Serfs uye serfdom muRussia

Chii serfdom? Izvi feudal kodzero ani, pfuma uye basa vanhu kushanda tenzi. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye runotsamira pamusoro varidzi, vane nyika. Serfdom iripo emakore.

Pokugadzwa kuti serfdom muRussia zvange nhoroondo Russian wehurumende. It akasimuka somugumisiro kudhumhana pamusoro feudal landlords uye dzavo pasi ari 14-15 emakore. Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga zviri pamutemo zvakabatanidzwa pasi, maererano nako vakatakurirwa kunze kuchinja zvoupfumi kumanikidza.

Kwakatangira Fani iyi ndivo vanotonyanya.

Muzana remakore rechi9 kuRussia akaumba munhu feudal mamiriro. Vanhu vari rakakamurwa makirasi maviri - boka vanhuwo zvavo, rinonziwo paanofa, uye feudal kirasi. Serfs vakanga pasi timuteerere uye mhirizhonga, vakanga vasina simba uye kuzvidzivirira. Rakanzi feudal kuyanzva. Vanhu mukirasi ezasi anenge asina chinhu kunze koupenyu hwake, nekuti ishe vaiva kwete chete rokumanikidzirwa womunhu, asiwo unhu hwake, uye zvaanazvo.

Panguva iyoyo, Russian mamiriro akanga asina yunifomu yaisanganisira zvakawanda ukuru diki, mumwe nemitemo yayo nemirayiro zvakatangwa. Vari zvachose raitungamirwa zviremera zvemo. Serfs vaive lyudii, aigara pasi, vakamubata uye nokudaro zvizere novimba varidzi venyika - madzishe. Pakanga pasina mitemo chaiyo upenyu uye mabasa vanhuwo zvavo.

Muzana remakore rechi16 paiva atova mumwe zvakavanakira pamusoro chikamu hunoenzana zviremera kupa, vanhu vakatanga kurarama akasununguka. Zvikuru kuitira kuti vane kodzero kusiya nyika yavo uye kutama kurarama uye kushanda zvimwe feudal vomuridzi womunda. Mamiriro uku kwaiva kuripwa zvikwereti uye mari kuti vairarama munyika aimbova muridzi.

Gare gare kusvinwa evanhu noukama uye neboka kurwisana. Vaifanira sungisa mitemo kupa feudal indefeasible kodzero yokuva salaried vanhu. Yakanga pakachinja uye yezwi tsamwisa pamusoro aivapo serfdom. Kubvira havana kodzero kushandura feudal vanatenzi vavo kuda uye chero nguva. Kunze yakanga imwe chete nguva pagore (a vhiki pamberi St. George Day). Panguva ino, mukati yakati mazuva, vaifanira kugadzirisa pamwe varidzi vasati achivasiya.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi15, nyika serfs kuziva mumwe rinorema mugove. Vaipomerwa mhosva chakakomba - kupukunyuka kana vaida kuenda kubva ishe mumwe. Saka The State entrenching vane hurongwa zvemagariro.

Mukupera 1570s nonoka dambudziko itsva - kuperevedza maoko. Pakazosvika nguva kwaitanga akanga wagumiswa Day St. George. Hurumende, ari kurutivi madenderedzwa kutonga, asarudza kubatsira varidzi uye sangano pazviitiko, izvo kwakagonesa landlords zvikuru basa maoko. Kwakadaro yakanga yakaoma uye utsinye pokugadzwa serfdom muRussia. Hurumende Pakupedzisira chabvisa kodzero vakasununguka kuchinja.

Muna 1601-1603 gg. muRussia kwakava nenzara, raibudirira mutemo "vanatenzi zvoupenyu", yakawedzera kusava nesimba varombo nzanga. Rinotanga wokutanga murimi mudiki hondo. Nhare vasisagoni kushivirira kushungurudzwa kwavo. Social kusawirirana kwakawedzera.

hurumende Shuisky vake akasarudza toughen kuti vairangwa runaways uye kuwedzera nguva kutsvaka vatizi makore gumi namashanu. Serfdom akanga nhaka. Anotiza vanhu maererano nomutemo hapana aibvumirwa kutora pachavo. Kubva iyoyo serfs - a nemataundi vanhu, ivo, asi kodzero yokushanda uye dzimwe kodzero havana.

Akatevera Danho munyaya yaiva pakutanga murimi mudiki War (1670-1671), rinotungamirirwa Stepan Razin. Asi hondo iyi yakarasika, uye Stepan Razin aurayiwe.

In ushe Peter I serfs varanda zvachose. Catherine II hurumende akasungirirwa kunyange zvakawanda. Zvisinei, serfdom vakatanga vanorasikirwa nenzvimbo dzavo nokuti kuvhiringidza kumanikidzwa vanhu vakanga vasingagoni kushivirira saregerereka upenyu zvikuru. Alexander II akazivisa kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva aivapo kuyanzva. Iye kudzorwa uye akasaina Manifesto, izvo akabvisa serfdom.