Ushe Ancient Tmutarakan: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye nharaunda

Ancient umambo Tmutarakan - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu enigmatic uye zvishoma-anozivikanwa idzodzo, pamakona, rwakazokura kumusha ari Eastern Slavs. Waivapo pamusoro Taman kweItari.

tsananguro

Tmutarakan kwavabati iripo panguva X-XI emakore. Raiva zana shoma chete kubva huru ndima Kievan Rus. nyika idzi vakaparadzaniswa paGungwa Dema steppes, inogarwa muArabhu.

kwavabati kwakasvika Tmutarakan. mashoko chaiwo pamusoro musi yayo accession kune Kievan mamiriro kwete. Zvichida, nhare yakakundwa Sviatoslav Chikareva panguva yake kumabvazuva mishandirapamwe pamusoro Khazars. Akabva akaparadza muvengi guru Sarkel pamahombekombe ari Don, uye zvimwe vakashanyira Taman Peninsula.

Commercial chiteshi akakwezva vatengesi vaibva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Nemhaka weutungamiriri ichi chainyanya nemakambani Tmutarakan pakati mapurovhinzi Russian. Pano pagere Khazars, vaGiriki, vaJudha, uyewo vanhu vazhinji kubva Caucasus Ossetians, Alans, etc ...

Accession kuna Kiev

Nokuda kwayo nenzvimbo yepamusoro chiteshi chengarava akava zambuko pakati Russia uye Byzantium. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich akatumwa kunharaunda mwanakomana wake Mstislav ari AKASHINGA, uyo akatonga pano mumakore 990-1036. Zvichida ichi ndicho Mubhabhatidzi pamusoro Rus Tmutarakan pakuda kwavo hurumende. Chokwadi ndechokuti muhondo pamwe Byzantium, akaenda nehondo iri Crimea, iyo chakaparadzaniswa kuchiteshi diki panjodzi. Tmutarakan Pamberi zvaiva Byzantium. Madzimambo Constantinople panguva nematambudziko vasingagoni kudzora kure makona masimba aro kuchamhembe Black Sea nemhenderekedzo. Apo Russ akabhabhatidzwa, Vladimir aizowana Tmutarakan sezvo Mudziviriri rayo kutyisidzira inowanzorimwa.

Mstislav

Ake Mstislav mwanakomana kugara dzakarwiwa hondo nevavakidzani vayo. Saka, muna 1022 akaronga imwe kurwisa mugodhi Alan. Muhondo Mstislav aiva mutsigiri mukuru Byzantine Empire, uko akarwa munzvimbo pamusoro Georgian umambo. kunetsana uku chakazozivikanwa nokuti kuti iri ngano yakaramba kuyeuka dueling machisi Russian mukuru uye Rededi. Yaiva Prince Kasogs vemo rudzi. Maererano netsika yomunyika macho, kukonana pakati vanhu yaizogadziriswa mushure duel pakati vatungamiriri vavo. Saka, Kumukundi ari duel pakati Rededi uye Mstislav aigona kuwana zvose zvaakanga anazvo nemuvengi waro. muchinda Russian vakakwanisa kuhwina Kasogs. Mstislav akatsanangura nei chokwadi kuti Our Lady akareverera iye.

Pashure kuhwina Tmutarakan mutongi akatora mukadzi wake nevana Rededi. Uyezve, iye yapa mutero Kasogs zvose. Duel aonekwa yaMakoronike akawanda ekare uye akanga vanotaurwa "Lay", uye nokudaro vakava kuzivikanwa. The akakurumbira painter Nikolay Rerih ichifananidzwa nyaya iyi iri kanivhasi muna 1943, panguva Great Patriotic War, kupfuura izvozvo yokunyanyisa Kushungurudzika kuhondo uye vachifanotaura akunde vaivengwa muvengi.

The hondo Kiev

Mstislav Vavariro Havamboregi panguva kure Tmutarakan hugota. Aida kuti Kiev. Makore mashomanana pashure pokufa kwababa vake, Vladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich akazivisa hondo munin'ina wake Yaroslav vachenjeri. Akatadza kuwana Kiev, asi iye akakunda Chernigov, uyo akaita yaaigara. Zvisinei, Mstislav vakakanganwa Tmutarakan. Akaronga akawanda nzendo kumakomo. Muna 1029 iye vakarwa yasami. Kwapera makore mashomanana yokuRussia rengarava yakabuda kweGungwa reCaspian, uye hondo necheSalvic kunyange aenda kuCaucasus munyika yekare mudunhu Arran. Panguva ino Tmutarakan akatsigira Alan. Guta musha dzakasiyana-siyana adventurers uye varwi kubva rose.

Mstislav ari Bold aiva muKristu wose. Pashure akundwe Rededi akaisa ibwe rokutanga Tmutarakan mutemberi. Pashure kuparadza guta, adonha - matongo ayo dzakafukurwa nevanochera ano. Pakafa Mstislav dzinovhima muna 1036 hugota Tmutarakan zvakare akabva Kiev machinda.

machinda Rogue

Zvichitevera Mstislav Vladimirovich ari kure pamucheto akatonga machinda Rogue zvaitumirwa pano kana pasi zera kana nokuda zvoutsinye hunhu. Somuenzaniso, muna 1064 imomo anotonga muzukuru Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, uyo akanga vakazodzingwa ne hama yake Rostislav Vladimirovich. Remoteness kubva Kiev akaita Tmutarakan yakakunakira nhandare kuti zvisingaperi hondo. Machinda mvumo pano kazhinji nemhaka varwi kubva pakati Polovtsian muArabhu. Hazvishamisi kuti magavhuna shoma yakabvuma kutonga kwakadaro kure kumucheto vose Tmutarakan weutungamiriri. Makomo uye inowanzorimwa vakanga kugara pangozi vemo.

Muna 1069-1079 gg. mitemo volt Gleb - Roman. Akaurayiwa Polovtsi munguva imwe hondo. Zvino akatendeukira kumusoro pano wokupedzisira aine Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Aigona kuva mubati Chernigov, asi nekuda hunenge ukama Kiev choushe, aifanira kutizira kumigumo yenyika. Akanga pedyo Roman mumazuva ake okupedzisira kundikana rutsigiro. Kana Roman akauraya, ipapo Oleg ikatorwa musungwa uye akapiwa Byzantines rudzikinuro. Panguva ino, mambo weConstantinople, aiva mutsigiri Muchinda Kiev - muvengi Svyatoslav. Naizvozvo, kwemakore anoverengeka, Oleg aiva nhapwa pachitsuwa cheRhodes. Panguva ino Tmutarakan okunda dzoumambo nyangarara. Pano zvishoma midzi zvizvarwa Yaroslava Mudrogo - machinda Rogue David I. uye Volodar Rostislavich. Mundima weutungamiriri Tmutarakan tambudza kuti Polovtsian mapoka. VaGiriki vaidavira kuti nyika yavo uye nemakanzuru Russian machinda vanotorwa sevanhu pfupi vatsigiri uye vatongi vari pasi.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

Pamusana zvaibiwa kwakaenderera Polovtsian itsva mambo Aleksey Komnin muna 1081 akasarudza kurega kuzvidzwa Oleg. Panguva ino, Chernigov nhapwa aigona kuroora musikana Greek uye mukawanana navo yakakurumbira mhuri revatongi weConstantinople. Muna 1083, nemhaka yokutsigira mambo akakwanisa kuhwina Tmutarakan Russian kwavabati yekare. Oleg akamuka musoro archon (kureva gavhuna wavarindi). mamiriro ezvinhu aya kwemakore gumi, kana dunhu vakanakidzwa norugare uye kunobatsira kutengeserana.

Zvisinei, muna 1094, Oleg akasarudza kudzokera kumusha. Akaunganidza hondo Polovtsy akaenda kukunda Chernigov, yakanga kamwe hunotongwa baba vake. Sezvo hondo yakatanga, Oleg uye Vladimirom Monomahom. Nokuda kuti Tmutarakan pomutadzi vakauya kuna Russia kubudikidza gurusvusvu muArabhu uye akatanga hondo vasina ngoni, iye ashandira remadunhu- Gorislavich. Muna 1097 Oleg pakupedzisira Novgorod-Seversky. Kusvikira afa, haana kudzokera kure Tmutarakan.

End Tmutarakani

Kokupedzisira hugota Tmutarakan anotaurwa yaMakoronike Russian yaiva 1094. Pashure paizvozvo, unopinza yakapfigwa kubva nyika mai vavo. Russian vokuparidzira zvishoma aparara. Muzana XII remakore simba Taman kweItari akachinjirwa Byzantium. Kamwe muna 1204, Western Dzorudzidziso akakundawo Constantinople muGungwa Black mapoka yokupedzisira nyonganyonga akatonga uye okupedzisira zvisaririra vehurumende wakasiya munyika. Pano akatanga hegemony yacho inowanzorimwa. Asi kunyange zvakadaro, mukunopera yeMiddle Ages pamahombekombe akazviratidza Taman zvokutengeserana muhutongi kuGenoa, ane vatengesi dzakapa Western Europe zvekumwe vokumabvazuva zvinhu kubva Crimea uye Kuban.

Kudzidza nhoroondo weutungamiriri

Tmutarakan Russian weutungamiriri akwegura uye mamiriro ayo, uye nhasi chinokwezva pfungwa vanachiremba zhinji: dzekare, vanochera matongo uye archivists. At nzvimbo dzaiva Russian Zvakafukunurwa nhasi, kubatsira kusimudza chifukidzo pachivande pamusoro upenyu State. Mari Tmutarakan Duchy kufarira. gavhuna ose mutsva akatanga dzava kugadzira wayo mari. Systematization zivo pamusoro mari Ages rakapa Tmutarakani, kunoita kuti kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro ipapo hurumende uye kurongeka.

Kubva yakapfuura nguva, nesuwo takanga matongo mumachechi echiKristu. Mumwe nzendo Soviet uyewo akawana necropolis. Kuwedzera, pedyo guta raiva yemamongi wechiKristu.

Everyday upenyu Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan aiva nhare kuzvidzivirira masvingo. Zvimedu vamwe vavo vakapona. The guta rakavakwazve kanoverengeka. Muzana X remakore, asimbiswa chirongwa chitsva, izvo hwaienzanirana mufundisi. Tmutarakan kwavabati Kuban mutore nyika, zvichipa zvakawanda kukohwa. In guru, pedyo neimba nomumwe aiva matura avo kana wedzimba kuti yakafanana chinangwa.

History Tmutarakan kwavabati kuri kuitwa adzidza kuti zvemumba panguva matongo nzendo. Kusiyana nevamwe ukuru pamusoro Kievan Rus, pano zvakawanda aishandisa glassware Byzantine kugadzirwa. Izvi runoratidzwa yakawanda akawanikwa Ceramics (zvirongo, amphora uye t. D.). Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe akanyorwa zvinhu zvaishandiswa inowanikwa Tmutarakan, akanyorwa nechiGiriki. NecheSalvic anowana ari panhare iri Anonyanyowanika chokuita nezvinhu machinda, varindi, varanda uye mamongi Orthodox. Tmutarakan - idura zvinokosha rarities kuburikidza ndakawedzera zvokutengeserana, rakanga kuitwa munharaunda chiteshi. Yakakunakira chiteshi akakwezva vatengesi vaibva kunyika dzakasiyana.