Muzivi uye munyori Dokinz Richard: Biography uye mabasa

On samambure kwedenga akashandisa Meme "masayendisiti British". Pachinzvimbo chavo yakabudiswa Nhamba iri nhamba Chinese vanoziva sei kuti kusvika mutauro mhino, kana migumisiro zvidzidzo zviri Saturn kuti simba iri kutarisana acuity vokuAustralia cockatoo. zita romunyori rokuti "Meme" - Dawkins. Richard - inozvikudza British shanduka zvipenyu, muzivi, munyori, yakakurumbira popularizer sayenzi uye chitendero. Nderake yakafanana mhando rokudzidza munharaunda zvakarurama mibvunzo.

Uduku uye kuyaruka

Akaberekwa March 26, 1941 mu Nairobi, Kenya, uye akakurira chokuNyasaland - British zvinhu mu South Africa. Anoyeuka kuti wokutanga zvemhuka uye bhotani, aifarira hapana kupfuura dzimwe sayenzi. Amateur zvipenyu aiva baba vake - a yaitonga mukuru Klinton Dzhon Dawkins. Richard uye hanzvadzi yake remuduku kufarira nezvenyeredzi uye zvayo nevanhu ezvinhu mudziyo. Kuongorora mukomana akarova kubudikidza kunzwisisa zvose, uye kuti tsananguro refu ndizvo kwokuvapo Musiki wake zvakagadzirwa wakanyatsokodzera kwaari, nekuti mhuri Dawkins Ndiwo England.

Education Dawkins aifanira kuenda kuEngland, uko vakatamira muna 1949. On kurumbidza kwacho baba vake, akapinda kirasi chaivo kupurayimari, uye chinangwa raiva Oxford. Izvi ndipo here kufarira sayenzi hwezvisikwa. mudzidzisi wake akanga zvipenyu inozvikudza uye akahwina mubayiro weNobel Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988). Under utungamiriri hwake, kudzidza mudzidzi Richard Dawkins akabatanidzwa mubasa sayenzi mhuka maitiro - ethology, iyo pachimwe zvinoshamisa. Akanyanya aiva mumwe wokutanga kushandisa kombiyuta, kunyange nyanzvi iyi zvirongwa unyanzvi.

chitendero pakakoromoka

A hwakadzama sumo dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka wava rinokosha inokosha muupenyu musayendisiti. Mariri akawana mhinduro mubvunzo pamusoro zvinokonzera yakapoteredza muzvarirwo siyana, kwakabva nyika mhuka uye vanhu, uye ake kuwirirana. Sezvo akanyora Papera Richard Dokinz, bhuku guru Darwin yakarova sezvo iye zvainoreva kukwana uye kusachinja-chinja, pane avo inopiwa vatsigiri nokutungamirira kwaMwari.

Kusvikira zvino, anodavira kunokosha zvikuru zvaaiva pakadhindwa yokutanga "The Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection" Charles Darwin pamwe yemunyori zvinyorwa. Muvandudzi mukuru sayenzi zvepanyama, iye anoona mumwe hwake uye magamba kwesayenzi uye kundorwa vavengi dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka akaita chinangwa chinokosha dzidzo yavo. Richard Dawkins, uyo bhuku kwakamutsa mhirizhonga maitiro kubva kusikwa, kubvira pauduku hwake akava nechokwadi kuna Mwari uye campaigner pamusoro mashura evanhu vemazuva ano.

ruzha pakutanga

bhuku rokutanga, izvo pakarepo akauya dzidziso pakati nyanzvi uye voruzhinji yakabudiswa muna 1976. "The rwoudyire Gene". Richard Dawkins akazivisa muchidzidzo ichi chinhanho pfungwa Darwin-shanduka. Anotsigira uye anovandudza dzavo nebudiriro zvemberi nzvimbo zvipenyu - uye genetics ethology. Zita, iro zvishoma inonyadzisa, munyori kusanganisira akasimbisa basa jini sezvo huru chinhu-shanduka, kwete vanhu kana vanhu yose. Zvikuru chiono itsva yakanga kuti nhengo iri chete motokari majini kutsvaka kuramba vari zvizvarwa itsva.

Anotora shanduka dzidziso mberi, mberi genetics. Pano pfungwa zvounhu Gene nerokuti akati Meme. Bhuku "The rwoudyire Gene" Richard Dokinz akaita Akakwezva masayendisiti matambudziko nemagariro shanduka mune dzakasiyana nzvimbo mhuka. The chinhu chitsva sayenzi - memetics - Iye zvinganaka funga muchikwata vasiri mambure zvemhuka kana bhotani. Rinogona kuva pfungwa, ruzivo, kuitika itsva mapfekero uye tsika. Muenzaniso mubhuku, vavariro nziyo wakapfuura pasi nezvizvarwa dzimwe mhando songbirds.

Pokumuka pfungwa idzva rinonzi

Time dzakatsigira kukosha bhuku rokutanga Dawkins. Pfungwa vakapa akanaka prose, akajeka uye akatarira kukuru, kunyange zvazvo zvakakonzera zvinovava nharo, dzimwe nguva enyika. Dawkins anotendeuka kuti chomurevereri udyire vachiramba kukosha chero masangano evanhu. Akaedza kutsanangura chinzvimbo chake muudzame mubasa rake "The vaite Phenotype" (1982), ndokubereka zvikuru yesayenzi.

The inokosha pfungwa yaiva: zvimwe zvinoitwa yoga kwemarudzi uye pasi shanduka kuchinja kuva miganhu yakajeka, coinciding pamwe rokunze deko zvinenge. Pachirehwa zvose zvine chokuita noupenyu. Saka, zvinogona beavers madhamu dzavo, zvichiita imwe nzvimbo anoverengeka hectares munharaunda, uye nzvimbo motokari, nevanhu, zvinogona kuyambuka miganhu Galaxy yedu.

Kurwira rusununguko nesayenzi

Kare sixties Dawkins akaratidza pachena basa, kuita Anti-hondo zviito. Munguva eighties, akanzwa kukanganisa rusununguko rwavo sezvo masayendisiti shanduka uye vakaomerwa kuwana chizvarwa chitsva zivo mberi yesayenzi. Kusikwa vatopiwa mamiriro rutsigiro, uye dzidziso yaDarwin akasangana zvipingamupinyi zvakakura munyika dzakawanda "vakambovhenekerwa". "Darwin Rottweiler" - mumwe remadunhu- akapiwa nokuda kwebasa rake Richard Dawkins. "The Bofu watchmaker" - vanonzi bhuku rayo TV shanduro, rakabudiswa muna 1987. Ivo vakaratidza mafungiro musayendisiti kuti vatsigiri Intelligent Design.

Kuvatsoropodzi shanduka vanoti kunzwisisa hunhu rinotsanagurwa basa roMusiki chete, uye kwakabva murume pachishandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kusanduka chinyakare zvipenyu zviri sezvisingaiti kwakaita kwaita kunzwisisa mashandiro pasina nechinangwa. Dawkins kunoramba nharo kuti chete dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa kungaita kuti chidzoke kunzwisisa zvinenge pamwe nemamwe ehupfumi.

Richard Dawkins 'The Bofu watchmaker, "izvo kwave kuchiratidzwa vakawanda mibayiro uye mibayiro, aiva mutungamiri vakaziva kuti ngwizhingwi kusatendera. Mangwana bhuku, vakazvipira kusvika nyaya nekuita pakati chitendero uye vanhu, vakava vazhinji yakatengwa uye kukonzera dzakajeka kuvenga naye vateveri akasiyana zvitendero uye nemasangano.

On chidzitiro uye mumabhuku

Dawkins nokukurumidza akava kucherechedzwa nevezvenhau hunhu muEngland, Europe uye United States. erudition ake, unyanzvi narrator uye polemicist akamuitira nomufambi mueni dzidzo uye terevhizheni edzidzo. A dzakatevedzana terevhizheni hurukuro vana uye vayaruki pamusoro BBB-4 mugero, pamusoro zvakanyorwa mubhuku "Climbing mashoko Peak Leonard" (1996), kuramba kushanda nhasi. Mariri anotaura nezvemavambo upenyu, ari shanduka dzidziso Darwin muchinangwa kukura sayenzi yemazuva, insolvency "Mwari pfungwa".

mabhuku ake zvikuru kwete nharo. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu kubva kunyika dzakasiyana vanobvuma kuti munzvimbo zhinji sainzi, sungano sayenzi zvakasikwa, mumwe zvikuru masayendisiti nguva yedu - Richard Dawkins. "The Ancestor kuti ngano" (2004), "The Greatest Show Panyika" (2009), "The Magic kuti Reality" (2011) - chete wokupedzisira basa nguva. Ivo Kushanduka mhuka rinowanika zvinonakidza uye kwazvo mutoo nokuyemura uko Dawkins inopfuura pamwe zvinoshamisa unyanzvi.

"Ini - musayendisiti, kwete muzivi"

Kurapa zvose achitsoropodza uye kutsvaka uchapupu pasina kuvimba veru- akadana Richard Dawkins. "The Mwari kurasika" (2006) - bhuku iyo anoratidza kudanwa ichi zvakajeka kwazvo. Yaiva zvimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda pamusoro kusikwa, pamusoro kunaka kuratidzwa dzechitendero fundamentalism:

• Anonyaradza kunoita chitendero, ukoshi yakwo kuzivikanwa kunyange vanoti Mwari haako, uye underestimation uyu akanga mhosva Dawkins. Zvino nharo kuti munhu anogona kufara, mumanzwiro uye mutsika zvakakwana munhu pasina Kuzviisa pasi yepamusoro simba.
• Shanduka pfungwa uye vachishandisa dzidziso zvizere pairi uye anorondedzera nomazvo zviri kuitika. Vanobvumira kuti kunyanya kuyemura runako rwayo uye siyana, haangatenderi aonekwa chete kuda, uye mukufamba zvishoma nezvishoma dzinonakidza kwacho.
• Haukwanisi zvakabaya mafungiro uye maitiro nedzidziso dzevanhu, kungobva panzvimbo kuberekwa uye zvakatipoteredza, apo vanomutsirwa. Pfungwa mwana-Muslim mwana kana muPurotesitendi haagoni nomusoro, uyewo mwana kana mwana-Nietzschean Marxist.
• Dzidziso dzechitendero - kwaibva intransigence uye utsinye, kunyanya ngozi nhasi. Pane Kukunda pavo akasima zvichemo uye kubvumira fundamentalists uye vanonyanyisa.

Hanya yemberi panyika

Books uye zvirongwa vana - chinokosha dzidzo. dzakarwiwa pedyo Richard Dawkins. "The Mwari kurasika" - bhuku uye terevhizheni firimu, kunyanya zvomuenzaniso mupfungwa Concerned Scientists, njodzi remangwana sayenzi uye nyika yose. Hurumende iri XXI remakore, pachena inotsigira kuvhurika Christian uye vaMuslim zvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti, uye kudzidziswa zvirongwa yabviswa zvose chokuita yaDarwin kwakabva upenyu.

Kushaya tsika kufunga pachena, pasina simba bato wechitatu, mapofu kutenda muchokwadi, yakagadzirwa munhu uye kana chinhu - ndizvo zvakaita musayendisiti anoona njodzi nokuda kukura munhu. Independence uye rusununguko, kuzvionera pakuzarura Nhongonya itsva, kukwanisa kunzwisisa pakuonekwa Earth sezvo isingawanzowanikwi kubudirira, kudzingirirana vachifara manzwisisire upenyu - zvakakosha kuti mwana anofanira kutora kupinda vayaruka.

rezvedzidzo pfuma

zita rake riri zvishoma nyika, asteroid, kuverengwa 8331 pakadzika nzvimbo uye genus ose Freshwater hove kubva padombo kabhu kuti vanogara South India uye Sri Lanka. Ndiye Kumukundi vemazana nomukurumbira mibayiro uye mibayiro. mabhuku simba - Tariro, Time, The Daily Telegraph kuti zita rake ndandanda dzepamusorosoro nevafungi nguva yedu.

Munhu ane e-mail izere tsamba majee nokunyombwa uye kutyisidzira kunotyisa mirango mune ino uye noupenyu munyikadzimu - zviri zvakare Richard Dawkins. "Chitendero anoparadza zvose", "Vavengi chikonzero" - kutenda pfungwa yepamusorosoro havasi anokanganwira naye, kunyange mazita emabhuku.

Anonyora mabhuku, anoita mafirimu, iye starred mumafirimu uye cartoons, uye vanotora chikamu anoratidza uye padombo Concerts. Iye anogara zvizere zvaidiwa okuti pamwe mapepa akanga wakanamira musi London mabhazi mu kuumbwa mushandirapamwe vakatakura kunze kutora chikamu Dawkins: "Pasinei, hakuna Mwari. Enough kuzvidya mwoyo uye unakidzwe noupenyu. "