Pedology is ... Kunzwisisa pfungwa

Pedology - sayenzi inobatanidza nzira dzemishonga, biology, pedagogy uye psychotechnics kumusana wemwana. Uye kunyange zvazvo sezwi iro risina basa uye rakawana maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa dzevana, nzira dzepasi pose dzinoita kuti tisafungisise kwete chete masayendisiti, asiwo kune vanhu kunze kwenyika yesayenzi.

Nhoroondo

Nhoroondo yezvidzidzo zvepamusoro inotanga kumavirazuva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Kubudirira kwaro kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru mukukudziridza kwekushandiswa kwebazi rakashandiswa pakuongorora nekuongorora kwepfungwa. Kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro avo neatomical uye zvepanyama uye zvehupenyu mu pedology zvakaitika magetsi. Zvinyorwa zvakanyatsojeka, zvaive zvakanyatsorongedzwa zvakakwana, zvakanyatsodzidza nezvekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa kwevana, maitiro avo.

Izwi rokuti "pedology" rakaiswa naScientist-muongorori Oscar Chrisman muna 1853. MuchiGiriki, tsanangudzo inoita se "sayenzi yevana" (pedos - mwana, logos - sayenzi, kudzidza).

Mhemberero

Yokutanga inoshandisa pedology yakanyorwa neAmerican psychologists G.S. Hall, J. Baldwin uye physiologist V. Preyer. Vakamira pamatangiro emapfungwa ekubudirira uye vakaunganidza huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinyorwa zvekuvandudza uye maitiro ehupenyu hwevana. Basa ravo rave guru rekushandura uye rakagadzira nheyo yevana nezera remakore.

MuRussia

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 shanduro itsva yesayenzi yakapinda muRussia (iyo ndiyo USSR) uye yakagamuchirwa yakakodzera mukuita kwechirwere chepfungwa uye reflexologist V.M. Bekhterev, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa A.P. Nechaev, physiologist E. Meumann uye defectologist G.I. Rossolimo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo, kuburikidza nehutano hwake, akaedza kutsanangura nekugadzira mitemo yekukura kwevana uye nzira dzokururamisa kwayo.

Pedology iri muRussia yakagamuchira zvakakosha: zvikoro zvepamusoro uye "Imba yeChicheche" (Moscow) yakavhurwa, dzimwe dzidzo dzakadzidziswa dzakaitwa. Muzvikoro, kuongororwa kwepfungwa kwakaitwa, zvigumisiro zvaisanganisira kugadziriswa kwemakirasi. Kutungamirira masayendisiti epfungwa, physiologists, vanachiremba uye vadzidzisi venyika vaibatanidzwa mukudzidza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzevana. Zvose izvi zvakaitwa kuitira chinangwa chekudzidza zvakanyanya kufambira mberi kwevana. Zvisinei, basa rakadaro rakajeka harina kururamisa nzira.

Nema20s muRussia pedology ndiyo sangano guru rezvesayenzi, asi kwete sayenzi yakaoma. Chinhu chikuru chikuru chekutsvaga ruzivo pamusoro pemwana chaiva kusasha kwekutanga kuongorora nzira dzesayenzi dzinoita izvi zvakaoma.

Zvikanganiso

Iko kukanganisa kukuru kweSoviet pedologists kwakanga kusingatariswi kwebasa rezvakadzvara mukutariswa kwevana uye nekutungamira pakuumbwa kwehupenyu hwavo munharaunda yakasununguka. Nenzira inobatsira, masayendisiti akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira kukanganisa uye kushandiswa kwezviongero zvekuvandudzwa kwenyanzvi.

Mumakore ekuma1930, zvikanganiso zvose zvakagadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma, uye Soviet pedology yakatanga nzira yakawedzerwa yakawedzerwa uye inogutsa. Zvisinei, ikozvino muna 1936 yakava "pseudoscience", chisingadikanwi chematongerwo enyika enyika. Ongororo yekushandura yakadziviswa, pedological laboratories yakavharwa. Kuedzwa, seyiyo nzira yepamusoro yepamusoro, yakave yakaoma mukudzidzisa. Sezvo mitsva yakawanda inowanzotaurwa yaiva vana vevapristi, vatsvene uye "vakaora" vadzidzisi, uye kwete vevamiririri vezvematongerwo enyika. Uye izvi zvakapesana nepfungwa dzepati. Nokudaro kurera kwevana kwakadzokera kune maitiro ezvetsika, izvo zvakakonzera kuparara muhurongwa hwekudzidzisa.

Mitemo ye pedology

Kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zvepamusoro muRussia zvakaunza zvimwe zvibereko, izvo zvakagadzira zvidzidzo zvemasayenzi ekutanga:

• Pedology ndiyo ruzivo rwakakwana rwemwana. Kubva pane izvi, hazvifungidziri "mune zvikamu", asi kazhinji, sezvisikwa zvehupenyu, hutano, hwepfungwa, nezvimwewo, pamwe chete. Zvose zvekudzidza kwayo zvakabatana uye zvakapindirana. Asi izvi hazvirevi chete zvakashata zve data, asi kuumbwa kwakajeka kwemitemo yeyanzvi uye nzira.
• Nhungamiro yechipiri yevanodzidza pedologists yaiva genetic principle. Akanga achinyatsogadziridzwa nemudzidzi wepfungwa L.S. Vygotsky. Pamuenzaniso wehurukuro yemwana wekutaura ("kutaura kusinganzwisisiki") akaratidza kuti kuchema kwevana kana kuti "kunyorera pasi pemhino" ndiyo danho rokutanga remitauro yemukati kana kufunga kwevanhu. Izwi rinotarisa rinoratidza kupararira kwechiitiko ichi.
• Nzira yechitatu - yekudzidza kwehuduku - yakaratidza kuti hutano hwemagariro ehupenyu uye hupenyu hunochinja zvakanyanya kufungidzira kwepfungwa uye anthropomorphic yemwana. Nokudaro, kusaregererwa kana kusagadzikana kwekurera, kusagadzikana kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunovhiringidza utano hwomwana uye hwepanyama.
• Chechina chemitemo ndiyo kukosha kunobatsira kwekufamba-famba -kushanduka kubva pakucherechedza kwenyika yemwana kusvika pakuchinja kwayo. Panyaya iyi, mazano ekufambisa pedo, kubvunzurudzwa nevabereki, kugadzirisa pfungwa mupfungwa kwevana kwakasikwa.

Pedology ndiyo sayenzi yakaoma, naizvozvo mitemo yayo inobva pakudzidza kwakakwana kwomwana. Psychology uye pedology yakareba kwenguva refu yakave ichitarisana kune mumwe nemumwe, pfungwa yechipiri yakabva kune yekutanga. Nokudaro, iyo inonyanya kukosha mune pedology ndiyo inofunga nezvepfungwa.

Kubvira kuma1950, pfungwa dzekufamba-famba dzakatanga kutora kudzokera kune pedagogy uye psychology. Uye makore makumi maviri gare gare, basa rekushingaira rekudzidzisa rakatanga nekushandiswa kwekuedzwa kwekuvandudzwa kwenyanzvi kwevana.