Catherine nadzurudzo 2 (zvishoma). Vakadzidza absoljutizm Catherine 2

Tinozivei pamusoro Russian Empress Catherine Guru? In ndangariro wezvizvarwa kazhinji buda chokwadi, zvishoma ukama pachena negwaro. Catherine aiva kukuchidzira guru kwazvo dare balls, nguo yakanaka. Shure nguva dzose kunoteverwa tambo admirers. Upenyu hwake vaaida, kamwe chokuita norudo wake matayi, vakaburukira munhau. Zvichakadai, Russian Empress aiva, kupfuura zvose, akangwara, inopenya, zvinoshamisa unhu uye unyanzvi murongi. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kwake hurumende bhodhi hurongwa akanga kurongwazve kokutanga kubva pakutonga Petra Velikogo. Great mubereko nhasi runhare Catherine zvinhu 2. Zvisinei, tsanangura navo zvishoma, hazvingaiti kuti vabudirire. Kazhinji, zvose zvayo Kuchinja enyika kukodzera kupinda choruzhinji pfungwa, inonzi vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Izvi kuitika munyika XVIII remakore, yava dzakakurumbira chaizvo. nzvimbo dzakawanda paruzhinji uye munzanga upenyu akabata Catherine kuchinja 2. Table "Transformations munyika", pasi, unoratidza izvi zvakajeka.

Childhood uye nedzidzo Princess Fike

Sophia Augusta Fredericka pakati Anhalt-Zerbst - saka akaridza zita ramangwana Russian Empress zvizere. Iye akaberekwa muchirimo 1729 mutaundi duku German rainzi Stettin (zvino munharaunda Poland). baba vake aiva basa Prussian King. Chaiva murume pasina. Pane imwe nguva, akanga ari wokutanga regimental mutungamiri, ipapo mukuru uye gavhuna akazotevera chizvarwa guta rake. Amai yemberi Empress raiva ropa rwamambo. Aiva mukuru-tete Petro III - ramangwana murume mwanasikana wake. Sofia, kana sezvo rainzi hama, Fike, akadzidza kumba. Akadzidzira French, vokuItaly, Chirungu, jogirafi, nhoroondo, zvidzidzo zvouMwari, akatamba uye nyere. The musikana aiva wakafara nemafungiro, akanga kudzikama, aiva shamwari pamwe nevakomana. The vabereki vakanga vasingafari naye maitiro. mhuri Fike aiva murombo. Asi amai vake vakanga akarota kuti kunobatsira kupa mwanasikana wake kuroorwa. Nokukurumidza, zviroto vake vakanga vachinyepedzera kuva muupenyu.

Marriage pamwe mugari wenhaka choumambo Russia

Muna 1744, Zerbst Princess Fike vakakokwawo pamwe naamai vake muRussia youmambo dare kuti muchato pamwe ramangwana Russian Emperor Peter III, uyo aiva hama yake yechipiri. nokukurumidza gumi egore mwenga chaipiwa Elizabeth, izvo vakatsvaka kumisa kodzero yokugara kuna Romanovs, vachitarisira kumuroora ne'er-do-muzukuru. Russian Empress akafunga kuti rakanaka uye ichiyevedza Sofia anogona kutsausa Peter kubva vake vana Amusements vane puppies uye matoyi. Kamwe Fike akaonekwa Russia, zvakatanga pamwe chido kudzidza mutauro wokuRussia, dare nokuzvibata uye mutemo Orthodox waMwari. Muchato yakanzi yaizotongwa August 25, 1745. Pausiku Sofia vakagamuchirwa Orthodoxy uye vakagamuchira zita Catherine I. Pazuva romuchato nenguva 6 o'clock mangwanani muchindakadzi yakaendeswa mukamuri Elizabeth, apo iye akapfeka uye combed. Wedding mhemberero kwakaitika Kazan muchechi. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti anopfuura 17 apfuura pashure kuti pano Hupenyu Guard achatora mhiko yokuvimbika kwavo idzva Empress Catherine Alekseevna. Muchato wakapiwa mukuru bhora uye mabiko mudare ramambo, apo Fick akamanikidzwa kutamba kusvika kusingaperi kutsivana vakwegura avakuru. Pakarepo shure muchato, zvakava pachena kuti murume mutsva hakuzofadzi kuzadzisa mabasa avo emumba. Dzose nguva Petro vakapedza mumitambo pamwe nemasoja gaba uye makadhibhokisi nematende. Dzavo hwevakaroorana yokurara, iye ikava usamo kuti kuvhima imbwa. Zvaiva pachena kuti ignoramus ichi hachisi kukwanisa kumhanya hurumende. Zvichakadai, Russia aida zvinorwisana kuchinja. Catherine 2, sezvo vakadaro, haana kurarama. Hongu, uye kuvhara youmambo aitarisira kuti basa mukadzi mambo namai vana vake Fike aiva zvose. vakanga vakarasika sei.

The accession kuti chigaro Catherine

The kuitika Empress Elizabeth Petrovna waisaoneka zuva roga roga, utano wake simba chaizvo. A ukama korona Vakaroorana haana kutanga. Peter akararama pachena tenzikadzi wake uye akataura pamusoro kuda kumuroora. Catherine pachake akanga nokukurumidza zvakare vakatapwa kwemakore 26 kamera-kadheti Sergei Saltykov. Mwedzi mishomanana pashure paizvozvo Fike abereka mwanakomana, uyo vakadana Paul. Mudare taifamba nerunyerekupe kuti baba vake anoda Catherine. Pasinei neizvi zvose, Empress Elizabeth akazivisa mukomana rechipiri dzokai mugari wenhaka chigaro. Zvichakadai, Russia, vari kubatana Austria uye France akanga hondo pamwe Prussia, apo kunoita mumwe kukunda pashure perimwe. Izvi zvakafadza vanhu vose kunze infantile Peter, uyo aifunga Mambo Frederick II Prussia unrivaled nemauto shasha. Zvaiva pachena kuti nyaya accession kwake chigaro kuRussia kugumisa rugare runonyadzisa pamwe Prussia, kurasikirwa zvose kuti awana mukufamba hondo. saka nokukurumidza zvaitika. Elizabeth akafa musi Christmas Day muna 1761. Pashure paizvozvo, Peter akanga Russian pamambo. In March 1762 yaakaita Prussia munyika, iyo hwakonzera yokusagutsikana muuto Russian. Akasarudza kushandisa pamusoro vateveri Peter III Catherine Orlov hama, mumwe, Gregory, aiva vake anoda uye baba mwana wavo wokupedzisira. The Kazan Church Catherine akabata tsika okuzodza, uye akatora mhiko sezvo Empress Vose Russia. Wekutanga akapika mhiko kuna varwi vake. Zvino June 28, 1762. Zvadaro hapana vanozotii chii chichava Politika Ekateriny 2.

General ruzivo pamusoro muushe Empress

Papera vhiki zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa, July 6, Catherine akatambira tsamba kubva Orlova kuti murume wake Peter, uyo akanyora abdication uye vakatapwa kuti Manor Ropsha akafa. Maererano zvakaona, richangobva akaita Empress vakamhanyira, vachichema uye mhere kuti zvizvarwa varo haangatongooni kuregerera. Zvisinei, mamwe matsime anoratidza kuti aiziva vakaronga kuedza musi murume, sezvo 2 mazuva asati umhondi vake vakatumwa chiremba Paulsen haasi zvinodhaka, uye zvokuridzira autopsies. Chero zvakanga, kodzero choumambo Catherine hapana nharo. Uye nhasi tinogona kupfupikisa yake yokutonga-gore 34. Kurondedzera bhodhi rayo mukati hurumende kare vanowanzoshandisa rokuti akadai "chinoziva absolutism". Vateveri dzidziso iyi vanodavira kuti hurumende inofanira kuva simba autocratic simba, izvo zvichaita kushanda kuti abatsire vayo vose. Chinoziva absolutism pamusoro Catherine 2 runonyanya kuratidzwa pakusimbisa muboka revatungamiriri, munyika kubatana uye centralization management enyika. The Empress akafunga kuti yakakura yeRussia yaro hasha okunze necessitates kuberekwa uye kubudirira pano autocracy. Schematically, unogona dzinoratidza Catherine kuchinja 2.

Table "Transformations munyika"

Sezvaunogona kuona kubva patafura, munzvimbo kuchinja izvi zvizere akaratidza chinoziva absolutism pamusoro Catherine 2. Harina vakatsvaka pfungwa hurumende simba rose zvayo maoko uye kugara munyika makirasi zvose pamusoro chaiyo, payo akasuma mitemo.

"Instructions" Gwaro - pfungwa chinoziva absolutism Catherine 2

The Empress, kuzoratidza upenzi pamusoro zvinyorwa Montesquieu uye kushandisa mirayiridzo inokosha dzidziso yake, akaedza convening anonzi Legislative Commission, ane chikuru chinangwa - kuwana zvinodiwa vanhu kuti vaite zvinodiwa kuchinja mukati hurumende. Sezvo chikamu chomuviri akapindwa vevatariri 600 nemapoka akasiyana-siyana. Sezvo utungamiriri gwaro iri Commission Catherine wakabudiswa "Instructions", waiva, chokwadi, mashoko yokungotaura hwaro vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akanga rewritten akapotsa zvachose mabasa Montesquieu - vanoshingaira adherent of dzidziso. Catherine pachake akabvuma kuti iye ndezvaiye pano "mune dzimwe nzvimbo rwonzi, mumwe shoko." Komisheni wakagara makore matanhatu chete, uye panguva iyoyo chikaparara. Akanga muviri ichi anonzi pamusoro kuita administrative kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2? Zvichida, hungu. Asi kare nhasi vanobvuma kuti chokwadi kuti zvose basa Commission yakanga zvainanga pakusika yakanaka mufananidzo Empress kuRussia uye kunze. Yakanga muviri ichi vakasarudza mubayiro wake musoro "Guru."

Administrative kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2

zvakagadzirwa izvi kunge inonyoreswa November 7, 1775. Kwakachinja urongwa administrative weboka munharaunda Russia. Kare, aiva-chikwata matatu: padunhu, ruwa, mumaruwa. Zvino munda wehurumende akatanga kugovera chete gavhuna uye mumaruwa. Akatungamirira governorships akawanda aiva naGavhuna-General. Iye pasi magavhuna, uye muzivisi-fiscals uye refatgei. Mari iri gavhuna aiva mutariri Exchequer pamwe vatsigire Chamber of Accounts. Panotangira nerimwe dunhu akamira vakuru. Ari oga administrative chikwata oga guta, musoro iyo akaiswa panzvimbo vehurumende meya.

Catherine Seneti nadzurudzo 2

neoplasm ichi yakaitwa Empress yaDecember 15, 1763. Maererano naye, dare akava repamusorosoro. Uyezve, zvave akakamurwa 6 madhipatimendi:

• The yokutanga - mutariri zvose hurumende uye zvematongerwo enyika muna St. Petersburg;

• wechipiri - dare nyaya muSt Petersburg;

• The wechitatu - mushonga, sainzi, unyanzvi, dzidzo, zvifambiso;

• Four - wengarava uye nenyika munyaya;

• Five - paruzhinji uye zvematongerwo enyika muMoscow;

• Six - kutonga nyaya muMoscow.

Catherine Administration Reform 2 pano akagadzirirwa kuti weSeneti unoteerera Chestkuva autocratic simba.

kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa

Ekutonga Empress akanga dzinoratidzwa zvikuru kusimudzira National upfumi. The kuchinja Catherine 2 zveupfumi zvakakanganisa rwezvemabhengi uye mari zvoupenyu wokumwe kutengeserana. Panguva yake yokutonga, itsva chikwereti zvivako (chikwereti mari uye State Bank) akatanga kugamuchira mari kubva kuruzhinji pamusoro deposits kuti okuchengetera. Vakatanga rakapa Banknotes - bepa mari. Hurumende pasi Catherine akanga aivigirwa mhiri kwemakungwa zvigadzirwa mune zvizhinji guru, akadai kukandira simbi, nechikepe jira, huni, hemp, chingwa. Zvakaoma kutaura kana kwakabatsira zvakanaka mashoko Catherine kuchinja 2. muchidimbu nezvazvo angangotadza kubudirira. Bulk aina zviyo pasi yayo utariri kwakaita kuti nzara mumakore 1780 munyika dzakawanda Russia. The nyaya rokuparadzwa guru vanhuwo zvavo. Vakawedzera mari chingwa. Homwe wehurumende rakanga risina chinhu. Asi reRussia chikwereti wokumwe vakapfuura rubles mamiriyoni 33.

Zvakagadzirwa ari dzidzo mugadziriro

Asi kwete vose transformations ose Empress akanga migumisiro yakaipa. Reform dzidzo Catherine 2 kwakatangwa muna 1760. Kwose kwose akatanga kuvhura zvikoro, izvo zvinogona kupinda vana akasiyana munzanga. Pfungwa iri inobhadharwa vakadzi dzidzo. Muna 1764 zvakanzi yakaumbwa Smolensk Institute for Noble rweVasikana. Muna 1783 akazarura Russian Academy apo akakoka dzimwe masayendisiti akakurumbira. Chii akaratidza dzidzo kuchinja Catherine 2? Chokwadi kuti pamativi akaumba mirairo paruzhinji rudo, ndicho basa kurapa paruzhinji zvikoro, zvipatara, vavanze nokuti anopenga uye vanorwara, zvipatara. MuMoscow uye St. Petersburg akasvinudzwa misha kuti mumigwagwa vana, uyo akagamuchira navo kurerwa uye dzidzo.

Estates muna Catherine 2

Kushandurwa uku kuchiri nharo pakati dzakaitika. Estates 2 Catherine nadzurudzo kwaisanganisira racho kwayo muna 1785. Vaviri tsamba, mumwe icho pakupedzisira vakanochengeta neropafadzo kwamachinda, uye zvimwe zvikamu madhorobha nevanhu muna 6 digits. The Empress akadana zviitiko izvi "korona dzavo mabasa." "Tsamba bvumidzwa kwamachinda" rinoreva zvinotevera:

• kirasi iyi wakadarikwa kubva quartering vezvikwata nemauto, kubva koporo kurangwa, kubva kupambwa kwenhumbi kuti mhosva mhosva;

• kwamachinda vawana kodzero mudumbu enyika, kodzero kunyika muridzi, kodzero Iboka Institutions;

• Vanhu ava vairambidzwa abate hofisi kana mari yavo kubva matunhu akanga isingasviki $ 100, uye vari kunyimwa kodzero kuvhota, kana usina weGurukota chinzvimbo.

Ndechipi madhorobha kuchinja Catherine 2? The Empress akarayira kuti vagovere vokuparidzira 6 Categories:

• mumadhorobha vagari (homeowners);

• vatengesi 3 chikwata;

• nyanzvi dzokugadzira;

• nonresident uye vatorwa vatengesi;

• Vagari inozvikudza (vapfumi vatengesi, vokubhengi, ezvivako, Painters, masayendisiti, vanyori);

• townsmen (pasina zvivako).

With maererano kuti zvakagadzirwa izvi tinogona kutaura kuti Politika Ekateriny 2 pano chabatsira simba stratification nzanga kupinda vapfumi nevarombo. Saka upfumi nzvimbo Part vavakuru kunetse. Vakawanda vavo vasingagoni kupinda rinoitirwa, vasingakwanise kuwana zvakafanira kuti zvipfeko ichi neshangu. Panguva iyoyo nhamba vavakuru kukuru vaiva munzvimbo huru munyika uye mazana ezviuru serfs.

The echitendero negwaro

Ndezvipi zviitiko zvakagadziriswa naCatherine mamiriro ehurumende zvisati zvabata? Uyu mukadzi akasimba-akada akaedza kudzora zvachose zvinhu zvose muhurumende yake, kusanganisira chitendero. Muna 1764, akabudisa chirevo, akadzivisa kereke yenyika yacho. Pamwe chete nevashambadziri, idzi nharaunda dzakatamirwa kuhutungamiri hweimwe sangano re Economic Economic. Nokudaro, vafundisi vakawira mukuzvivimba nesimba ramambo. Pakati pese, muKempress akaedza kutevera mutemo wekuregerera kwechitendero. Mumakore ekutanga ekutonga kwake, kutambudzwa pamusoro peVatendi vekare kwakaguma, hutsigiro hwehurumende rwakapiwa kuBuddha, kupurotesitendi, uye chiJudha.

Catherine 2 semuteveri wenheyo yeChiedza

Utongi hwemakore makumi matatu nemakumi mana hweMempress hwakazadzwa nezviitiko zvakawanda zvinopesana. Chiedza chekutendisheni chaChristine II, chaakaedza kuparidza pakati pevakuru, chakaratidzwa mu "Nakaz" yakasikwa naye, uye mukubvumirana kweKomisheni, mukirasi yekuvandudza, mukugadzirisa kwekutonga kwenharaunda yeRussia, uye mukushandurwa munharaunda yezvedzidzo. Ichokwadi, zvose izvi zvigadziriswe zvakanga zvisingakwanisi. Inzvimbo yehupfumi, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende, serfomu yakaramba isingagadziriswi. Kusiyanisa kunokodzera ukama hwaCatherine neFrench Enlightenment (Voltaire, Diderot). Akaratidza kushamwaridzana navo, kuchinjana pfungwa. Vaiva nemafungiro akakwirira kwaari. Ichokwadi, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vemazuva ano vane chokwadi chokuti hukama huri hukama hwakange huripo huri kutsigira. Mudzimai aigara achipa rupo "shamwari" dzake.

Migumisiro yekutonga kwemambokadzi mukuru

Yenguva yekufananidza kuchinja kwaCatherine 2 muchidimbu uye kufungidzira kutonga kwake. Kuchinja kwakawanda kwakaitwa kwaari, dzimwe nguva kunopesana. Nguva yeumambo inoratidzirwa nehutapwa huzhinji hwevarimi, kushaiwa kodzero dzavo shoma. Neye, chirevo chakanga chakabvumidzwa kurambidza varimi kubva pakusvibisa dambudziko pamusoro peimba yavo. Kubudirira kwehuori, uye kunyanya pamwero mukuru. Muenzaniso wacho wakaratidzwa naMempress pachake, achipa hama dzake uye dare rekufungidzira uye kupa vateveri vake kune zvigaro zvehurumende. Hazvishamisi, mushure memakore mashomanana ekutonga kwake, mari yehurumende yakabviswa. Chii chakaguma kupera kuchinja kwaCatherine 2? Nenguva pfupi isu tinogona kutaura izvi: dambudziko guru rezvemari uye kukoromoka kwakakwana kwenyika yezvemari. Chero chii chaiva, aishingaira muhupenyu hwepaguru uye aida kuve iye wekuRussia.

Takadzidza kuratidzirwa kwekodzero yakajeka yaCatherine II panguva yekutonga kwake, dzimwe dzaaikwanisa kuita.