Empire pamusoro Genghis Khan: miganhu, danidziro Genghis Khan vake. Temujin (Genghis Khan): kare, vedzinza

vazhinji nemamwe vanhu pane munhoroondo yenyika. Vakanga chete vana, kazhinji akarerwa urombo uye havana kuziva tsika dzakanaka. vanhu vakadaro akanyatsosiyana mararamiro kare, vachisiya chete madota. Vakavaka nyika itsva, mumwe dzematongerwe idzva maonero matsva oupenyu. All mazana izvi vanhu vanhu chikwereti hwake nhasi, nokuti vakatanga wezvidimbu kare zviitiko kunotoreva kuti pane nhasi. Mazita evanhu ava vanoziva zvose, nekuti nguva dzose vanenge pamiromo. Gore negore, masayendisiti anogona kupa kuwedzera nhamba dzinonakidza zvinhu kubva upenyu zvikuru vanhu. Uyezve, zvishoma nezvishoma kuzarura zvakavanzika zhinji uye zvakavanzika, chiziviso izvo vakawanda kare kungaita kuti taisireva.

ruzivo

Genghis Khan ndiye muvambi wesangano iri Mongol Empire, kuti Khan mukuru wekutanga kwaaiva. Iye vakabatana dzakasiyana-siyana madzinza akapararira, vakanga munharaunda kuMongolia. Mukuwedzera, ivo aiitisa vazhinji nzendo kuti pedyo States. Most rutsigiro rwemauto yakaguma muna zvakakwana kukunda. Rezvitendero Genghis Khan anonzi huru kupfuura Continental rose nhoroondo yenyika.

pakuberekwa

Temujin akaberekwa turakiti delüün boldog. Baba akadana mwanakomana wake Genghis Khan nokukudzwa musungwa mutungamiri Tatars Temudgin-they, uyo vakakundwa chete asati azvarwa mukomana. Date aberekwa ari mutungamiri mukuru achiri asina chaizvo kuzivikanwa, sezvo mabhuku akasiyana anoratidza zvakasiyana nguva. Maererano nemagwaro kuti aivapo panguva upenyu mutungamiri uye zvapupu zvake biographers, Genghis Khan akaberekwa muna 1155. Munogonawo - muna 1162, asi hapana chaiyo uchapupu. baba vomukomana, Yesugei Bahadar, akasiya izvozvo mumhuri romwenga aine makore 11. Genghis Khan aifanira kuramba ikoko kusvikira zera kuti vana pakuziva mumwe. The musikana muduku, yemberi mwenga nezita bhodhi raiva mhando ungirat.

rufu baba vake

Maererano nemagwaro, panzira kudzokera kumba, baba vomukomana wacho muchetura Tatars. Kumba kwaiva Esugeya nefivha, uye akafa mazuva matatu gare gare. Iye wakange ana vakadzi vaviri. Vana vavo vaviri, uye musoro wemhuri yakanga ndokupfura kubva kurudzi. Vakadzi nevana vaimanikidzwa kugara musango kwemakore akawanda. Vakakwanisa kupukunyuka nechishamiso; vachadya miti, vakomana vakanga vachiedza kubata hove. Kunyange inodziya mwedzi, vakanga vakatongerwa nenzara, sezvo vaifanira kuita mumatanda nokuti chando chikafu.

Achityira zvaisarudza venhaka Great Khan, musoro itsva yorudzi Tarqutai - Kiriltuh vakatevera Temudgin. Kakawanda mukomana kutiza, asi pakupedzisira akanga akabatwa. Vakaisa ake yemapuranga misa kuti kurambidzwa chose nemuzviito kutambudzirwa kutenda. Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vadye, vanwe, kana kunyange dzinga kuti kunetsa tsikidzi chiso. Achiziva tariro yavo mumamiriro ezvinhu, Temujin akasarudza kutiza. Usiku, akasvina kugungwa, apo vakandovanda. Mukomana kunyudzwa zvakazara mumvura, vachisiya pemvura chete wemhino. Snoop chiefdoms nokungwarira aitsvaka vamwe kungoda mupoteri. Mumwe munhu anoti Temudgin, asi haana kupa izvozvo. Gare gare akabatsira Genghis Khan kutiza. Nokukurumidza mukomana akanga awana musha wavo musango. Akabva aroora mundege.

kuva mukuru

Rezvitendero Genghis Khan akasika zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakutanga, zvakatanga makwai nukers raakarwa akarwisa nzvimbo pedyo. Saka, jaya akatanga kuzviratidza kunyika, hondo uye vanhu. Khan akatanga kuumba chaiyo gadziriro, izvo raizoita kuti zvinobudirira kushandisa kukura nokukurumidza mhirizhonga. About 1184 anoberekwa mwanakomana Genghis Khan rokutanga - Jochi. Muna 1206, panguva Congress of Temujin akaziviswa Khan mukuru waMwari. Kubva panguva iyi yaionekwa kwakakwana uye mutongi kwakakwana Mongolia.

Asia

The kukunda Central Asia kwakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. The hondo Qara Khitai yakaguma Mongolia Nzizi Seven uye East Turkestan. Kuti vawane rutsigiro chavagari, ivo eMongolia akabvumira vaMuslim kunamata yavose chinorambidzwa Naamani. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti zvachose akagadzirisa vokuparidzira vakatsigira chose pamwe nechisimba. Population vakatenda vasvike eMongolia "nenyasha Allah," sezvo tichienzanisa Rigidity pakati Khan Kuchluk. Residents pachavo ndashama magedhi eMongolia. Zvakakunakirai kuti guta rino Balasagun rainzi "guta nyoro". Han Kuchlug kukwanisa kuronga zvakakwana simba nemishonga, saka akatiza guta. Nokukurumidza, iye akawanikwa uye akaurayiwa. Saka, nokuti Genghis Khan akazarura nzira Khorezm.

Rezvitendero Genghis Khan takabatikana Khorezm - imwe nyika hombe Central Asia. The simba pfungwa zvakanga kuti kwamachinda aiva nesimba rizere muguta, saka zvinhu zvakanga zvashata chaizvo. The amai Muhammad oga anoita zvose dzemhuri inokosha hurumende mbiru, pasina kukumbira mwanakomana wake. Kusika, saka, denderedzwa rutsigiro simba, iye akatungamirira anopesana Muhammad. Internal ukama zvakaipisisa kusvinwa kana akasungirirwa rinorema kutyiswa Mongol nechisimba. Hondo Khorezm pamusoro chokuti hapana mapato haana kugamuchira chinokosha zvinobatsira. Usiku, eMongolia akasiya dzeminda. Muna 1215, Genghis Khan akabvumirana Khorezm pamusoro yakawiriranwa dzaishandiswa ukama. Zvisinei, vatengesi wokutanga uyo aifamba Khorezm, vakabatwa uye vakaurayiwa. Nokuti eMongolia waiva chikonzero chakakwana kuti kutanga hondo. Nechekare muna 1219, Genghis Khan pamwe huru mauto vaipikisa Khorezm. Pasinei nokuti vakawanda munzvimbo zvatorwa yokukomba, ivo eMongolia vakapamba guta, achiuraya uye zvose inoparadza kumativi. Mohammed vakarasikirwa hondo kunyange pasina kurwa, uye akaona izvi, iye akatizira chitsuwa kweGungwa reCaspian, pashure pokunge apa simba mwanakomana wake Kandero al-Din. Shure hondo refu Khan Akabata Kandero al-Din muna 1221 pedyo Indus River. Uto yomuvengi kuverengwa vanenge 50 zviuru vanhu. Kutsungirira navo, ivo eMongolia vakashandisa wemanomano: pashure kupedzerwa dhituwa pamusoro matombo nomunzvimbo dzine, vakarwisa yomuvengi parutivi. Uyezve, Khan akaita vanounganidzwa simba Guards kupesana Bagaturov. Pakupedzisira, mauto Kandero al-Din kwakaguma anenge zvachose pasi. Akanga ana masoja ane zviuru zvakawanda vakatiza kubva kuhondo kushambira.

Pashure pokukomba mwedzi 7-guru vakawira Khorezm - Urgench, guta rakundwa. Kandero al-Din akarwa hondo Genghis Khan 10 makore, asi haisati nayo kuti hurumende chinokosha tibatsirwe. Akafa tichidzivirira nharaunda yavo 1231 muna Anatolia.

Muna matatu chete pfupi makore (1219-1221) umambo Muhammad uta pamberi Genghis Khan. The yose kumabvazuva chikamu umambo, iro rakatora nharaunda kubva Indus River kuGungwa reCaspian, aiva pasi pokutonga Great Khan pakati kuMongolia.

West eMongolia aizokundwa Jebe uye Subedeya rutsigiro. Anokunda Samarkand, Genghis Khan akatuma mauto ake kuti kukunda Muhammad. Jebe uye Subutai akapfuura nomunyika yose North of Iran uye vakabvuta South eCaucasus. The guta rakanga ratorwa ne zvimwe zvibvumirano kana kungoti nechisimba. Mauto kugara inounganidzwa mutero kubva yevagari. Nokukurumidza, muna 1223 ivo eMongolia akakunda Russian-Polovtsian mauto kurwizi Kalka. Zvisinei, kuenda kuna East, vakarasikirwa mu ari Volga Bulgaria. Little zvasara Tichitarisa mauto vakadzokera Khan Great muna 1224, uye panguva iyoyo akanga ari Asia.

Surfing

kukunda Khan yokutanga, iyo yakaitika kunze kuMongolia, zvakaitika panguva yekutsvaga rutsigiro makore 1209-1210 musi Tangut. Han akatanga kugadzirira hondo muvengi zvikuru ngozi kuMabvazuva - mamiriro Jin. Muchirimo 1211 vakatanga hondo huru, iyo kwakaurayisa vanhu vakawanda. nokukurumidza, pakazopera gore, mauto Genghis Khan raMwari muridzi nharaunda kubva kuchamhembe kusvika Great Wall of China. Nechekare muna 1214 mu mumaoko Mongol mauto akanga nharaunda yose, kufukidza kuchamhembe uye Yellow River. Mugore iroro pakanga kukombwa Beijing. Nyika yakanga yaunganidzwa exchange - Genghis Khan akatora Chinese vamoyo sezvo mudzimai wake, uyo aiva guru roora, nyika uye upfumi. Asi mambo wacho kutama aiva mano, uye achangopera mauto akatanga mumusiye Khan, pashure vakamirira yakakodzera, wokuChina hondo tatangazve. Kwavari kwaiva kukanganisa guru, nekuti kumhanya ari eMongolia akakunda guta rokupedzisira hurungudo.

Muna 1221, apo kuwa Samarkand, mwanakomana mukuru Genghis Khan akatumwa Khorezm, kuti atange kukombwa Urgench - Muhammad guta. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mwanakomana muduku akatumwa nababa vake Persia chinopambwa uye andobata ndima.

Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo Hondo Kalka, iyo yakaitika pakati Russian-Polovtsian uye Mongolian mauto. Modern nzvimbo kurwa - nayo Donetsk kudunhu Ukraine. Hondo Kalka (1223 gore) zvakakonzera wakakwana kukunda ose eMongolia. First vakaputsa Polovtsy nemauto, uye gare gare vakaparadzwa huru mauto wehondo Russian. May 31, kurwa yakaguma kufa vanenge 9 Machinda Russian, boyars zhinji uye varwi.

Kwidza Subutai Jebe uye akabvumira mauto kuenda kuburikidza chinokosha mugove inowanzorimwa, iyo inoremekedzwa ari Cumans. Izvi akabvumira vehondo kuongorora zvemashoko ramangwana yemitambo remapazi nemauto, kuridzidza uye funga zvine nzira. Mongolians Wadzidzawo zvakawanda pamusoro womukati maumbirwo Russia, kubva vasungwa vakanga vagamuchira chaizvo kunzwa mashoko. mishandirapamwe Genghis Khan kuti vagara nokungwarira tactical kudzidzisa, iyo inoitwa pamberi Pazvinotanga.

Rus

The nechisimba Tatars kuRussia kwakaitika mumakore 1237-1240 uchitongwa Chingizid Batu. Mongolians vachishingaira mberi musi Russia, rova panze, akamirira Photo mikana. Chinangwa chikuru pamusoro Tatars aiva varwi vasina kurongeka dzeRussia, kudyara kutya. Hondo pamwe mijenya varwi vakapukunyuka. Zano kwaiva kugovera hondo huru uye kukunda muvengi piecemeal, uchimhanya Vanorwisa ake uye rusingaperi kurwisa. The eMongolia vakatanga kurwisana aine nemiseve kuitira kutyisidzira uye kutsausa vavengi. Chimwe chinokosha zvakanakira uto Mongolian ndechokuti basa hondo rakarongwa nenzira yakanakisisa. Mamaneja havana kurwa pamwe dzinongoitika varwi, vakanga pane imwe kure, kuti zvakanaka kufukidza dzokuonera angled rehondo. Varwi mirayiridzo inopiwa siyana kutaurwa: mireza, chiedza, utsi, ngoma uye sepombi. Kurwisa eMongolia kunyatsofunga. Kuti aite izvi, aidzidza njere simba uye nedzenyu kugadzirira hondo. Zvakawanda ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna kuputira nomuvengi, uyewo bloating zvinorwisana maari. Pashure danho iri uto Mongolian yakanga dzirambe pedyo nemiganhu. The tsamwisa kwakaitika vakakomba mukomberedzo. Kutanga zvakasiyana kumapati, mauto akaedza kupinda pakati. Rakapinza Hwakadzika, mauto akaparadza guta, kuba mombe, achiuraya masoja uye chibharo vakadzi. Kuti nani kugadzirira kurwiswa, ivo eMongolia akadzingwa chaiwo supervisory zvikwata, uyo akagadzira ndima, uyewo achiparadza zvombo yomuvengi. The nhamba chaiyo revarwi kumativi ose yakavimbika anozivikanwa, sezvo mashoko zvinosiyana.

Nokuti Russia Mongol kubvuta raiva guru nokurova. A guru chikamu vemo akaurayiwa, guta yakapararawo, sezvo rakaparadzwa kwazvo. Stone kuvaka yakanga raizosungirirwa kwemakore akawanda. Vazhinji webasa nyore anyangarika. The vagara vakawanda yakanga liquidated anenge zvachose. Rezvitendero Genghis Khan uye Mongol-wechiTatar kupindirwa kuna Rus vakanga chokuita, sezvo eMongolia, yaiva zvinonaka chaizvo chechingwa.

Empire Khan

Genghis Khan kwakaita umambo rinosanganisira nharaunda huru kubva Danube kuGungwa Japan, uye kubva Novgorod South-East Asia. Panguva yacho ichatonga zvine mbiri, iye rinobatanidza nyika wokumaodzanyemba kweSiberia, Eastern Europe, Middle East, China, Tibet uye Central Asia. XIII Century kuzoziviswa zvakasikwa uye pavapenyu guru mamiriro Genghis Khan. Asi yechipiri yezana remakore guru rakatanga aputse kupinda yoga ulus, iyo yaitongwa Genghis Khan. Rinonyatsooneka zvimedu eumambo wehurumende ndiwo: Golden Horde umambo Yuan, Chagatai Ulus uye Ilkhanate. Kunyange zvakadaro, miganhu umambo vakanga chaizvo kuti hapana mukuru kana mukundi aisagona kuita zvakawanda.

Guta guru roumambo

Karakorum raiva guru roumambo. Chaizvoizvo, shoko rinoreva "matombo matema dzemabota." Zvinonzi vakatenda rakavakwa muna 1220. Karakorum. Guta raiva nzvimbo Khan akasiya mhuri yake pamusoro danidziro uye zvinoitwa zvechiuto. Uyewo, guta raiva yakagara Khan, umo iye akatora vamiriri inokosha. It vakauyawo machinda Russian kugadzirisa siyana dzezvematongerwo enyika. XIII remakore akapa nyika vafambi vakawanda vakasiya nhoroondo yeguta (Marco Polo, Rubruk of paneeli Carpini). yevagari guta rakanga motley chaizvo, sezvo mumwe muzvina kwave kure nedzimwe. The guta kumusha akanga nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vatengesi akasvika achibva pose. The guta raiva nemamwe panyaya kusiyana nevagari vayo, nekuti pakati pavo pane vanhu vakasiyana vemarudzi, chitendero uye kufunga. Uyewo, guta rakavakwa pamwe yakawanda mosques vaMuslim uye temberi dzechiBhudha.

Ogedei akavaka palace, yaakakudanirai "Muzinda makore zviuru gumi kubudirira." Chingizid Mumwe aifanirawo kuvaka muzinda wake pano, ndiro, Chokwadi, vaduku kuvaka mwanakomana mutungamiriri mukuru.

zvizvarwa

Genghis Khan aiva nevakadzi vakawanda nevarongo kuguma mazuva ake asati. Zvisinei, kupfuura simba uye mukurumbira nevakomana akaberekera mukuru ndiye mukadzi wokutanga - bhodhi. Mugari wenhaka mwanakomana wokutanga Jochi, Batu, musiki Yechinwiwa Horde, Jaghatai-Chagatai akapa zita imba kuti vairairira nechepakati kumatunhu kwenguva refu, Ogaday-Ugedey aiva akatsiva Khan, Toluj mitemo Mongol Empire kubva 1251 ne 1259. Vakomana vana ava chete vaiva mamiriro womumwe simba. Uyezve, dare akamubereka murume nevanasikana Hodzhin mabhegi, Chichigan, Alagay, Temulen uye Altalun.

Mudzimai Khan merkitka Hulan Khatun rechipiri akabereka mwanasikana uye vanakomana Dayrusunu Kulkana uye Harachara. Mudzimai Genghis Khan Esukat rechitatu akamupa mwanasikana Chara-noynonu vanakomana Chahura uye Harhada.

Genghis Khan, ane upenyu nyaya kunofadza, vasiya nevazukuru vake, aitonga nokuda eMongolia pasi Great Khan Yasoy kusvika 20-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Madzimambo Manchurian kuti huchatonga Mongolia uye China kubva rechi16 kusvikira remakore rechi19, vakanga zvakananga zvizvarwa Khan munhukadzi mutsetse.

Sunset umambo hukuru

Kuwa umambo yakatora refu 9 makore, kubvira 1260 muna 1269. Zvinhu zvakanga zvatoitika chaizvo, sezvo aiva unopfuta mubvunzo kuti ndiani achaenda rose simba. Uyezve, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvakakomba administrative matambudziko nevatyairi kudzora chikwata.

Empire donhwe kwakaitika nokuti vanakomana Genghis Khan havana kurarama maererano nemitemo yakatangwa baba vake. Havana kugona kugara mukuru uchapupu "About Q-nehasha nehurumende." Genghis Khan akaumba utsinye chokwadi kuti kuramba vakakumbira kwaari Yokusarudza Pauri. zvachose upenyu Temudgin ruzivo kubva makore oupenyu hwake mangwanani. Vanakomana vake vaigara yakasiyana zvachose mamiriro, vari akadzivirira uye chivimbo mune remangwana. Uyezve, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti zvakachengeterwa fuma yababa duku zvikuru pane pachake.

Chimwe chikonzero pokuwa ehurumende rashanduka simba hondo pakati pavanakomana Genghis Khan. It chinovatsausa chimbi zvinoitwa nehurumende. Kana zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vagadzirise nyaya inokosha, hama kuita uyewo hatifaniri kukakavadzana dhigirii ayo. Izvi vasingagoni asi kukanganisa mamiriro munyika, munyika yose chinzvimbo, mafungiro vanhu. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti vakawanda kudzikira mune hurumende dzakawanda zvinhu. Kugoverana pakati kwababa umambo, hama aisaziva kuti inoparadza kuti namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara pamatombo.

Rufu mutungamiri mukuru

Genghis Khan, vane nhoroondo zvinoorora kufambidzana, akadzoka achibva Central Asia, akaenda nehondo yake mhiri Western China. Muna 1225 pedyo nemiganhu Xi Xia, Genghis Khan akanga ari kuvhima, panguva parwo uye zvakaipa maronda. By madekwana iwoyo akatanga kupisa muviri. Somugumisiro, ari mangwanani akaunganidza musangano mamaneja, izvo akataura mubvunzo wokuti kana kwete kutanga kundorwa Tangut. On bhodhi wakange Jochi, izvo harishandiswi panguva chakaderedzwa mutengo simba rinokosha chivimbo sezvo aigara kutsauka nemirayiridzo nababa vake. Kuona Kugara maitiro akadaro, Genghis Khan akarayira hondo yake kuenda kunorwisa Jochi uye vagomuuraya. Asi nokuti mwanakomana wake rworufu uye haana kuitwa.

Kuvandudza utano hwavo, muchirimo 1226, Genghis Khan uye nehondo yake vakayambuka muganhu Xi Xia. Mushure kunokunda nevanozvitsigira, uye guta raiswa nokuparadzwa, Khan akatanga hondo yake yokupedzisira. Tanguts vakakundwa musi kumucheto Tangut umambo nzira kuti rakavhurika zvachose. Kuwa umambo Tangut Khan uye rufu zviri zvakabatana chaizvo, nokuti mutungamiri mukuru akafa pano.

Zvinokonzera rufu

Magwaro anoti rufu Genghis Khan akasvika agamuchira zvipo kubva mambo Tangut. Zvisinei, pane shanduro dzakawanda, izvo zvakaenzana kuvapo. Pakati huru uye ungangotarisa zvikonzero ndedzinotevera: rufu kubva chirwere, murombo kuchinjira kumamiriro okunze kwenzvimbo, matambudziko kudonha kubva bhiza. Panewo yoga shanduro Khan akaurayiwa mudzimai wake muduku, uyo akatora nechisimba. The musikana, anotya migumisiro, vakazviuraya usiku chete.

Paguva Genghis Khan

The nzvimbo chaiyo kuvigwa of Khan Great kugona kudana munhu. zvinyorwa zvakasiyana vasawirirana hypotheses nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Uyezve, mune chimwe nechimwe rinoti nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzira kuvigwa. Guva Genghis Khan angava chero panzvimbo nhatu: musi Burkhan Khaldun, kurutivi rwokumusoro Altai Khan kana Yehe-UTEK.

Genghis Khan Monument iri muna Mongolia. Equestrian chifananidzo ichaongororwa zvikuru shongwe uye chifananidzo munyika. Huro shongwe kwakaitika September 26, 2008. kukwirira kwayo kuri 40 M pasina yakatanhamara, ane kureba iri 10 m. All chifananidzo zvemapuranga Stainless simbi, yose kurema ndiwo mamita 250. Also Monument Chingizkhanu takapoteredzwa 36 pembiru. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anomiririra Khan of Mongol Empire, Chinggis pokutangira uye nekuguma Ligdenom. Uyezve, vaviri-storey shongwe, uye pane miziyamu, Art Gallery, dziva, maresitorendi, musangano mukamuri uye chirangaridzo chitoro. bhiza musoro ndiko kuona papuratifomu vashanyi. Chifananidzo akapoteredzwa guru paki. Kurangarira vemenisiparati kuvaka kosi gorofu, imwe panze yemitambo, uye mudhamu rakagadzirwa nevanhu.