Spaceports USA: zvinhu uye pikicha

Ichibhururuka nzvimbo zuva roga roga riri kuva nyore uye nyore. Nokuti avo vanoda kubhadhara nakisisa mazakwatira mari mashomanana pfupi maminitsi akapedzerwa kunze mhepo, ivo Federal Office Civil Aviation kuUnited States yakabudisa batsira mepu, izvo akacherekedza zvose US spaceports. A pamazita ano yeUnited nzvimbo vaisanganisa mashoko pamusoro private zvivako akagadzirirwa kuti muchadenga kanda nemotokari.

Ndezvipi spaceports?

Nezvekutanga Mapedhi inoshandiswa kutanga orbital kana suborbital motokari muchadenga. Zvavanokupai kusangana yokutanga zvinoriumba, zvinopa huni, ndege basa uye akavaita payload. Spaceports kuti zvinoita kuti pave chinjikira uye wehunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara. Kubva muchadenga kanda motokari iri achipfuura munharaunda inonzi kanda nharaunda, iyo kazhinji vakapakata Tracking michina uye kugamuchira telemetry. Zvakakodzera kuongorora motokari kusvikira kwayo kubudirira pakuparurwa kupinda muchadenga uye kudzokera Earth. hurongwa izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kutsvaga reusable nzendo.

The Federal Aviation Administration uye United States vezvokutengeserana nzvimbo chokufambisa marezinesi private kanda nzvimbo munyika.

spaceports iri US Vangani?

Pakazosvika 2015 muUnited States, paiva 19 basa Mapedhi, 8 zvacho yeUnited, 9 - zvokutengeserana, wakashanda nehurumende masangano, vaishanda pamwe voga emakambani, uye mumwe ndohwaJehovha kuyunivhesiti. Izvi, 4 zvakagadzirirwa kumhanya pasi pasi pasi muchadenga, 9 anoshandiswa chete Sub-orbital chinonyengera uye 5 vari pahunosiya.

Uyewo, pane vane 3 unlicensed chinhu icho chinonyengera kunogona kuitwa marezinesi kana motokari mvumo. Sezvo makambani kuti varidzi date cosmodrome kushandiswa zvombo zvaro kugadzira, tinofanira kuwana mvumo nokuti kanda ikanyanya havadikanwi. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Chikuva "Odyssey" chirongwa "Sea Launch", achishandisa «Zenit 3PL" zvombo;
• cosmodrome "McGregor" Texas kambani SpaceX, apo kuedza Falcon 9R;
• Playground pedyo Van Horn, Texas, Blue Origin kambani.

US spaceports, iyo iripo panguva ino inogona kupatsanurwa mumapoka makuru matatu. Vari iri Pacific kumahombekombe, zasi-zasi-kumadokero uye nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba Atlantic yepamhenderekedzo.

boka Pacific

US spaceports muna Pacific Ocean vari vaviri kanda nzvimbo. Chokutanga kuchikuva "Sea Launch", yaiva Pakutanga Joint Norwegian-Russian-wokuUkraine-American. Mushure kusauka kwa2009 private Rocket uye Space Corporation "puhti" yeRussia akava wayo mukuru. Kwechinguva US akashandisa pachikuva kuti vomurova zvokutengeserana satellites.

Wechipiri - a yekuratidza Reagan - iri muna Marshall Islands. Kanda Pedhi riri pamusoro Atoll pamusoro Kwajalein uye aur, uye Wake Island. Rinoshandiswa sokuedzwa nzvimbo ballistic zvombo, chombo kudzivirira hurongwa, nzvimbo uye Meteorological tsvakurudzo zvirongwa, uyewo kuongorora satellites basa. Pachitsuwa omelek chitsuwa chiri yezvokutengeserana kanda nzvimbo SpaceX.

Launch zvivako Alaska

Alaska anewo US spaceports. Kanda kunzwisisa "Kodiak", iro unyanzvi vari kuisa Satellite mugomba polar muchadenga, uye tsvakurudzo landfill Poker Flat, muridzi nokuda Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, anotangazve chitundumuseremusere pamwe michina nesayenzi kuti kuyerwa chokumusoro mhepo.

Kanda kunzwisisa "Kodiak"

"Kodiak" imwe nzvimbo 1500 hectares ndiyo chete mukuru-Latitude pokutangira kunzwisisa muUnited States. Panguva 54th Latitude pachitsuwa Kodiak ndiye Nerrou - Cape Spaceport USA, uyo ane unyanzvi mubasa polar chinonyengera yaishandiswa satellites kuti muchadenga. Best rwaro nzvimbo rinosanganisira nzvimbo mbiri (imwe orbital ndege, uye imwe suborbital), 17-storey chivako kuvaka zvombo uye kamuri yakachena achigadzirira satellites. On the kunzwisisa pane kuvakwa kwechikuva rechitatu, iyo ichabereka chinhu chinopa kutsanya startup - maawa asingasviki 24 ichaitwa kubva pakukurukura kutanga.

Kutanga nzvimbo California

Kuwedzera vaviri US Air Force airbases "Vandenberg" uye "Edwards", iyo vari kushandiswa experimental Zara, muCalifornia pane vaviri kanda nzvimbo, "California" uye "Mojave." Uye zvechokwadi hunoshamisa! Muna 2004, kubva "Mojave" wokutanga vakabudirira voga nemari nzvimbo kanda SpaceShipOne ndege. In California, uyewo kwakavakirwa "California Office Space," izvo anenge asina simba haana nhaka uye saka havasisipo.

Spaceport "California"

Panguva Airbase "Vandenberg" muna Lompoc, California, kubva 1999, anoshanda mukuru marezinesi zvokutenga spaceport muUnited States, zita iro - the spaceport "California". Uyezve, ndiyo chete zvakazara rokusimudzira zvokutengeserana Zvivako munyika - nayo inoshanda pasina voruzhinji mari. The huru yacho ndiko kutanga rechi8 nzvimbo kanda yakaoma kana SLC-8. It anokwanisa kupa zvose polar uye ballistic trajectory kushandisa duku kumhanyisa kirasi "Minotaur" zvinogumbura.

Aerokosmoport "Mojave"

Makavakwa pamusoro Banga uye wengarava atirari siyana Second World War, aerokosmoport "Mojave" yava rimwe wokutanga bvunzo site private chitundumusere-musere. Kutanga chombo chirongwa mukuvamba kuma1990, yakava hwaro guru mazita munhoroondo ezvokutengeserana suborbital uye orbital ndege, kusanganisira SpaceShipOne, yakahwina Suleyman X Prize muna 2004, XCOR Aerospace, Masten Space Systems uye Orbital Science Corp.

South-kumadokero

Pano, mumwe mamiriro iri US pamwe spaceport. New Mexico, Texas uye Oklahoma - vose vane zvavo kanda Mapedhi, uye New Mexico kunodzora. On "Enchanting Land" (pamutemo remadunhu- of state) rakavakwa spaceport "America", izvo dzimwe nguva anotumira vashanyi kuti muchadenga.

Spaceport "America"

Desert Jordana Del Muerto, New Mexico - nzvimbo apo pane US spaceport, "America", rwakazokura munyika chinangwa-akavaka wokutanga yezvokutengeserana nechigadziko uye nezvekutanga ikanyanya kuti private Aerospace kambani Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, UP Aerospace uye Armadillo Aerospace. Vanopupurirwa LEED hurongwa, chinhu rinotaura zvuru 62 sq. M. M uye hanga rinosanganisira miviri miviri kukwirira nzvimbo 4400 sq. M Mission Control Center. The spaceport ingasvikwa kubva pedyo muguta bumbiro Chokwadi kana Konsikuenses.

On Chombo Range White Sands kuona marudzi ose makuru uye putika zvinhu, uye dzimwe nguva moto mukati pedo muchadenga. Uyezve, pane yakaiswa wokutanga renyukireya bvunzo nzvimbo munyika. Asi hazvisi nzvimbo dzinofadza zvikuru.

Spaceport "Oklahoma"

Zvinowanikwa pakati Oklahoma dongo, kuti spaceport ane mumwe wakarebesa runways mu North America (4115 m). Akabatana zvibereko pasina kubhururuka ndege denga, akava wokutanga muUnited States, zvisina pasi muchiuto uye ndege kurambidzwa, iyo yakanaka zvebhizimisi motokari ane chinjikira yasimuka uye kumhara. Panewo kwakavakirwa kambani Armadillo Aerospace, kunyange zvayo kumumvuri womudenga chitundumusere-musere akagadzirirwa chete wehunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pane kunyange 9-buri gorofu kosi.

Spaceports mu Texas

In Texas, pane kanda ikanyanya ari private nzvimbo zvebhizimisi musoro uye multi-billionaire muvambi Amazon Dzheff Bezosa Blue Origin. Zvino ichi ndicho bvunzo kanda nzvimbo, asi zvichida munguva yemberi ichava nzvimbo yakanaka nzvimbo nzendo muchadenga uye musana.

Uye McGregor kambani SpaceX hwakavaka kanda ikanyanya muedzo injini Merlin 1d uye Falcon 9 chitundumuseremusere uye hwiza.

Central uye kumaodzanyemba Atlantic egungwa

In Virginia, pane vaviri kanda Mapedhi - Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (Mars) uye spaceport pana Wallops Island NASA. Mars kutumira ngarava muchadenga nokuda zvinobatsira mutero "razero giravhiti - razero mutero". On Wallops NASA yakatanga chitundumuseremusere. Somuenzaniso, September 6, 2013 kubva pano nendege vachiongorora kudzidza womudenga mhepo uye zvakatipoteredza - kokutanga kunze Florida, apo mukuru spaceport USA.

Zvayaiva kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo Virginia, nzvimbo yakavakwa muna 1945 kuti pakuita aerodynamic miedzo uye sezvo orbital kanda chivako. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, pamwe Wallops akatanga zvitundumuseremusere pamusoro 16,000, kusanganisira mangwanani prototypes "Mercury" chirongwa uye LADEE.

Pasi kutungamirirwa Office Commercial Space Flight pamusoro Virginia, pamusoro Mars unoshanda maviri kanda Mapedhi: Pad 0A, ndiro Faa rezinesi kuti anunure payloads yairema matani 5 yepazasi Pasi muchadenga, uye Pad 0B, vachibvumira goho kusvika 3.8 matani payload kuti zvimwe akakodzera motokari duku akadai "Minotaur IV kuti" kana "Minuteman". Kuwedzera zvetsika hwakasimba-mvura mafuta uye rinobvumira kuti kumhanya chemasanganiswa motokari.

Sezvo kanda rokutanga ane zvionera nhumbi logistics chitundumusere-musere Cygnus Orbital Sciences Corporation mungarava yacho inotakura chitundumuseremusere "Antares" rakanyorwa cosmodrome Mars. Cygnus, Dragon Kamudzira mukwikwidzi Elon musk, vakabudirira waibvisa September 18, 2013 Papera mazuva mana, iye asvika ISS, yacho uye akanunura 980 makirogiramu wenhumbi.

Cape Canaveral

Huru US kanda nzvimbo yaiva rehurumende Florida. Nokudaro nezvekutanga uye Kufambisa kuti "Apollo" chirongwa kuma1960 uye kwema1970. uye chirongwa chomuruki Space Shuttle muna 1980-2000-ies. "Space Coast" unosanganisira Space Center NASA kuti John F. Kennedy Air Force Station uye US kanda Nzvombo Cape Canaveral.

Pashure pokupedza kwehurongwa shuttles Air Force Station, uye Kennedy Space Center akavhurwa rokutengesa namaoko. Pamwe chete, zvivako izvi zvine Mapedhi zvitatu vanoshingaira uye vaviri vanoshingaira runways kuti chinjikira Zara pakati pavo.

Kutanga zvivako 46 uye 20 vari chikuru kanda papuratifomu Canaveral. Chokutanga izvi chakagadzirirwa pokugara pakati-kirasi zvombo "Lockheed Athena" kana "Taurus" uye ballistic zvombo "Trident II" uye "Minuteman". Chechipiri seti yakavakwa kuti kushumira duku Sub-orbital kanda mugadziriro LiteStar, MUDI, Orion uye ASAS.

Spaceport "Cecil Field"

Muna 2010, Federal Aviation Administration United States vakabvumira pakusikwa Jacksonville spaceport "Cecil Field" panguva nzvimbo decommissioned nechigadziko eponymous wengarava avhiyesheni. Kanda Pedhi vakawana rezinesi muna 2010, uye pamusoro payo vanotova zvakafanira mari kutsigira renewable yakatambarara kwakatangwa motokari. Vachitaura pakuparurwa nzvimbo dziri runways kureba 3800, 2400 uye 1200 m, zvikuru dzakabudirira taxiways uye anoramba cosmoport. Vanofanira kupedzwa pakazopera makore gumi.

Nhasi, nzvimbo Flights vari iitike. Research uye vemauto miedzo kuramba kudzora, kunyange chinonyengera ezvokutengeserana satellites vanotanga kugara kuwedzera chikamu chitundumuseremusere ano uye nzvimbo indasitiri. Space ushanyi kubva makambani akadai neMhandara Galactic uye zvimwe, Blue Origin Zvisinei anovimbisa ramangwana itsva, panguva imwe mutengo kuti pari kuwanikwa shoma.

New US kanda nzvimbo uye zvirongwa zvakafanana Space X, inoratidza sei zvikuru nzvimbo ichipo kuti utsanzi.