Rwendo rweMashandisirwo eHurudzo: Zvizivo & Tsanangudzo

Nhasi, chikamu chakawanda chevanhu vepasi vanobatana nemakombiyuta pachigaro chekusingaperi, mumwe munhu anosungirwa kushanda, mumwe munhu anotsvaga ruzivo rwewebhu, uye vamwe vanongotora nguva mumitambo. Munhu wose ane zvido zvake, izvo zvinoreva kuti kombiyuta inofanira kufanana navo. Uye kana tichitaura nezve "hardware" (teknolojia yekombiyuta), zvino zvose hazvisi pachena: zvitsva, zviri nani. Asi iyo "soft" (software) chikamu, inoda kunyatsotarisirwa.

Pakombiyuta imwe neimwe iri kushanda imwe nzira yekushandura, iyo ine zvakawanda kwazvo, imwe neimwe yakakodzera mabasa akasiyana-siyana, zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Nokudaro, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndiko kusarudzwa kwebasa iri rekushandisa.

Pane huwandu hwemashoko ekushandura, asi ino ino inotarisa pamatanda matatu ane simba rakawanda pamhizha uye anotora huwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvinoshanda: Windows, MacOS uye Linux.

Proprietary Operating Systems

Kutanga nazvo zvakakosha kutsanangura kuti pane OS proprietary, iyo inoparidzirwa pasi peisensi yemugadziri. Izvi zvinosanganisira Windows operating system , dzakanyorwa pasi apa, uye MacOS. Pasinei nokuti zvose zvese zvinogona kutorwa paWebhu (kubiba), zvingava zvakanaka kutenga laisensi kubva kune kambani yekuparadzira uye kuigadzirisa.

Kubudirira kwehutano hwakadaro ndiko kukura kwavo, huwandu hwakawanda hwehuwandu hwepurogiramu uye unyanzvi hwekusimbisa teknolojia huchabatsira kana zviitiko zvisingaiti.

"Free" Maitiro Anoshanda

Izvi zvinosanganisira anenge ose emhuri yeLinux, kunze kwekuda zvimwe zvimwe zviitiko zvine maverengi kana mamwe mapurogiramu epurogiramu. Aya OS anogona kubudiswa zvachose pasina chekuita uye akaiswa pane chero kombiyuta pasina twinge yehana.

Nzira dzakadaro dzakasikwa nevasimudziri vanozvimiririra pamwe chete nenharaunda, saka mumatambudziko akawanda hutachiona hwehupurogiramu hunosiya zvakawanda kudiwa, asi zvirongwa zvakadaro zvakanyanya kudzivirirwa uye zvinoshanda zvakasimba kupfuura vadziviriri vavo.

Windows

Zvechokwadi munhu wose akamboshanda nekombiyuta anoziva nezvechigadzirwa ichi kubva kuMicrosoft. Kunyanya, izvi zvine hanya ne-over-the-top release ye Windows 7. Tsanangudzo yeMicrosoft operating systems yatove yakayera zvizvarwa gumi nemaviri. Izvo zvakakurumbira zvikuru pasi rose uye inotora anenge 90% emusika. Chii chinotaura pamusoro peutungamiri husina kumboitika.

Rwendo rweWindows operating systems:

• Windows XP;
• Windows Vista;
• Windows 7;
• Windows 8;
• Windows 10;

Nyaya yacho inotanga nemaune neWindows XP, sezvo ndiyo yekare yegwaro rave richishandiswa kusvikira nhasi.

Sarudzo dzinoda Windows 10 (yakasunungurwa):

• Kuti ushande, unoda purogiramu ine nguva inosvika 1000 MHz.
• 1 gigabyte ye RAM (ye 32-bit version) kana 2 gigabytes RAM (ye 64-bit version).
• 16 gigabytes yeROM (ye 32-bit version) kana 20 gigabytes yeROM (ye 64-bit version).
• Uyewo, sarudzo inoda chip video kana kadhi yemavhidhiyo inotsigira teknolojia ye DirectX 9.

Zvakanakira zvehurongwa:

1. Kuwanika. Sangano iri rinokwanisa kushanda pane chero kombiyuta, pasinei nemugadziri.
2. Nhamba yezvirongwa. Pamusoro penguva yakareba yepuratifomu, deta huru yezvirongwa uye zvidzidzo zvakaungana, izvo zvichiri kushanda (kunyange izvo zvakasikwa makore anopfuura 10 apfuura).
3. Yakakwirira-yakatsigirwa kutsigira kwemitambo. Microsoft inokwanisa kuwana iyo yose yepamutambo yakawanda yekubheja, iyo inokubvumira kuti utange pamitambo yavo mitambo yakanyanya kupfuura.
4. Kutsigira kwema software chaiwo. Windows yave yakazara pasi rose, saka saka zvirongwa zvakawanda uye maitiro anoshanda chete pairi. Kune vakadaro zvinokwanisika kutakura mabhengi kana mabhuku ekugadzirisa. Inowanzoonekwawo kukosha kwepakiti ye Microsoft Office, iyo inoshanda nekuremekedzwa chete pa Windows.

Kukanganiswa kwehurongwa:

1. Kuwandisa kwezvirwere. Kuzivikanwa kwepuratifomu iyi kwakanga kusiri pasina. Kwete yehutano humwechete hwekushanda haina kuumbwa nemavarasi akawanda sezvavakatangwa pasi peWindows. Mushandi anofanira kutarisira kuchengeteka kwake, kutenga antivirus uye kuchengeteka software.
2. Basa risina kugadzikana. Zvinosuruvarisa, Windows, kuchinja kubva kune rimwe chizvarwa kusvika kune rimwe chizvarwa, inongowanikwa nemikana mitsva, pasina kubvisa zvisizvo. Kubva pane izvo zvinova zvakaoma, pane zvikanganiso zvakawanda uye zvakanyanya mumutsetse. Dzimwe nguva hutsika hunoita seusingazivi uye hunogona "kufa."
3. Constant updates. Wakaisa Windows, iwe unofanirwa kugadzirirwa kuti ichavandudzwa kakawanda, uye kwete nguva dzose kuti ive nani. Hongu, zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinangwa zvekunatsiridza ruzivo rwemudzidzi nekudzivirirwa, asi pakugadziridza ikozvino kunogona kudzivisa kombiyuta kana kunyanya kuderedza kukurumidza kwebasa. Mukuwedzera, urongwa hunovandudzwa husina kumubvunza musikana kana achida kana kuti kwete, saka fungisisa mupfungwa kana basa rako rakarasika nekuda kweimwe patch.
4. Chido chevatyairi - chero chinhu chipi nechipi chaunoda kushamwaridzana kumakombiyuta, ingave kamera kana printer, inoda mutyairi, pasina izvo zvingasazoshanda.

Iko maonero eWindows ave nguva mbiri. Mumwe munhu anonyunyuta pamusoro pezvirwere zvinopfuurira uye zvikanganiso, mumwe munhu asingadi kuvandudza. Mumwe munhu anopesana anorumbidza chigadzirwa chaMicrosoft pamikana yaro yekushanda neHofisi.

Nenzira yakawanda, chigadzirwa chacho chakakodzerwa nehuwandu hwakazara. Windows inofanirwa kune avo vanoshanda nemapurogiramu chaiwo, Microsoft Office suite uye inotamba mumitambo yemakombiyuta yanhasi.

MacOS

Zvishoma zvisiri izvo, asi zviri nani mhando yemiti, yakasikwa naApple. MacOS inogona kuzvirumbidza chete 9%. Iyi mamiriro asingafadzi ndeyekuti MacOS inoshanda chete pamakombiyuta eMac.

Rwendo rwemashandisirwo emasikirwo eMacOS

• OS X Mavericks;
• OS X Yosemite;
• OS X El Capitan;
• MacOS Sierra.

Zvirongwa zveSystem ye MacOS Sierra yekushanda system (yakasunungurwa zvino):

• IMac (yakabudiswa kumagumo e2009 kana kuti itsva);
• Mac Book (12-inch, yakabudiswa kutanga kwegore ra 2015 kana kuti itsva);
• Mac Book Pro (yakabudiswa mumakore ekupedzisira 2010 kana kuti itsva);
• Mac Book Air (yakabudiswa mumakore ekupedzisira 2009 kana kuti itsva);
• Mac Mini (yakabudiswa pakutanga kwegore ra2010 kana itsva);
• Mac Pro (yakabudiswa muna 2010 kana kuti itsva).

Imwe yemakombiyuta iri pamusoro apa inofanirwa kushandisa sarudzo.

Zvakanakira zvehurongwa:

1. Kuramba uye kuchengeteka. Apple michina yakagara ichizivikanwa nokuda kwekuchengeteka kwavo uye kugadzikana. Makombiyuta haawani uye anobudiswa mubhandi rekukwikwidza kupi zvako. Pasi peMacOS, zvakawanda zvishandiso zvishandiso uye zvigadziriswa zvakasikwa kuti zvirege kukuvadza mushumiri wekupedzisira. Uyewo pasi pehurongwa hutachiona hutachiona hunosikwa.
2. Inonakidza paki yehuwandu software. Muna MacOS, nekutadza, purogiramu ye "software" yakavakwa mukati, inofanirwa kuita basa rinobudirira nekugadzirwa. Izvo mapurogiramu ehurongwa hwekushanda zvinosanganisira maitiro ekurekodha manotsi, web browser, kuumba mafirimu, kuenzanisa manyore, kutora, nezvimwewo. Uye vateereri veAppstore, zvakasiyana nevaya vari muWindows, vanovimba nehutano uye kufunga, kwete kutsika.
3. Kuwirirana kwehurongwa ne "iron". Kushandisa system MacOS "yakarongedzwa" kushanda nemhando shoma yemashandisi, naizvozvo inoshanda zvakanaka uye zvinobudirira. Ikoko pane zvakatsigirwa patafura yepasspad. Anenge chero ipi zvayo midziyo inoshanda pasina madereji.
4. ICloud. Makombiyuta eApple, akafanana nemimwe michina yemakambani, anogara achienzanirana neICloud cloud. Izvi zvinokubvumira kuchengetedza chero dhesi rakachengetwa pakombiyuta yako uye unozvichengeta-kusvika-pane pane zviyero zvose.

Kukanganiswa kwehurongwa:

1. Kuwedzera. Izvo zvinoshandiswa purogiramu yacho pachayo inoparidzirwa pasina mari, asi inoshanda chete pamakombiyuta eMachip, ayo, zvakare, anonyadzisa mari.
2. Mumitambo miduku. Gamers kazhinji haafaniri kutarisa kuMacos, sekuwanda kwemitambo, kuiisa zvinyoro, inotambura. Iwe haugoni kumhanya chero ipi zvayo yemazuva ano chigadzirwa chemutambo, sezvo zvisingangogadziri ma Mac, nekuda kwekuvharwa kwayo uye kugoverwa mashoma.
3. Nhengo yebhizimisi yakakosha. Mac haisi yakakurumbira munharaunda yekambani, kunyanya muRussia, saka hazvigoneki kuwana software yakakodzera pairi. Masangano akawanda anogadzira zvigadzirwa zveWindows.

Vakawanda veMac vanoda ma OS, vanorumbidzwa nokuda kwezvikamu zvakawanda zvezvirongwa uye basa rakagadzikana. Usafarire MacOS ndiyo inotevera vateereri veWindows nokuda kwekutsanangurwa kwayo uye yepamusoro mari yeAppomputer.

Mamiriro acho akakodzera kune avo vose vane basa rinoenderana nekusika. Ndivo vaimbi, vatungamiri uye kunyange vatapi venhau.

Linux

Iko kushandiswa kwepachena system ye Linux ine mugove muduku kudarika pamakethe yemakombiyuta. Inovhara rondedzero yePC inoshandisa maitiro ane chikamu che1%. Pasinei neizvi, hurongwa huri mutungamiri mumusika wemagetsi uye uri mukutsvaga kumaseva.

Urongwa hwe Linux dzekushanda maitiro:

• Fedora;
• Ubuntu;
• Mint;
• OpenSUSE;
• Gentoo;
• Arch;
• Slackware.

Zvirongwa zveMashandisirwo e Linux zvinoshandiswa zvinoshamisa. Icho chigadzirwa chemichina chinotarisirwa kutanga sarudzo inowanzosiyana, nokuti chikwata chiri pasi rose uye chinogona kuumbwa kune chero "machine".

Zvakanakira zvehurongwa:

1. Kusiyanisa uye kugoneka. Sangano rinoshanda pane zvose, chaizvoizvo. Inowanzoshandiswa kumusoro, kumasangano ezvidzidzo. Uye pamakombiyuta epamba, inosangana kakawanda, zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwayo. Nzira yacho inoparidzirwa pasina mari, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwekushanda kwayo.
2. Community support. Nzira dzekushanda dzakabva kune Linux dzine kodhi yekushandisa yakasununguka uye vakawanda vashandisi vanovashandira, izvo zvinoderedza huwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona nehutachiona, huchimbidzika kururamiswa kwezvikanganiso zvakasiyana uye zvinowanzova nemigumisiro yakanaka mukusimudzirwa kwenyika.
3. Kushanda kwebasa. Linux, zvichida, ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Zvichienderana ne "sarudzo" yakasarudzwa (system system) uye kugoverwa (yakarongwa saizvozvo), unogona kubudirira zvikuru mukushanda pamusina simba "mishonga".

Kukanganiswa kwehurongwa:

1. Kusabvumirana neWindows. Anenge ose mapurogiramu anongorongedza neWindows, izvo zvisingasviki muhutano. Izvo zvinoenda kumitambo.
2. Chido chekuziva chiremera. Nzira yacho inogona kutarisirwa nekubatsira kwechirongwa chekufananidza, asi nokukurumidza kana gare gare kuchava nechido chekushanda pamwe nechokugadzirisa (chigadziro chekugadzirisa hurongwa hwemutauro wemagetsi), uye naizvozvo, kuti udzidze mazano ehurongwa, murairo, zvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa.
3. Kusabvumirana kwemichina. Kana iwe une printer yakare pamba, unogona kutaura neenoda kusvika 100% iyo Linux isingatsigire nayo.

Rumbidzai sangano chete avo vanofarira zvikuru makombiyuta uye teknolojia yekushandisa ruzivo, avo vanoda kuchera muhurongwa. Vanowanzoshandisa vashandi vanogunun'una, nokuti muhurongwa hapana chinhu chekugadzira, varaidzo.

Steam OS

Imwe nzira yakasunungurwa yakasununguka, iyo isiri iyo kunze kweLuxux ine shell kubva kuValve. Ichi chigadzirwa chinangwa chevatambi uye Steam yemitambo yemauto .

Chrome OS

Chigadzirwa chisingasvikiki kubva kuGoogle, icho chinongogumira chete kumashandisirwo ewebhu uye shanduro imwe chete. Iyi nzira haina kukwikwidzana kana ichienzaniswa neWindows uye Mac, asi inoitwa nemaonero ekusvika apo web interfaces inogona kutora "software chaiyo". Nokusingaperi, yakaiswa pane zvose Chromebooks.

Kuisa maitiro akawanda uye kushandisa makemikari

Kubva pane imwe sarudzo ine zvinobudirira uye zvakashata, inowanzova yakakosha kushanda neanoverengeka. Vashandi vekombiyuta vanoziva izvi, saka vanopa vashandisi sarudzo yekuisa maitiro maviri kana matatu pane diski kamwechete.

Izvi zvinoitwa chete. Ndiyo chete chigadzirwa chinoshandiswa chetsika (disk kana USB flash drive yakatakurwa pazvinhu zvavo zvekuisa) uye nzvimbo isina rusununguko pa diski yakaoma inodiwa. Zvose zvemazuva ano zvinoshandiswa zvinopa panguva yekugadzirirwa kugovera nzvimbo uye kugadzira chirongwa chinotarisa chinoratidza urongwa hwemashandisirwo ekushandura kana mabhoti emakombiyuta. Zvose zvinoitwa mumutambo we-semi-automatic uye chero mupi anogona kuzviita.

Pamakombiyuta eApple kune chinhu chakakosha - BootCamp, iyo yakagadzirirwa nyore uye isina tsvina Windows yekuisa pedyo neMACOS.

Pane imwe nzira - kuisa virtual system mukati meicho chaiyo. Nokuda kweizvi, mapurogiramu anotevera anoshandiswa: VmWare uye VirtualBox, iyo inogona kutevedzera kombiyuta yakazara uye inoshandisa maitiro ekushanda.

Panzvimbo yekupedzisa

Izvo zvinongororwa zvekushanda kwekombiyuta hazvirevi kune izvo zvataurwa. Kune zvakawanda zvezvikwereti kubva kumakambani akasiyana-siyana, asi zvose zvinonyatsotaura uye hazvifananidzi kutarisirwa kwevashandi vepakati. Chisarudzo chinofanira kuitwa pakati peWindows, MacOS neLinux, sezvo zvingagona kuvhara zvizhinji zvezvido uye zviri nyore nyore kudzidza.