Technical kabhoni, gadziriro dzayo

Carbon dema (GOST 7885-86) - kutaipa maindasitiri kabhoni zvigadzirwa, kushandiswa kunyanya vari rabha somunhu filler, muedzo zvayo inobatsira unongotaura ehupfumi. Kusiyana chemubhotoro nenamo ndiye anenge mumwe kabhoni dema nechitarisiko chakafanana.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Inenge 70% of anogadzirwa kabhoni dema rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi matai, 20% - nokuti zvaAtemisi rabha zvigadzirwa. Uyewo, Technical kabhoni inoshandiswa pendi gadzira uye zvibereko inks, kwaakanga anoshumira ane ruvara dema.

Chimwe munda chikumbiro - kugadzirwa mapurasitiki uye waya mumuhara. Pano chigadzirwa inowedzerwa ave filler uye kuita zvibereko dzinokosha zvivako. Madiki kabhoni dema rinoshandiswa mune mamwe maindasitiri.

mamiriro

Carbon dema - muitiro chigadzirwa dzine azvino injiniya michina uye nzira kuzvidzora. Nokuda kuchena kwayo uye boka zvachose kunorondedzerwa mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako, ine chokuita chin'ai kuumbwa sezvo utachiona byproduct kubva marasha uye mafuta emotokari, kana unregulated combustion injini. Maererano vakawanda vaibvuma dzakawanda kupatsanura pakati kabhoni dema yakasarudzwa Carbon Black (Black kabhoni iri shanduro kubva Chirungu), carbon dema Chirungu - chin'ai. Kureva, izvi pfungwa vari Parizvino hakuna nzira kuvhiringidzwa.

Amplification mugumisiro nokuda kabhoni dema akazadzwa rabha haana kumboderera pane yokutanga sarufa rabha vulcanization mamiriro kuti kukura rabha indasitiri. The rabha nziyo kabhoni kuti vakawanda zvinhu pakurema pokutanga rabha wechipiri. The zvinokonzerwa Qualitative zvivako zviri kabhoni dema kuti inogadziriswa rabha zvigadzirwa zvikuru kupfuura Qualitative chikuru - rabha.

anowedzera ehupfumi

Kuvandudzwa ehupfumi ane zvinhu zvokunyama nokusuma munhu filler inonzi chisimbiso (chisimbiso), uye amplifiers dzakadaro dzinonzi fillers (kabhoni dema, chiito silica). Pakati amplifiers zvose zvechokwadi nemamwe maitiro kabhoni michina. Kunyange asati arapa payo anotsinga pamwe rabha, uye musanganiswa haangaparadzaniswi zvachose kupinda kabhoni dema uye rabha pamwe zvokufembedzwa.

Simba rabha, zvinobva zvikuru elastomers:

Tafura zvinoratidza ehupfumi ari vulcanizates vakawana kubva rakasiyana-siyana rabha unfilled uye akazadzwa kabhoni dema. Kubva date izvi zvinogona kuonekwa sei kabhoni kugutsikana yakafurira kwazvo pamusoro rabha chinoumba tensile simba. Panzira, dzimwe particulate Nezvakakuyiwa inoshandiswa inogadziriswa rabha wemisanganiswa kupa kutsvakwa ruvara kana musanganiswa cheapening - choko, kaolin, talc, simbi oxide uye vamwe havana muedzo ehupfumi.

mamiriro

Kwakachena dzinongoitika kabhoni - ichi nedhaimani uye graphite. Vane sekristaro yakarongeka yakasiyana nomumwe. Diffraction ranzi akasimbisa kufanana marongerwo zvakasikwa graphite uye hazvizivi zvinhu ndiyo kabhoni dema. Carbon maatomu ari graphite chimiro guru annular akaturikidzana fused zvinonhuwirira gadziriro, ane interatomic spacing 0,142 nm. Izvi graphitic machira yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa zvinonhuwirira gadziriro dzinonzi basal ndege. Kure pakati ndege iri zvachose kunorondedzerwa uye 0,335 nm. Ose akaturikidzana vanosarudzirwa yakafanana hama kune mumwe. Graphite arambe achirema ndiyo 2.26 g / masendimita ^3.

Kusiyana graphite kuva-dimensional matatu arayira, carbon dema kunoratidzwa chete vaviri-dimensional kakawanda. Inoitwa zvakanaka dzakabudirira graphite ndege, vakaronga anenge kuenderana vakataurirana, asi kuzadzisa hama kuti pedyo akaturikidzana - ndiko randomly nezvatinovavarira mune ndege kwomuzvarirwo yomumba.

Zvakaumba graphite mamiriro zvichienzaniswa neatly ukapisa murwi nechepamusoro makadhi, uye carbon dema chivako aine uriri makadhi umo makadhi vari haachatauri. It interplanar spacing yakakura kupfuura graphite uye 0,350-0,365 nm. Naizvozvo, carbon dema arambe achirema kuvatumwa kuti graphite uye riri mukati 1,76-1,9 g / masendimita ^3, zvichienderana mugiredhi (kazhinji 1,8 g / masendimita ^3).

dziberekane

The ruvara (coloring) kabhoni vatema akashandiswa zvaAtemisi zvokudhinda inks, coatings, mapurasitiki, fibers, pepa zvokuvakisa. Ivo dzinoiswa sezvinotevera:

• vysokookrashivayuschy kabhoni dema (SB);
• sredneokrashivayuschy (MS);
• normalnookrashivayuschy (RC);
• nizkookrashivayuschy (LC).

tsamba wechitatu Zvinoratidza muitiro hwokubereka - choto (F) kana kushandiswa (C). MUENZANISO mazita: HCF - vysokookrashivayuschy vira kabhoni dema (Hiqh Color Furnace).

chigadzirwa coloring kugona kwakabatana kukura nezvimedu ayo. Zvichienderana zvavo saizi kabhoni Technical dziya muzvikwata:

kupatsanura

Carbon dema kuti rabha muedzo kushanda ari dhigirii rakakamurwa:

• Vysokousilivayuschy (musvine, yakasimba). Kunopiwa wakawedzera simba uye abrasion nemishonga. The PARTICIPLE saizi iri diki (18-30 nm). Kushandiswa conveyor mabhandi, vanoneta anotsika.
• Poluusilivayuschy (wireframe, nyoro). avhareji PARTICIPLE saizi (40-60 nm). Anoshandiswa siyana maindasitiri rabha zvigadzirwa, vanoneta zvitunha.
• Nizkousilivayuschy. The PARTICIPLE saizi iri guru (anopfuura 60 nm). Tai indasitiri anoshandisa ipfupi. Rinopa simba zvakafanira apo kuramba mukuru elasticity iri rabha zvigadzirwa.

A kupatsanura pakati kabhoni dema zvizere vari kupiwa mureza ASTM D1765-03, nevamwe vose vagadziri enyika chigadzirwa chayo vatengi. It kupatsanura, zvikurukuru, chiri kuitwa pamusoro siyana dzakananga pamusoro nzvimbo nezvimedu:

Kugadzirwa kabhoni

Kune zvigadzirwa nhatu maindasitiri kabhoni dema, iro rinoshandiswa nenzira ichitanga kukwana combustion pamusoro Mahydrocarbon:

• hovhoni;
• mugero;
• chubhu;
• plasma.

Panewo nzira chafariz umo manyowa rwokuzvarwa gasi kana acetylene panguva pamatunhu tembiricha.

Zvakawanda zvinoratidza yaunganidzwa siyana ruzivo vane unhu hwakasiyana-siyana.

kugadzira michina

Zvisinei, Tichingotarisa zvinogoneka kuwana kabhoni dema ose pamusoro nzira, vanopfuura 96% kubva kugadzirwa chigadzirwa rinogadzirirwa neboka vira nzira emura chikafu. Nzira unobvumidza kuwana-siyana mavanga kabhoni rikasviba yakananga akagadzirwa zvivako. Somuenzaniso, nokuti kabhoni dema Omsk chirimwa vachishandisa michina iyi yakaitwa anopfuura 20 kabhoni dema mavanga.

General Michina iri. The mudungwe reactor vysokoogneupornymi zvinhu nokukura negasi uye nenharo kusvika 800 ° C mhepo. By nokupisa negasi ikabereka kwakakwana combustion zvigadzirwa kuva tembiricha 1820-1900 ° C, ine imwe mari rusununguko okisijeni. Pamatunhu-tembiricha zvibereko zvizere combustion nemvura yeHydrocarbon feedstock iri jekiseni, vachinyatsoongorora pre-vakavhengana uye nenharo kuti 200-300 ° C. Pyrolysis of feedstock kunoitika panguva zvachose kudzorwa tembiricha, izvo, zvichienderana zvizivikanwe kuti kabhoni dema anogadzirwa ane tsika dzakasiyana 1400 kusvika 1750 ° C.

Pane imwe chinhambwe kubva inosimbisa nzvimbo thermooxidative kuita iri wakagumiswa mvura jekiseni. Inoumbwa pyrolysis pamusoro kabhoni dema uye maitiro magasi kupinda mhepo hita, mavakanga kusiya chikamu kupisa kwaro kune mhepo inoshandiswa acho, tembiricha iri musanganiswa uglerodogazovoy anodonhedza kubva 950-1000 ° C kusvika 500-600 ° C.

Pashure kutonhora kusvika 260-280 ° C kubudikidza okuwedzera jekiseni mvura yacho musanganiswa kabhoni dema uye magasi rwunotumirwa bhegi Sefa, apo kabhoni dema anosiiwa gasi uye anopinda firita Hopper. The vakaparadzana kabhoni dema kubva Hopper Sefa kuti gasi chokufambisa rukoronga uchaguta dzinoshandisa (blowers) ari granulating chimwe.

Vagadziri kabhoni dema

World kugadzirwa kabhoni dema riri matani anopfuura mamiriyoni 10. Yakakura kudaro kudiwa chigadzirwa anongofunga nokuda kwayo nemamwe muedzo ehupfumi. Locomotives maindasitiri ndiwo:

• Aditya Birla Group (India) - vanenge 15% of musika.
• Cabot Corporation (USA) - 14% of musika.
• Orion Engineered Carbons (Luxembourg) - 9%.

Vanoburitsa pakukura kabhoni Russian:

• Ltd. "Omsktehuglerod" - 40% kubva pamusika wokuRussia. Plants muna Omsk, Volgograd, Mogilev.
• OAO "Yaroslavl hwokugadzira kabhoni" - 32%.
• JSC "Nizhnekamsktekhuglerod" - 17%.