Ecology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza ikoroji ... Basics. Communication ikoroji nevamwe sayenzi

Pasi - yebhuruu parera duku rarasika kusingaperi chando kunzvimbo dzokunze nzvimbo uye yava kumusha mabhiriyoni zvipenyu. Upenyu yakazara chaizvoizvo zvose nzvimbo yedu nyika: mvura, pasi, mhepo.

Uye zvose zvakasiyana-siyana izvi muupenyu siyana, kutanga nyore zvinenge uye anopera porusvingo yemhindumupindu - Homo sapiens - anokwanisa kupa kupfuura zvakananga kukanganisa upenyu nyika. Ecology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kukurukurirana zvose zvipenyu vanogadzira Pasi, uyewo avo munharaunda zhinji, zvose pakati pavo uye zvakavapoteredza.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Vanhu vakawanda nhasi havazivi kuti zvakatipoteredza akatanga kuva somunhu yoga bazi sayenzi bedzi pakati XX remakore. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, yaiva chete chikamu zvipenyu. A muvambi ikoroji raiva kuchitsigira muteveri uye mutsigiri yaDarwin, kuti unyanzvi musayendisiti uye zvipenyu - German Ernst Haeckel.

On paumbwe ikoroji sechinhu yoga sayenzi kwakakonzerwa pamusoro ruoko rumwe - zvinosimbisa ari XX remakore, zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi, uye kuno rumwe - kukurumidza kukura chavagari redu. Kukura zvemichina uye indasitiri kwakaita kuti kudzokororwa nokuwedzera kuparadzwa zviwanikwa kuti, akavapindurawo, rwave tigume zvakatipoteredza.

Nepo nhamba yevanhu Anowanza nokukurumidza, nhamba zvimwe zvisikwa vakava zvishoma nezvishoma kudukupiswa. NTP akabvumira vanhu kuvaka mestopribyvanie ake panyika panokwanisika sezvinobvira, asi panguva iyoyo aiva dzinouraya chinoita kuti zvisikwa. Pakanga pari kudiwa nokukurumidza kudzidza uye kutsvakurudza ezvinhu. Communication ikoroji nevamwe sayenzi yava hakudzivisiki.

Chinokosha Misimboti ikoroji nesayenzi

Kunyatsogona Ecology inosanganisira kudzidza kukurukurirana pamwe zvakatipoteredza zvinhu akaronga pamusoro mhando, iyo biosphere, uye biocentric organismal mumatunhu. Saka pane zvikamu zvikuru zvakawanda zvinosanganisira talk ikoroji:

• Autecology kana ikoroji kuti zvinenge - chikamu runotaura kudzidza nomumwe ukama nharaunda sezvo vanhu nomumwe rudzi, uyewo zvinenge enzvimbo rwakafanana boka mhuka.
• Population ikoroji, uye vanogara ikoroji. The zvebasa chino vari kudzidza dzinongoitika zvigadziriswe anokonzera mutemo nhamba dzakasiyana zvipenyu, avo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri arambe achirema, uyewo kuona bvumidzwa muganhu kushaya-siyana kwemarudzi uye vanhu.
• Synecology kana munharaunda ikoroji anoongorora muudzame nesungano pakati zvinhu zvipenyu uye nevanhu zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza, uyewo nzira uye mamiriro biogeocenosis.

Nzira zvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza

ano ikoroji It anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti tsvakurudzo. Zvisinei, vanogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: munda uye mumarabhoritari nzira.

By zvikuru rokuti unokwanisa kuona kuti zvose munda tsvakurudzo kuitwa zvakananga chaiwo ezvinhu. Ivowo, unogona kukamurwa kuva:

• Mira. Zvidzidzo izvi zvinosanganisira zvose-refu pakuongorora zvinhu zvakagara, uyewo kuyerwa, rondedzero, uyewo paku chinyorwa.
• Route. Inoitwa zvakananga Kuongorora chinhu, zvinofungidzirwa upfumi hwake, kunoyerwa, description, akambochera mepu nemachati.
• Anorondedzera - on kwokutanga kuziva chinangwa pakudzidza.
• Experimental. Pano chikuru chinhu - ruzivo uye kuedza, akasiyana-siyana namakemikari Analyses, quantification uye nevamwe.

Laboratory nzira dzinobva tsvakurudzo murabhoritari. Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu - kudzidza muzvizhinji vadzidzisi zvuru gumi zvinhu, kunyanya kudzidza chaivo zvinhu anopiwa hunobatsira Modelling nzira.

Kurarama ezvinhu zvipenyu

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani sei kufurira avo kana zvimwe zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu munyika dzakasiyana siyana mupenyu, iwe unofanira kutanga kunzwisisa ukama kwezvakatipoteredza uye upenyu zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. A-siyana zvakasikwa ezvinhu kuti musiwa Earth - mvura, nyika, mhepo, ivhu, muviri - vari kurarama zvakatipoteredza-siyana zvinomera nemhuka marudzi. Zviri pakati zvose zvipenyu zvose kuwana zvinodiwa zvinhu muupenyu. Uye pane kupanana zvipenyu vakadzokera zvigadzirwa.

Wokutanga chaizvo dzinogarisana nokuda wakanakisisa vanhu munyika vava madziva. Yakanga iri mvura makanga upenyu muchimiro utachiona tuduku - kuti tenzi ipapo pasi-mhepo uye ivhu ezvinhu. A organismal zvinobudirira akagadzirisa tupukanana uye symbionts.

Saka, ndiwo musiyano iri ezvinhu enyika aripo runyararo akasiyana kwakaita kuti zvibvire kushanda vari zvinenge akasiyana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. nhamba chaiyo vasiri, morphological, zvounhu, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvimwe zvivako kuvabatsira yakawanda sezvingabvira kuti ajairane akaoma ezvinhu oupenyu.

zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu

Kunyatsogona ikoroji somunhu sainzi batanidza zvikuru neimwe dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. By zvapedzisira rinofanira kunzwisiswa chero chinhu kana zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu anokonzera izvi kana zvimwe zvinenge kuchinja navo uye kuchinja. Kune mapoka matatu chete zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu:

• biotic;
• abiotic;
• anthropogenic.

The biotic zvinhu zvinosanganisira zvivako siyana zvakasikwa. Ivo vanokwanisa kukonzera adaptive siyana mune miti (Phytogenic), uye mhuka (zoogenic) uye hunokuvadza (mikogennye).

Abiotic zvinopesana, muri zvinoumba mamiriro zvisina upenyu: Geological (inofamba mazitombo echando, kuputika basa, mwaranzi, etc.), Climate (tembiricha, chiedza, mhepo, mwando, kumanikidzwa, etc ...), Ivhu (chimiro, arambe achirema uye Kuronga ivhu) uye hydrological zvinhu (mvura, kumanikidzwa, salinity, iyezvino).

Anthropogenic kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu chokuita nemabasa evanhu. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti munhu zvakakura chaizvo nokuchinja zvinhu zvipenyu. Uye mamwe marudzi zvinova zvakanaka, asi kwete vamwe.

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo nguva yedu

Ano zvinetso zvemhoteredzo Anonyanyowanika chokuita naro kwevanhu zvazvinoita zvakasikwa. Global Ecology inozivisa zvinotevera nengozi zvakakomba: nemvura inonaya iine acid, ozone kuparadzwa, inokudza chaizvoizvo pakusvibiswa yakapoteredza nyika uye chinetso tsvina yevanhu, kudzikisirana uye kukurwa kwevhu, masango, kwakapararira nokuveza miti, kutsakatika mhuka, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, zvinonyatsorehwa kwakaderera ari rokuzvidzivirira revanhu , Kuparadzwa zvinhu (mvura, gasi, mafuta nezvimwewo zviwanikwa), photochemical smog nezvimwe kuchinja zvinouraya.

izvi zvose dzinongoita kukonzerwa tichishingaira evanhu kupindira dzinongoitika urongwa, uyewo musoro Implementation pamusoro kuzvivaraidza, mauto, zveupfumi uye nezvimwewo zvirongwa kuti kuchinja zvakasikwa dzinogarisana.

kwezvakatipoteredza jabwanira

Ecology - sayenzi kuti inodzidza kusanganisira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza (biosphere). Panyaya iyi, pasi kusvibiswa inotaura chinoshingaira chokubuda simba iri biosphere kana zvinhu, nhamba, nzvimbo kana nzvimbo izvo zvinogona kukanganisa nzvimbo-siyana zvipenyu zvipenyu.

Industry and yose urbanization kutungamirira kuti kusvibiswa dzakapoteredza rakasimba kwete chete, mvura uye gaseous zvinhu uye tupukanana tusingaoneki, asiwo nesimba zvakasiyana (ruzha, ruzha, nemwaranzi), izvo kukanganisa siyana zvinhu zvipenyu nyika.

Kune mhando mbiri kusvibisa biosphere, akasiyana ne mavambo: dzinongoitika (dzinongoitika) - kunoitika pasina kutora chikamu kwevanhu uye nevanhu. The yokupedzisira zvakawanda ngozi, nekuti vanhu havasati vadzidza kudzorera zvakavapoteredza.

Nhasi, kusvibiswa iri makaitika pandaida uye anouya mhepo, pasi uye mvura manyuko, ivhu. Humanity kwakasvibiswa kunyange pedyo-Earth nzvimbo. Zvose izvi hazvirevi kuwedzera netariro vanhu uye vaigona pave nekukurukurirana yose kwezvakatipoteredza dambudziko. The mangwanani Kugadzirwa ikoroji sechinhu sainzi anopa vanhu mukana kudzivisa ngozi.

ivhu jabwanira

Somugumisiro, richizvitenda, safunga mabasa evanhu ivhu akapoteredza maguta makuru uye kundima dzine vakawanda maindasitiri simbi zvigayo, simba zvinomera, muchina building, akanga utachiona anotonga akareba.

Heavy nesimbi, peturu, sarufa yeimwe uye kutungamirira pamwe neveimba tsvina - zvanzi izere ano dzinogarisana ose yakabudirira murume. Chero Ecology Institute inosimbisa kuti kuwedzera pamusoro apa zvinokuvadza muvhu zvakawanda ine carcinogens siyana, anokwanisa kuita vanhu kutya chirwere.

Nyika kuti anodyisa isu, haasi chete pasi kwevhu uye kusvibiswa nevanhu hunokuvadza zvine maatomu akafanana, asiwo doro, salinization, nechisimba kuti pakuvaka zvivako siyana. Uye kana zvepanyama kuparadzwa pamusoro topsoil zvinogona kunonoka kwazvo, kupera anokonzerwa mabasa evanhu, chinokushamisa iine hwokumhanyamhanya.

Agriculture nekushandisa zhinji kwemishonga yezvipembenene kuri kuva denda chairo vanhu. The ngozi mukurusa iyi vari kugadzikana kuiisa chlorine yeimwe vanokwanisa kurarama mu ivhu kwemakore uye -wedzera mairi.

mhepo kusviba

Zvichitevera chakakomba kwezvakatipoteredza kutyisidzira - pakusvibiswa kwechadenga. Zvakare, rinogonawo kukonzerwa dzinongoitika zvinhu, zvakadai kuputika basa, maruva miti, apfungaire nokupisa masango kana rikukurwe nemhepo. Asi anthropogenic Impact kunokonzera zvakaipa mhepo yakawanda.

Anthropogenic kana murume-akaita kusvibiswa mhepo iri nokuda kuitika yakawanda zvimwe zvinokuvadza. Special ngozi Panyaya iyi anoita makemikari indasitiri. Nemhaka mhepo vabudiswa sarufa dioxide, senitrogen oxides, rehydrogen sulfide, Mahydrocarbon, halides, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Kuita pamwe rimwe nemakemikari maitiro, ivo vanokwanisa nokuumba yeimwe chaizvo ngozi zvikuru.

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu zvinowedzerwa motokari pedza. In vakawanda mumaguta makuru ari windless okunze zvazova inozivikanwa kuti photochemical smog.

Kusvibisa kwemvura matura panyika

Upenyu panyika hazvibviri pasina mvura, asi munguva yedu, zvidzidzo kwezvakatipoteredza akatungamirira masayendisiti kusvika unovava mhedziso: anthropological basa ane kunoparadza kukanganisa hydrosphere paNyika. Kwakaderedza dzinongoitika reserves mvura yakachena, uye kunyange makungwa nhasi ari kutambura kuchinja pose ayo mararamiro, maererano vazhinji zvomumvura zvipenyu vakatondeswa kutsakatika.

Zvikurukuru kushushikana chokuti kusvibiswa inobata pamusoro mvura kwete chete asiwo pasi, ndokunge kwete chete kukanganisa nemaindasitiri, asiwo vakawanda matunhu neminisiparati landfills, tsvina, tsvina-maberekero zvivako, kuchengetera fetiraiza uye nemakemikari. Pamusoro kuti nebudiriro kuita pasina tsaona huru. Emergency tsvina discharges mumvura miviri - kwete isingawanzowanikwi mhosva.

Communication ikoroji nevamwe sayenzi

The ikoroji rokutanga - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvinetso zvemhoteredzo, uye mumwe akasakwanisa kuuya kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvino, pazvakava pachena kuti yambira ndiyo ezvinhu zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana, zvinova pachena kuti chinokosha ukama hwezvinhu nevamwe sayenzi. Pasina pedyo kusakarongeka nemushonga, zvipenyu, kemisitiri, wefizikisi nevamwe nemapazi sainzi hazvitomboiti kuti zvinoshingaira atarise zvezvakatipoteredza.

Masayendisiti achaita vagari kuita kuti kuedza kuderedza kukuvadza hwevanhu. Masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana kudzidzinga kutsvaka njodzi simba zvinyorwa. Mune dzimwe inoti kare yekudyidzana zvakawedzera nhamba motokari kuti kumhanya ari magetsi. Zvakawanda zvinoenderana kuitwa mishonga, vachava muzana remakore idzva akanyatsosiyana kupedza dambudziko kurerutsa kukuvadza ine maindasitiri tsvina. The mhinduro zvinozivikanwa vanofanira hazvo zvinosanganisirei zvose zvakatipoteredza munda.

The Environmental ezvinhu Russia

Sezvineiwo, Russian zvakatipoteredza hakusi yakanakisisa ezvinhu. Maererano simba dzezvakatipoteredza, nyika yedu nderimwe vatatu inoti zvinonyanya zvikuru kusvibisa mararamiro panyika. Mukuwedzera Russia, mune mukurumbira wakashata pamazita kunosanganisira kunyange China uye United States.

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu yakawedzera nokuti apo nyika dzakawanda dzakasimukira European pagore vanopedza anosvika 6% kuti bhajeti yayo kuchengeta zvakatipoteredza, kuRussia, izvi mari regai asvike kunyange 1%. Zviremera vanoomesa musoro vachiramba kuteerera kuedza kuti zvipenyu kuti pazvinovaratidza kuti Mamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa munharaunda iyi.

Zvichakadaro ikoroji Russia kukonzera kunetseka yose dzakawanda sezvo ndima kuti anopindura, rakakura zvechokwadi, maindasitiri mujenya, tsvina hauna zvishandiswezve uye kwete kuraswa zvakanaka, uye pamusoro colour zvoupfumi dambudziko, izvozvo chete anotarisa vanotyisa.

Zvinoitwa Environment utano hwevanhu

Pamusoro payo ataurwa sei zvikuru kukanganisa upenyu hwevanhu kwezvakatipoteredza vanoshorwa utano kwezvakatipoteredza zvinokonzera. Wokutanga Ichokwadi, vana, nokuti - ramangwana redu. Asi chii chichava ramangwana, kana muduku murume kubva paucheche kufema mhepo yakasvibiswa, udye zvokudya, izvo zvine anokuvadza namakemikari preservatives, chete kunwa mvura inobva epurasitiki mabhodhoro uye zvichingodaro. D.?

Mumakore achangopfuura vanachiremba vakaona pfungwa yokuti kuitika kwezvirwere broncho-pulmonary achikwirira nokukwirira. An kuwedzera varwere sema, vakawanda vavo zvakare - vana. Munyika mune kukura zvirwere chokuita immunodeficiency. Tinogona kufunga kuti kana vanhu asingadi nokukurumidza achazopengenuka uye edza kufunga rugare rinopindirana pamwe naAmai Nature, mune ramangwana isiri kure, tinogona kunzwisisa njodzi dzakawanda nokutsakatika kwemarudzi. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvakatipoteredza uye utano hwevanhu zvakabatana chaizvo.

2014 - Year of Environment

gore rimwe nerimwe munyika yedu rinoitwa mabasa mazhinji, yakatsaurirwa kuna mabasa edzidzo ari zvezvakatipoteredza. Uye 2014 ndozvakaitikawo. Sezvo kutanga kwegore huru dzinotambudza makwikwi "National Environmental Prize" ERAECO "rakaitirwa Russia. Senzira chiitiko ichi mumaguta akasiyana yeRussia zvinoratidza mafirimu pamusoro zvezvakatipoteredza, mitambo, hurukuro.

Kuchavawo mharidzo pamusoro eco kuvaka uye kuratidzwa zvichibvira kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dzokurima mhuri muMoscow uye Moscow nharaunda. The zvikoro zvave eco zvidzidzo pamusoro izvo vakomana kuudzwa zvezvakatipoteredza, uye kukurukurwa zvakadzama siyana oushumiri kwezvakatipoteredza.

"ERAECO" varongi vari kuronga kuvhurika munhu Mini-Mobile zvezvakatipoteredza mumarabhoritari, izvo zvichaita kuti tikwanise kuita nokukurumidza kuongorora ivhu akatorwa kubva mumvura, mhepo uye ivhu. Laboratory nyanzvi achitsigirwa kwezvakatipoteredza vanachiremba vachava vadzidzi uye vadzidzi vemazera akasiyana.

Mauto zvichaita "eco patrol" vari kuumbwa, izvo acharamba basa rayo kwete chete panguva makwikwi, asi pashure pacho. Vana puraimari zera, zvakare, vachakwanisa kudya zhinji zvokuita, uye ipapo vachanzi vakakumbira kuti pave kuona zvinyorwa zviri vanodhirowa.

International pamwe kudzivirira zvakatipoteredza

Nyika yedu ndeimwe, uye pasinei nokuti vanhu kusiyaniswa izvozvo munyika dzakawanda dzakasiyana uye rinoti, ainyora kudiwa nyaya zvemhoteredzo kunoda mubatanidzwa. pamwe kwakadaro rinoitwa mukati yechinangwa zvirongwa masangano akadai UNESCO uye UN dzakawanda, uye ari nokudzorwa Interstate zvibvumirano.

Misimboti mushandirapamwe kwezvakatipoteredza kunge yakatanga. Mumwe wavo anoti nezvakatipoteredza zvakanaka mumwe State haafaniri kuitwa pasina kufungisisa zvinodiwa nedzimwe nyika kana mari yavo. Somuenzaniso, nyika simba nezvisingabvumwi kushandisa zviwanikwa zvenyika underdeveloped kumatunhu nenyika.

Pfungwa imwe rinoti zvese zvinofanira kuiswa mutemo unoti kudzora kutyisidzira kuchinja zvakatipoteredza, uye zvose States vanofanira kupa rubatsiro zvizere kune mumwe ari matambudziko akaoma zvezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chete vanhu yakabatana vachakwanisa kuponesa Nyika kubva iri kuuya zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza akawisa. Kubva zvino, mugari dzose nyika kunodiwa kurinzwisisa.