvo zvakafanira kuramba pfupi-rokuti liquidity. zvazvingava Marginal kuridza basa yokumusoro panogumira kuwanda maererano musika mubereko prices husiku.

By kugadzwa kwemarudzi aya rates, European Central Bank anosika kudiwa kana dura mari, dzinovimbisa kutsiga kwayo uye anodzora mari Rwako mukati mapazi.

General mbuva

The European Central Bank iri pamutemo dzidzo yakasiyana, ane basa kunobva zvibvumirano dzakawanda. The guru mvumo kubva kupfungwa panguva yaro zvisikwa akanga akaenzana mabhiriyoni 5 euros. In basa shareholders vaiva nemabhengi pakukura Europe. "Bundesbank" German vakabatsira 18.9% guru, kuti Bank of France - 14.2%, Italy Bank - 12,5%, Bank of Spain - 8.3%. Mamwe Central Bank kunyika European vane pakati 0.1% uye 3.9% kubva pakutanga mugove guru. Anotungamirira kupfungwa zvemari anemasimba puranga, rakanga ambotaurwa, - musoro wake yakamira President of European Central Bank. The chikuru chepfungwa mari sangano - iri kuzvimirira wakakwana. Panguva iyo akatanga vanosungirwa gore negore pasi mushumo mabasa ayo kuna European Parliament, European Commission, Council of European Union uye Council of Europe.

Areas Policy

Kuti vabudirire zvitarisirwa yacho ECB kushandiswa munowanika zvikwereti Kudzikamiswa uye chikwereti Auktionen, vatorwa chinjanai akavhiyiwa uye kwema pamusoro pamusika rakashama. The simba kupfuura Chestkuva musika zvemari mutemo - a European Central Bank zvazvingava. mari basa akatanga anobva nenhungamiro rusununguko kubva dzimwe nyika, uyewo nokuda supranational miviri dzakadai sarudzo. Basa ichangopfuura kunonyanya kunosanganisira hapana kumanikidza mu pindana kwokunze uye zvemukati chikwereti. Kuti sarudzo musi mumwe chaiyo chirevo nokuti anofanira kukanda vhoti, nhengo dzakawanda Management Board. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane mumwe chete mukana kuvhota. Musoro European Central Bank inofanira kutevedzera mafungiro Board. Chete pashure kuitwa mukugadzirisa yakananga kwayo Implementation anogona kunge varipo nechepakati pemahombekombe nyika dzokuEurope.

Masimba ECB uye yenyika nechepakati mabhanga

ECB pasi vagari kuitwa pamwe Central Association of States Mapato vanofanira kodzero kuumba ukama nedzimwe nyika pasi Central Bank uye, kana zvakakodzera, uye masangano dzakawanda dzakadai. Open mikana kuzviwanira, kutengeswa uye nemberi mhando dzose yesangano, kusanganisira Gráfica. Pfungwa yokuti "zvinhu zvakaoma" zvinosanganisira kuchengetedzeka chero mari uye chero vamapoka kukarukureta. Akabvumira nhaka uye kurapa zvinhu. ECB achiitisa zvakawanda rwezvemabhengi masangano upi mhando, sezvo vadyidzani kuti masangano dzakawanda anogona vamiririri kupati rechitatu. Kudyidzana Zvingasanganisira nokukwereta uye neanokweretesa kushandiswa. Kunze inokosha yambotaurwa pamusoro mashandiro, European Bank pamwe chete Central nyika dzokuEurope vanogona kuitisa mabasa ane chinangwa administrative, uye kuita zvinodiwa bhodhi. An Danho rinokosha chisarudzo kubhangi racho anganzi paumbwe European Monetary System, iyo yakavapo muna 1979.

European Monetary System mugadziriro of ECB

The refinancing mwero European Central Bank - handiyo chete chinhu kunokanganisa European mari hurongwa. EMU uye pacharwo zvinoverengeka chaiwo mabasa. Unogona kutaura pamusoro zvinotevera:

• Nechokwadi mari Kugadzikana muEU.
• Kunonyanyisa anoitwa nedanho convergence pamwe yezviri zvoupfumi.
• In mazwi rakatsiga mari hurongwa kunopa kukura nzira.
• Systematization yakatsiga mari uye ukama munyika hunhu upfumi.

Zviri nemhaka pakatanga kupinda riparadzirwe mari yakadai ECU, European Union nhengo inoti vakabudirira kutsungirira matambudziko 80s. Pashure kukunda muitiro mitengo zvakabviswa kurambidzwa ano kwacho. Kubvira muna 1990, zvakanga chakaita kuti ushande guru muoti. Pakutanga, chinangwa EU kwaiva kugovera optimum ezvinhu kuti kufamba kwenhumbi uye mabasa, guru uye basa. The ECB akasikwa kuti kukurudzira kutanga kushanda mari, chimwe chizvarwa. basa rake achiri kuronga rwakazara chaiva azobatsira zvechechi uye nomutemo zvigadziriswe ari Kufambisa kwete chete vemamwe mutemo, asiwo kuchengeteka mutemo mumwe State Party.