Wall Berlin: nhoroondo yokusika uye kuparadza. Kuwa Wall Berlin

Munyaya ino, Berlin Wall ichakurukurwa. History zvisikwa uye kuparadzwa zvakaoma pakati Super masimba inoratidza daka uye chiri pachake ari "hondo inotonhora".

Uchadzidza kwete chete zvinokonzera chikara ichi makiromita akawanda, asi pakuziva zvinonakidza zvine chokuita nokuvapo uye kuwa "Anti-yechiFascist kuzvidzivirira rusvingo."

Germany mushure World Second

Tisati kunzwisisa uyo akavaka Wall Berlin, zvinokosha kutaura mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo hurumende.

Pashure pokukundwa muHondo Yenyika II, Germany maigara mana inoti. kumadokero kwayo chikamu inogarwa British mauto, United States, uye France, uye shanu nyika yokumabvazuva raitungamirwa Soviet Union.

Next tichataura nezvekuti zvinhu zviri zvishoma nezvishoma nenharo panguva "Cold War." Uyewo, kurukurai kuti sei kukura penyika mbiri, anobva kumadokero uye kumabvazuva zvikamu zviri simba, vakaenda nenzira dzakatosiyana.

GDR

Sezvatichaona mberi, nhoroondo Wall Berlin haangogumiri nzvimbo kudhumhana pamusoro mugovanisi bloc uye Western nyika, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kupatsanurwa zvikamu simba chete.

Muna October 1949, yokuGermany Democratic Republic yakatangwa. It yakaumbwa kusvika hafu gore pashure paumbwe frg.

GDR dzatora nharaunda dzacho shanu dzakanga pasi Soviet basa. Ava vaisanganisira Saxony-Anhalt, muThuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Zvadaro, nhoroondo yacho Wall Berlin achaita akaenzanisira musiyano kuti inogona kuumbwa pakati maviri anorwisana misasa. Maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, West Berlin akanga akasiyana East sezvo London panguva Tehran uye Seoul kubva Pyongyang.

Germany

Muna May 1949, Federal Republic of Germany rakaumbwa. Berlin Wall nemaviri raiparadzanisa kubva muvakidzani wayo okumabvazuva. Panguva ino, hurumende iri kukurumidza yakadzorerwa tichibatsirwa nyika vane mauto akanga akamira pamusoro munharaunda yayo.

Saka, aimbova French, American uye British rinotambudza munyika dzine makore mana pashure kuguma Yechipiri World War ikava Germany. Sezvo chikamu pakati penhindi zviviri Germany kwakaitika muBerlin, guta guru idzva wehurumende yakava Bonn.

Pashure, Zvisinei, nyika iri kuva nyaya kusanzwisisana mugovanisi bloc uye capitalist West. Muna 1952, Iosif Stalin akafunga demilitarization yokuGermany yaro unozotevera kuvapo somunhu simba, asi vasina kuroora.

US anoramba chirongwa uye tichibatsirwa kuMarshall Plan anotendeuka West Germany muna kutsanya-kukura simba. Kwemakore gumi, kubva muna 1950, pane kuwedzera simba, iyo historiography inonzi "chishamiso zvoupfumi".
Asi Standoff kunosvika pakati zvinogumbura.

Berlin Crisis kubva 1961

Pamusoro panowanikwa munhu "nyungudika" iri Cold War yokurwisana kunotanga zvakare. Chimwe chikonzero akapfurwa pasi pamusoro Soviet Union, vokuAmerica shora ndege.

Mapera raitevera kurwisana, izvo kwakaguma Wall Berlin. Gore kuvakwa ichi shongwe kuoma uye upenzi - 1961 vakasuwa asi chaizvoizvo yava aripo kwenguva refu, kunyange kana kwete zvinhu nomuvengi.

Saka Stalin kumwedzi kwakatungamirira pamwero mukuru maoko rudzi, iyo kwekanguva akamira pamwe yakawiriranwa chakatangwa intercontinental ballistic zvombo.

Zvino, ari chiitiko hondo, ukuru yenyukireya akanga asiri mune Super simba.
Kubvira panguva Korean kurwisana, hunyambiri unovaka zvakare. Peak torque simbi Berlin uye Cuban chombo zvinetso. Sezvo chikamu nyaya tiri kufarira yokutanga. Zvino zvakaitika August 1961, somugumisiro raiva pakusikwa Wall Berlin.

Mushure Second World War, sezvo isu kare ambotaurwa, Germany yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri inoti - capitalist uye mugovanisi. Panguva chaiyo kuchiva, muna 1961, Khrushchev inopfuura kudzorwa kuti yaigarwa nemauto ari GDR muBerlin. Chikamu chete guta, raiva Federal Republic of Germany, vakashanyira US blockade uye ayo vakabatana.

Khrushchev kwakaita kokupedzisira hanya West Berlin. Mutungamiri Soviet vanhu vachida demilitarization kwayo. Western vavengi of mugovanisi bloc akati kusawirirana.

Zvinhu zvakanga makore anoverengeka ari mupurigatori. Khrushchev kushanyirwa kuti US, sokuti, kwaiva kuderedza zvinhu. Zvisinei, zvaitika pamwe musori Ndege U-2 akaisa pamuchinjikwa tisingatyi zvaiita easing pavanotaurirana.

Zvakaguma zviuru rimwe nehafu dzokuwedzera US mauto kuWest Berlin uye kuvakwa porusvingo, Munotatamura kuburikidza muguta uye kunyange kupfuura izvozvo, pamusoro chikamu GDR.

Musi kuvaka "Anti-yechiFascist rusvingo kuzvidzivirira" riri kuonekwa August 13, 1961.

rusvingo

Saka, pamuganhu pakati miviri inoti yave vakavaka Wall Berlin. History Zvisikwa uye kuparadzwa shongwe kusindimara ichakurukurwa mberi.

Muna 1961, mazuva maviri (kubva August 13 kusvika 15) akanga rwakatambanudzwa Barbed waya, pakarepo chikamu harisi chete munyika asiwo mhuri uye njodzi vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvakateverwa chivako refu kuti yakaguma chete muna 1975.

All mugodhi uyu wakagara makore makumi maviri nemasere. Panguva yokupedzisira Danho (muna 1989), zvakaoma kwaisanganisira rusvingo kongiri pamusoro mamita matatu nehafu refu uye vanopfuura zana makiromita. Uyezve, rinosanganisira makumi matanhatu makiromita zvesimbi pajira riya, vanopfuura zana namakumi maviri makiromita chiratidzo yemagetsi fenzi uye zana nemashanu makiromita namakoronga.

Uyewo, magadzirirwo akanga vakapakata Anti-tangi masvingo, kwekumaodzanyemba zvivako, kusanganisira shongwe mazana matatu, uyewo masimba rinoparadza, izvo dzose rakaparadza jecha.

Saka, kufadza kureba Wall Berlin, maererano dzakaitika vanofungidzira aiva zvinopfuura zana namakumi mashanu navashanu makiromita.

Rakanga reconstructed kanoverengeka. Basa kupfuura yakakura yakaitwa muna 1975. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti chete dzezvimwe vakanga kusecha uye pamusoro penzizi. Kazhinji pakutanga akashandisa kupfuura akashinga uye wakaora vakatamira "iri capitalist nyika."

Kuyambuka muganhu

Mangwanani pamberi vanotarisira hapana vanhuwo zvavo GDR guru Wall Berlin wakavhurwa. History Zvisikwa uye kuparadzwa kunzwisisa ichi chinoratidza zvakajeka chiso chaiye dzairwisana States. Mamiriyoni mhuri vakatsaurwa usiku hwose.

Zvisinei, nomubato mamiriro haana kudzivisa kumwe kuenda kumwe kubva munharaunda East Germany. Vanhu kuita nzira yavo mhiri kworwizi uye kukanganisa. On avhareji (pamberi erection pamusoro fenzi) nezuva kubva GDR kusvika frg akadzinga nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, vanenge hafu yemiriyoni vanhu. Uye kwamakore makumi maviri namasere kubva pakuvaka rusvingo zviri kubudirira chete 5075 kuyambuka pamutemo rwaiitwa.

Nokuti chinangwa ichi waterways, saps (145 metres pevhu), Balloons akusungirire gliders, midziyo ari muchimiro motokari uye zvikatapira, vakatamira kunyange tambo pakati zvivako.

An dzinonakidza yacho yaiva inotevera. Vanhu vakagamuchira dzidzo vakasununguka mugovanisi chikamu Germany, uye basa rakatanga muGermany nekuti paiva yepamusoro mubayiro.

Saka, kureba Wall Berlin akabvumira vechidiki kuti arambe zvayo nzvimbo dongo uye retsono. Nokuti pensioners sezvo chibingamupini ari mharadzano vasina motokari.

Zvimwe kusvika kumadokero cheguta iri kushanda pamwe gweta German Vogel. Kubva muna 1964 kusvika 1989, iye chibvumirano akasanganiswa bhiriyoni 2,7 emadhora, vakatengwa vachibva GDR hurumende chikamu miriyoni East vokuGermany uye vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika.

Chinosuruvarisa ndechokuti vanhu kuedza kutiza kwete chete asungwa, asiwo akapfurwa. Pamutemo kuverengerwa 125 vakaurayiwa, asati agadzwa kuti nhamba iri kuwedzera yekudyidzana.

Mashoko ne US mapurezidhendi

zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikira kusimba manzwiro pashure dzenhamo uye muCaribbean agumisa kupenga maoko rudzi. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, dzimwe mapurezidhendi American vanotanga kuti kuedza kudana utungamiri Soviet kutaurirana uye vasvike kugarwa ukama.

Nenzira iyi, vakaedza kuratidza vaya akavaka Wall Berlin, avo sechisina musoro maitiro. The rokutanga kutaura ava Zvakataurwa Dzhona Kennedi muna June 1963. Mutungamiri American vakataura pamberi hombe-pamwero musangano pedyo Rathaus Schöneberg.

Kubva kutaura ichi vachiri akasiya akakurumbira okuti: "Ndiri - mumwe Berliners." Vachikanganisa rokushandura, nhasi Vanoita mitambo yokusetsa American kazhinji kuzvidudzira sezvo akati nokusaziva, "Ini -. Berliner" Kutaura zvazviri, shoko rose kutaura yakanga calibrated uye vakadzidza, uye sedambe hunobva chete kusaziva subtleties chiGerman vateereri mune dzimwe nyika.

Saka Dzhon Kennedi akaratidza rutsigiro rwake West Berlin kwevanhu.
mutungamiri Chechipiri, akazarura musoro kukanganisa usina kufukidzwa varindi akava Ronald Reagan. Uye ake rakapotsa anokumhan'arira raiva Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Wall Berlin aiva zvako kanomirira akwegura uye kusingafadzi kunetsana.
Reagan akazivisa General Munyori CPSU, kuti kana yokupedzisira anotsvaka mazvake ukama uye yemberi inofadza nokuda mugovanisi nyika, zvinokosha kusvika Berlin uye kuzarura suwo. "Paradzai rusvingo urwu, Va Gorbachev!"

Kuwa porusvingo

Nguva pfupi pashure kutaura, somugumisiro kutevedzana "perestroika uye glasnost" yacho mugovanisi bloc nyika yakatanga kunaya pamusoro Wall Berlin. History Zvisikwa uye kuparadzwa nhare iyi munyaya ino. Kare, takayeuchidzwa kuti pakurigadzira nemigumisiro inorwadza.

Zvino tichakurukura kuchaitwa ari shongwe youpenzi. Kamwe musimba muSoviet Union, Gorbachev akauya, Berlin Wall rava chigumbuso. Pakuvamba, muna 1961, guta rino raiva mhaka kunetsana munzira gutsaruzhinji kuMadokero, asi ikozvino nomubato chaitadzisa nokusimbaradza ushamwari pakati kamwe anorwisana blocs.

The nyika yokutanga kuti akaparadza ayo kwemudhuri, akava Hungary. Muna August 1989, pedyo netaundi Sopron, pamuganhu neHurumende uye Austria, paiva "Pan-European Picnic". The Foreign Vashumiri kunyika maviri akatanga liquidation pakati masvingo.

The kwacho kwatova zvisingaiti kumisa. Pakutanga, hurumende yacho German Democratic Republic aramba kutsigira pfungwa iyi. Zvisinei, kamwe kuburikidza nharaunda Hungary muGermany akayambuka mazuva matatu nemashanu zviuru East vokuGermany, achisimbisa akanga zvachose okushamisira.

Wall Berlin pamepu anomhanya kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, ichiyambuka guta chete. Pausiku wepfumbamwe musi waOctober 10, 1989 pamutemo akazarura muganhu pakati kumadokero uye wokumabvazuva komusoro German.

Wall Mutsika

Kwemakore maviri, kubvira 2010, chirangaridzo kunzwisisa "Wall Berlin" yakavakwa. Pamepu zvinotora anenge mana hectares. maviri navasere mamiriyoni euros vakanga paakapiwa kusika chiyeuchidzo.

The Monument ine "Mawindo Memory" (mukukudza vokuGermany, yakadonha apo vachisvetuka kubva nemahwindo akatarira kumugwagwa East German Bernauer tiellä, izvo kwatova Federal Republic of Germany). Mukuwedzera, zvakaoma kunosanganisira Chapel of Reconciliation.

Asi kwete chete kuti tsika yakakurumbira Wall Berlin. Photo inoratidza, zvichida kupfuura munhoroondo Graffiti maberere pasi pakachena denga. Kana East kusimbisa nzira zvakanga zvisingaiti, kurutivi rwamavirazuva, zvose anohukomba panze zvikuru unyanzvi vanodhirowa penzira vemifananidzo.

Mukuwedzera, musoro "udzvinyiriri pakati nomubato" kunogona kurondwa nziyo zhinji, mabhuku mabasa, mafirimu uye mitambo yepakombiyuta. Somuenzaniso, ari kufara usiku rechipfumbamwe muna October 1989 iri kuna rwiyo "Wind of Change" boka iri Zvinyavada, firimu "Good Bye, Lenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Uye mumwe makadhi iri mutambo Kudanwa Duty: Black Ops akasikwa mundangariro zviitiko panguva panzvimbo "Charlie."

zvinhu

Kukosha kuwa Wall Berlin hunokosha. chipingamupinyi ichi ane utongi hwechiFascist wakaonekwa zvavo zvakajeka noutsinye, kunyange zvazvo pamwe nguva kupfuura basa kuti chinzvimbo kwakabva.

Sezvineiwo, mumakore zvikuru kakawanda defectors vokutanga vaiva varwi vostochnonemetskie vakarinda rusvingo. Uye pakanga hakuna zvakawanda kana zvishoma - gumi nezviviri netsvimbo.

Kunyanya akanaka maviri namashanu zuva rayo liquidation aiva Wall Berlin. Photo unoratidza maonero jekeso kubva kumusoro. Two hama Bauder kwakaitwa Sponsors, waiva kusika chinoramba kanyika pakati kupenya Zviedza rose urefu aimbova rusvingo.

Kutonga nezvinoonekwa musarudzo, kuwa nomubato vakaguta pamusoro GDR vagari pane Germany. Kunyange zvazvo paiva rakakura chokubuda mune zvose mirayiridzo mumakore okutanga. East vokuGermany akakanda furati akaenda dzakapfuma uye mumagariro akadzivirira Germany. Uye enterprising vanhu Federal Republic of Germany akatsvaka chisingakoshi ari GDR, kunyanya sezvo paiva zvakawanda vakasiya dzimba.

Munguva kuvapo Wall Berlin kuMabvazuva chiratidzo tinorasikirwa katanhatu asingasviki kumadokero.

In bhokisi mumwe nomumwe vhidhiyo mutambo World mu Conflict (noMuteresi kuti Edition) akarara chimedu pamadziro rugwaro nderechokwadi.

Saka, munyaya ino tiri vakajairana kuratidzwa zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye pfungwa weboka nyika yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Rombo rakanaka kwamuri, dzinodiwa vaverengi!