Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829): zvinokonzera, zvabuda, chikuru zviitiko (tafura)

Imwe Hondo Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) kwakakonzerwa mashomanana anokosha zvinokonzera. Chief pakati pavo aiva nharo pamusoro pakamanikana, iro akazarura nzira kubva kuGungwa Black kusvika kuMediterranean.

dzamushore dambudziko

Akamira Bosphorus Istanbul - guta guru hweOttoman Empire. zvakanga wokutanga Constantinople (the Slavs akaritumidza Constantinople). Kusvikira 1453 paiva guta guru Byzantine Empire. nyika iyi yakava muitisi yeOrthodox yokuRussia. Naizvozvo, Moscow (uye zvadaro St. Petersburg) pavatungamiri kuti vane kodzero yepamutemo varidzi guta, rakanga chikuru nhare chiKristu pamusoro zvemakore.

Chokwadi, kuwedzera pane vaiva Pfungwa zvikonzero uye pragmatic zvikonzero. Free kuwana kuGungwa reMediterranean aigona kufambisa kutengesa nyika yedu. Uyezve, zvaizova rimwezve chikonzero kusimbisa mamiriro ayo somumwe masimba makuru European.

The kunetsana kuCaucasus

Pakutanga ari XIX remakore, Turkey ave yekudyidzana lagged shure kukura vavakidzani vayo. Russia akunda hondo dzakati kuti nyika uye kuwana kweGungwa Dema.

Zvisinei, chero musungwa pamwe Turkey rugare kwakanga chete chibvumirano. Panyaya Interest yakadzokorora kunyange mumakore apo kwakanga kusina hondo pakati vorongerwa. Tiri kutaura eCaucasus.

Muna 1818, mauto Russian kunge vatanga hondo kuzorwa Highlanders - zvemo vagere nharaunda. Musoro pamushandirapamwe wacho Aleksey Ermolov. Zvisinei, hondo yedu vakarwa nesimba pamwe makomo nokuti haina dzakashandisa hondo mumakomo. Uyezve, vagari Caucasus akabatsira Turkey pacharo, iro akavatengesa zvombo. The kuyerera kwepfuti, pfuti uye mari, izvo achigura hweTurkey akabvumira makomo kwemakumi emakore vakabudirira dzinga kurwisa Russian. Zvechokwadi, muna Petersburg aiziva pamusoro rubatsiro vaMuslim kuti vaMuslim. Naizvozvo, Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) aifanira kumira ichi ngozi nokuti Russian Empire pamwe vorongerwa.

mubvunzo wechiGiriki

Pakupedzisira, chikonzero kunetsana pakati penyika mbiri wechitatu aiva muGiriki chimurenga. Saka historiography nayo inonzi National Movement muBalkan vanhu. A mashoma emakore vaGiriki vaiva pasi Turkish utongi. Kusawirirana vakanga vaisanganisa dzechitendero. VaMuslim kazhinji akadzvinyirira vaKristu.

Muna 1821, mukumukira vavaGiriki, iyo akava-gore Multi hondo rusununguko. VaKristu akatsigira nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope: Great Britain, France, uye Russia. Turkish Sultan akapindura muhombe udzvanyiriri pamusoro nevaGiriki. Somuenzaniso, pachitsuwa cheKrete aurayiwa uye akawanda mumaguta archbishops panguva basa chechi.

Hondo kuTurkey ikarova Russian upfumi yacho. Nguva pfupi vasati vatanga akurumidze kukura pakati Odessa. Ichi chitsva Sea Black chengarava yazova vakasununguka ezvoupfumi vematunhu, apo pasina mabasa. In yorunyararo, mazana ngarava dzaitakura pano. Vazhinji vavo vakanga vari echiGiriki uye echiKristu vanotongwa hweOttoman Empire.

Nokuda kwaizvozvi, wokuRussia-Turkish War (1828-1829) akanga chisingadzivisiki. Chete nechisimba aigona kubatsira vaGiriki, uye kumisa dambudziko iri upfumi kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu munyika. Kana chete Hondo rechiGiriki zvakwatanga, mitemo wokuRussia Alexander I. Akanga asina kumunetsawo kurwa. Mukuedza uku iye vakatsigira yeAustria Wenyika. Saka, asati afa, Russia vakanovharirwa zvokufananidzira zviito pamusoro vokuTurkey.

Chisarudzo Nicholas I

Zvisinei, muna 1825 hurumende makatsauka munun'una Alexander - Nicholas. In hwake, akagamuchira kunodzidziswa zvechiuto, nekuti hapana munhu aitarisira kuti aizova mugari wenhaka. Edit pashure Alexander mumwe munun'una - Constantine, asi akaramba choumambo. Zviya, muchinda ichi chikuru ainzi chokuremekedza mambo mukuru weRoma uyo akavamba Byzantium. Yaiva kwokufananidzira chokunyengetera. Catherine II - nayo aida kuisa muzukuru wake pachigaro choumambo muna Constantinople (Istanbul).

Military dzidzo uye miitiro Nicholas akambopa pachayo akanzwa. The nyika yakatanga kugadzirira ive panova makakatanwa. Uyezve, Nicholas aida kutsvaka yakazvimirira vatorwa mutemo, uye kwete kutarira nevatsigiri European, uyo Aiwanzorega Alexander. Masimba Western aisada kunyanya nokusimbaradza Russia. Kazhinji, vakaedza kuramba pakuenzanisa mauto mudunhu, izvo, chokwadi, haana kufanana Nicholas. Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) akanga kuparadza ino macheki uye pachiyero. Zvinokoshawo kuti kufunga yoga yechiitiko echiGiriki Revolution uye kurwira rusununguko (1821-1830).

hondo Navarino

Muna 1827, muGungwa reBaltic akatanga kugadzirira dzechikwata, iyo aifanira kuenda South Seas. The Emperor Nicholas vakaita pakuzvichenesa taridzai kuti kuenda ngarava Kronstadt.

Munzvimbo yacho reIonia Islands Russian dzechikwata aibatana batana midziyo kubva France neEngland. Pamwe chete vakaenda kuna Navarino Bay, uko Turkish rengarava uye Ijipiti. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti kumanikidza hweTurkey kumisa utongi mitemo pamusoro vaGiriki, uye kuti vapiwewo kuzvionera. Musoro Russian dzechikwata yakanga Rear Admiral Login Heyden. Iye akataura kuti mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany kutora kupfuura zvikuru matanho. The vakawanda Vanotarisira akapiwa yokuBritain Admiral Edward Codrington.

chikwata Turkish akanunura kokupedzisira: kumisa mauto zviito pamusoro nevaGiriki. Iye (Ibrahim Pasha) akasiya mashoko aya kupindurwa. Ipapo Russian Admiral akanyengetedza mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany kupinda mhenderekedzo uye vanotanga kuzorwa vokuTurkey panyaya, kana anovhura moto. The fleets zvabatanidzwa vaiva vakawanda battleships, frigates, brigs (anenge 1,300 pfuti zvachose). Zvikepe muvengi akanga yakati kurei (mu uwandu 22 zviuru vezvikepe vakanga pamusoro pavo).

Panguva iyi, Turkish Zvikepe yakanyatsomira. Vakanga zvakanaka kudzivirirwa, sezvo vakawanda Navarino aiva nenhare, izvo aigona kuzarura atirari moto muvengi rengarava. The Bay pachayo yakanga iri kumadokero echitsuwa Peloponnese.

Codrington vaitarisira kudzivisa kurwa uye kunyengetedza Ibrahim Pasha, pasina kushandisa zvombo. Zvisinei, apo Russian chikepe "Azov" akapinda mhenderekedzo pamusoro payo akazarura moto chikamu Turkish mabhatiri, riri Sphacteria chitsuwa. Mukuwedzera, panguva vokuTurkey vakauraya nhume mbiri kubva kuEngland. Pasinei rakavhurika moto, zvikepe omubatanidzwa haana kusangana kusvikira asina kutorwa avo unhu kuti vave ushandiswe kwavari, maererano urongwa shamwari. Admirals kuti chose kuvhara Turkish rengarava iri bay. Izvi akwanise nokuti nyika yave akavharwa Bay mativi matatu (Sfaktoriya chitsuwa uye yakaoma). Yakaramba kuvhara rakamanikana akakamanikana, apo akaenda ngarava European.

Chete kana omubatanidzwa rengarava akasunganidzwa mberi, akazarura moto mukupindura. Hondo rwakatora maawa anopfuura mana. Kudeuka mupiro kukunda akaita Russian uye Chirungu (Admiral French panguva hondo akatadza kudzora ngarava dzavo).

"Azov" kunyanya akazvisiyanisa mu rengarava yedu. Akashanda somutariri refutenendi Nakhimov uye midshipman Kornilov - magamba uye zviratidzo zviri Crimean War ramangwana. Pakatanga apo panopinda usiku yakavhenekerwa dzakawanda moto. The vokuTurkey akaparadza chakaparadzwa zvikepe, zvekuti havana paakasvika muvengi. The dzairwisa havana kurasa chimwe chikepe, kunyange, akadai Russian "Hanko" vakagamuchira makomba makumi mashanu.

Rakanga Vakarwazve Navarino Bay anonzi kuva okusuma, iyo kwakaratidzwa nehondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey. (Kunyange zvazvo vakatanga kwapera mwedzi mishomanana). Kamwe muna Istanbul akaziva pokukundwa Sultan Mahmud Ii akaita kukumbira vaaitonga. Akarayira vaMuslim zvose kugadzirira jihad pamusoro vokuEurope, kusanganisira Russian. Saka vakatanga hondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey.

Naval hondo

hurumende yedu wakachengeta akanyarara kwekanguva. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti panguva iyoyo akaramba hondo pamwe Persia, uye muSt Petersburg, hapana aida hondo fronts maviri. Pakupedzisira, mumwe runyararo chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa muna February pamwe Iranians. April 14, 1828 , Nicholas I akasaina Manifesto pamusoro hondo pamwe Turkey.

Panguva ino, yokuRussia dzechikwata, izvo muchirongwa Hondo Navarino, chehondo chengarava cheMarita. chitsuwa ichi chaiva enzvimbo United Kingdom. The British haana kutsigira Russia panzvimbo yayo kundorwa Turkey (zvakare kunyanya kukanganiswa European nezvibvumirano). Britain akataura kwayo muchiuto. Uyezve, hurumende waro zvikuru nyasha Turkey, kwete kuda kusimbisa Russia. Naizvozvo, dzechikwata chedu akasiya Marita kuti ichengetedzwe kurwisana. Iye kutamiswa kuchitsuwa Paros muGungwa reAegean, izvo zviri zvinyorwa Russian akadana Archipelago kuti XX remakore.

Yakanga ngarava yake akatora nokurohwa vokuTurkey wokutanga hondo rakashama. April 21 paiva hondo wengarava pakati muEgipita uye Russian corvette yehondo "Iezikil". Kukunda Wakapedzisira. Kwehondo muGungwa reBaltic kuti kukurumidza kugadzira patsva zvikepe shoma kuti vakaenda kununurwa muGungwa reMediterranean (pakamanikana kweGungwa Dema, Chokwadi, avharwa). Izvi Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) akanga akaoma. Zvikonzero kudiwa vavabatsire ndiko kushaya ngarava kuvhara zviri Dardanelles Strait.

The blockade of Dardanelles

Basa iri rakapiwa zvikepe mugore hondo yokutanga. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti abvise zvokudya kubva Istanbul uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Kana blockade hwagadzwa, Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), chikuru zviitiko zvakanga asi kuuya, akatamira kune imwe yakasiyana zvachose chechetere. nyika yedu aizokwanisa kutora inokosha kutanga mumaoko avo.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), netafura wakanaka anoratidza, chaiitirwa mune anenge zvakaenzana ezvinhu. Saka, zviri kudiwa kuti akadaro blockade kwemubairo. Pakazosvika Strait ndokunanga frigates uye nemimwe midziyo. Dardanelles vakanga nemutemo November 2nd. ngarava Russian kupindira mukushanda, yakavakirwa anotevera muzvitsuwa nhatu (Moors Tasso uye Tenedos).

The chikuru zvakaitika hondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey.

May 1828	Pakutanga blockade pakati Dardanelles
June 23, 1828	tora Kirs
August 9, 1828	Ahaltsikhski hondo
September 29, 1828	Capture Varna
May 30, 1829	hondo kulevicha
August 7, 1829	The kubatwa pamusoro Adrianople
September 2, 1829	Adrianople nyika

The blockade kwave kwakaoma nokuda isingachinji yechando ekunze (vemunzvimbo mitemo). The dutu nemhepo simba. Pasinei neizvi, vafambisi Russian sowakajeka vaita zvose mabasa vakanga pamberi pavo. Istanbul rave kubviswa zvokushandisa, chikepe kubva Mediterranean.

In Simina chete vanenge 150 zvikepe vatengesi vane chingwa vakapamba sezvo zvisingakoshi. Kusvikira kumagumo ruvengo, hapana Turkish chikepe kukwanisa apfuure Dardanelles. Kusvikira August 1829 akatungamirira blockade pamusoro Admiral Heyden. masoja Russian apo akauya kuna Adrianople, kuti dzechikwata mudiki Johann Dibicha - mutungamiri Prussian mavambo. Zvikepe paaigadzirira kupaza Dardanelles. Nokuti ichi yaidiwa chete akarayira kubva St. Petersburg. Russian Mauto kukunda pashure kukunda panyika, iyo kwakagonesa kubudirira hwokushanda. Zvisinei, chirevo haana vakatevera. Nokukurumidza pashure runyararo yakanga yakasainwa, uye pamusoro Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Zvikonzero kunonoka ichi vakanga yakavanzwa chokuti masimba European, sezvo nguva dzose, haana kuda kurukundo weRussia. Kutora Istanbul aigona kutungamirira chii chingadai vatanga hondo yose West (chokutanga - pamwe England).

Muna 1830, zvose zvikepe kuti akarwa Mediterranean, madzokera Sea reBaltic. Kunze kwaiva "Imanueri," riri kumamwe kuvaGiriki, vakava yakazvimirira.

muBalkans

Huru Russian simba munzvimbo yaiva Danube nehondo (95 zviuru vanhu). Turkey nedura contingent chakanga hombe munenge hafu.

The Danube hondo yakanga kutora hugota, riri mudziyo wokushambidzira rwizi ichi: Moldavia, wallachia uye Dobrogea. Mauto akarayira Petr Vitgenshteyn. Akaenda kuna Bessarabia. Saka haizi pachitsuwa akatanga Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Tafura inoratidza chinoumba reshiyo munharaunda iyi.

Balkan mberi

	Russia	garikuni
Mauto vemapato	95000	150000
kurasikirwa	5000	10000

Wokutanga akawira guru nhare Braila. Kukombwa Varna uye Shumla. Patinenge tichimirira Turkish ravarwi rutsigiro, wallachia, hondo inokosha, iyo yakahwina nokuda Russian divi. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, muvengi mauto rakakombwa vasara pasina tariro rubatsiro kubva vomunyika. Zvadaro guta amakaiswa.

Campaign 1829

In idzva 1829 nenzvimbo Wittgenstein akamutswa Johann Dibich. Chakapiwa basa pamberi pake - kuyambuka muBalkans uye kusvika Turkish guru. Pasinei yatanga hosha muhondo, varwi vaiita basa ravo. Yokutanga rakakombwa Adrianople (iye akavingwa August 7). Zvinokonzera hondo 1828-1829 Russian-Turkish ndiko kudzora Kwazvo, uye vakanga pedyo chaizvo.

Ravarwi aisatarisira kuti Dibicha hondo kuenda kuti kure muna hweTurkey. Nokuda unavailability yokurwisana wavarwi vakabvumirana kuzvipira guta. In Adrianople hondo Russian akawaneiko guru kwazvo zvombo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha, kuitira kuti vawane nzvimbo mudunhu.

Kubudirira uku kufambira ndakadumbirwa vose. Turkey akabvuma kutaurirana, asi ivo nemaune kunonoka, vachitarisira kuti England uye Austria achava kumubatsira.

Zvichakadai, Albanian Pasha akaenda kuBulgaria aine 40-zviuru hondo. rinoshamisa ake aigona kubviswa uto Dibicha amire Adrianople. General Kiselyov, uyo panguva iyoyo kurindwa Danubian ukuru, vakaenda kundosangana muvengi. Akakwanisa kutora rokutanga Sofia - guta guru kuBulgaria. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, Mustafa akasiyiwa chinhu uye aifanira kurwisana wandei simba, kuti ndiwane midzi kuBulgaria. Akasarudza naro uye ndadududza kupinda Albania. Russian-Turkish hondo 1828-1829, mune pfupi, akatonyanya uye vanobudirira zvikuru kuti Russia.

Caucasian mberi

In kufanana zviitiko gungwa uye muBalkans hondo zvinopindura kuCaucasus. Corps Russian munzvimbo aifanira kupinda Turkey neshure. In June 1828 akakwanisa kutora nhare Kars. Nzira hondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey. pano iri nyasha Russia.

Chimwe kwidza Ivana Paskevicha mauto akanga rakaoma nokuda vakawanda vakaita mudungwe munzira gomo uye kuchinja zvakaoma. Pakupedzisira, musi waJuly 22, iye akazviratidza pamasvingo nhare Akhalkalaki. Yokuzviparadzanisa, akarirwira, yaisanganisira chete ane chiuru vanhu. Mukuwedzera, masvingo uye masvingo ose dzavarwi vaiva yakapararawo. Pasinei neizvi zvose ravarwi vakaramba kukanda mapfumo pasi.

Achipindura, pfuti Russian ndichibvunza kutokonora akatanga. The nhare yakawira maawa matatu chete. Infantry pasi pabutiro atirari nokukurumidza Inoziva ose masvingo uye chikuru nhare. Yaiva imwe kubudirira ucharega richarangarirwa War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829). Hondo huru akatora nzvimbo panguva ino muBalkans. KuCaucasus, mauto Russian apo mutsimba mapoka maduku, achikurira dzinongoitika ematongerwo.

August 5, iye akayambuka Kura. On yaro inflow inokosha nhare Akhaltsikh. 8 atirari moto yakavhurwa pamusoro payo. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti kunyengera 30000th hondo muvengi, vakamira pedyo. Uye zvakaitika. VokuTurkey vakasarudza kuti Paskevich vachigadzirira taramba nhare.

Zvichakadai, hondo Russian sidled kusvikira muvengi uye pakarepo akarwisa. Paskevich akarasikirwa 80 varume vakaurayiwa, ukuwo vokuTurkey vakasiya kuhondo zvitunha zviuru zviviri. Vakasara vakatiza. Gare gare pakanga kuoneka mumweya Georgia.

KuCaucasus, kuRussia-Turkish War (1828-1829), iri pfupi, yakaguma ari Fiasco nokuda hweTurkey. Paskevich dzatora yose Georgia ano.

Curious chokwadi kuti nyanduri guru Alexander Pushkin panguva ino akaenda munyika. Iye akapupura kuwa Erzerum. Chiitiko ichi chakanga yakarondedzerwa munyori basa "Rwendo kuti Arzerum".

Makore mashoma izvi zvisati, Paskevich vakabudirira tisimudzire pamusoro Persia, nokuti iyo akava Count. Mushure Kukunda vokuTurkey, akagamuchira Order of St. George wokutanga dhigirii.

Peace uye zvabuda

Kana akanga nekambani vokuTurkey, muSt Petersburg neshungu gakava pamusoro kana kumisa hondo, kana kuti kusvika Istanbul. Nicholas, uyo achangobva akatora chigaro, akazeza. Haana kuda kupinda kunetsana pamwe Austria, izvo vaishora nokusimbaradza Russia.

Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko iri, mambo akasimbisa rinokosha komiti. Zvinosanganisira vakawanda bureaucrats vakanga sagona vari nyaya dzaiva pamberi pavo. Ivo chisarudzo maererano iyo, kwakasarudzwa kuti kukanganwa pamusoro Constantinople.

Mapato kunetsana vayanana 2 September 1829. Gwaro akanga nemasaini Adrianople. Russia akagashira maguta akawanda kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva kweGungwa Dema. Uyezve, kwapfuura Danube Delta. Zvakabuda hondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey. zvakare akagumisa kuti Port vanoziva yezwi Russia akawanda anoti kuCaucasus. Rakanga vokuGeorgia ushe uye ukuru. The hweTurkey akasimbisawo kuti zvichaita zvinoenderana kuzvionera kuSerbia.

The zvinoitirwa chakanga chakamirira Danubian ukuru - Moldavia uye wallachia. On yavo vaiva mauto eRussia. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuchinja navo. Ndivo migumisiro zvinokosha hondo 1828-1829 Russian-wokuTurkey. Greece akagamuchira kuzvionera (uye gare gare gore - rusununguko). Pakupedzisira, Port aifanira kubhadhara indemnity guru.

Pakamanikana akava hake nokuda Russian nezvikepe zvavatengesi. Panyaya iyi chibvumirano iri hakunyatsotarisirwi chinzvimbo chavo munguva yehondo. Izvi zvakakonzera kusava mune ramangwana.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), zvikonzero uye migumisiro huru zviitiko izvo vanorondedzerwa iyi, havana kubudirira chinangwa chawo chikuru. Empire achiri kuda akandosungawo kuConstantinople, izvo akaramba muEurope. Pasinei neizvi, nyika yedu kuramba kuwedzera yaro kumaodzanyemba.

Russian-Turkish War, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. We akasimbisa izvi muitiro. Zvose hwaJobho hwachinja mashomanana emakore. Nguva pfupi asati afa Nicholas Ndakatanga ari Crimean War, umo nyika dzokuEurope vakatsigira Turkey pachena uye akarwisa Russia. Pashure pacho Alexander II vaifanira kubvumira munzvimbo iyi uye kuita shanduko mune hurumende.