The Internet sezvo munyika yose mashoko hurongwa. Kana Internet akaonekwa kuRussia? Online Resources

Internet inozivikanwa hwokufananidzira ugere muguta ano, asi mamiriro ezvinhu aya akanga pashure nani refu uye zvakaoma nzira inotungamirwa uye kukura zvigadzirwa, akavonga izvo zvaiita kuti ave nechokwadi nekutumirwa kwemauto the World Wide Web pasi pose. Ndezvipi zvingaitwa izvi? Sei ane World Wide Web muRussia?

tsananguro Internet

The Internet somunhu yose mashoko ezvinhu ari nomumbure kombiyuta, uko nodes anoparadzirwa munyika yose, uye panguva imwecheteyo zvine musoro chokuita nokushandiswa imwe kero nzvimbo. Kushanda yose rezvebonde zvinogoneka zvikurukuru nemhaka kubatanidzwa pakukurukurirana mitemo: somuenzaniso, rinoshandiswa sezvo chikuru TCP / IP, chinozoiswa zvakafanana pamakombiyuta zvose zvakabatana kuti World Wide Web.

Mazuva ano chimiro Internet sezvo yose mashoko gadziriro, pane makore anenge 30 okuberekwa. Asi panguva parinowanika kwezvivako, pahwaro iyo paku- World Network, akanga zvakakwana yakatanga munyika dzakawanda pasi pose.

Zvichava zvichibatsira kufunga nzira iyo iri yabuda akasiyana anoti. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti munhoroondo kukura kwezvivako, pahwaro iro rakatanga akavaka ano Internet, kunova rinobatana nguva yokurwisana pakati mbiri nyika guru kwesayenzi gadziriro - the Western uye Soviet. Chokwadi, ichi itsanangudzo chaizvo kupatsanura, sapamazuva yechinangwa wokutanga ino uye wechipiri ari kushingaira kukura romunharaunda, National unyanzvi chaizvo yakasiyana mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Pakupedzisira, hwaro kukura ano Internet kwazova muenzaniso Western - asi panguva Sumo yaro muna USSR, vanachiremba Soviet kunge atova ruzivo pamusoro nekutumirwa kwemauto kombiyuta network, kusvika pamwero akafanana muenzaniso Western Indaneti. Funga, naizvozvo, ndizvo sei kukudziridza World Network kumadokero chikamu rwokugadzirwa ezvinhu, uye ipapo, apo paiva Internet kuRussia inobva chaizvo National kombiyuta Network kwezvivako.

Nhoroondo Internet munyika dzokuMadokero

Panoperera ari 50s, chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma nguva kweHondo Yemashoko, hurumende US akaisa masayendisiti American basa: kusika munhu date kwezvivako aigona richishanda kunyange mukutarisana munyika kurwisana nezvombo. Masayendisiti akafunga pfungwa yakadaro ezvinhu - basa rinonzi ARPANET.

Muna 1969, ivo makombiyuta ine kumayunivhesiti akawanda zvikuru American dzave networked pasi Zvirongwa kuti zvakatangwa nemasayendisiti ari kuumbwa chirongwa ichi. Zvadaro, chiitiko chokuzviona nevatsvakurudzi akabatwa pamusoro nevamwe wekuongorora zhinji: izvi zvakatungamirira kuwandisa kombiyuta network kuti ushande pamusoro ARPANET zvinodiwa munyika.

Akazviratidza uye kushandiswa zvirongwa kwezvivako ichi: somuenzaniso, kare muna 1971 nokuti ARPANET rakanyorwa-software yakagadzirwa kutumira mashoko. Kutaura zvazviri, tiri kutaura pamusoro pakuonekwa wokutanga e-mail - dzinokosha mashandiro Indaneti nhasi vachiri zvinosanganisira sangano kupanana umboo iri rakakodzera format. Mumakore 70 imeiro zvakanga, maererano vaongorori, uye zvose zvikuru nevanhu basa kombiyuta network, deployable mukati American chirongwa.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, ARPANET asvika rapanzvimbo United States: pomumbure vakatanga kubatanidza siyana masangano European. Kukurukurirana pamwe American kwezvivako rakarongwa panguva iyoyo Via runhare wire akaisa mhiri Atlantic Ocean.

Kutaura zvazviri, kubva kubatana kuna ARPANET muEurope, zvikurukuru muna 1973, ari kupanana umboo pamwe pomumbure vakatanga kuronga British uye Norwegian masangano, chirongwa zvava dzakawanda. Zvisinei, kutaurirana pakati makombiyuta iri dzakasiyana dzepasi, handina vagara kugadzikana nokuda kwekushaiwa kazhinji vakagamuchira mitemo kuti mashoko exchange.

The akakodzera nyaya kwakagadziriswa pashure pakatanga yezvisikwa TCP / IP Protocol. Zvichiri kushandiswa anenge Internet zvose zvinhu.

Pakazosvika nguva pakatanga TCP-IP ine US-European rezvebonde kwakanga, asi, Inter-kwematunhu pane yose - pasinei nokuti muna 1983, pashure pacho une zita "Internet." Asi kumwe ayo nekutumirwa kwemauto akanga nokukurumidza. Izvi vakabatsira nokugadzirwa muna 1984, ari DNS mureza - anoritsanangura vakava operative umambo zita basa. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mugore iroro panguva ARPANET chirongwa zvino ane chakakomba mukwikwidzi kumeso NSFNet richikurukura makombiyuta kuti kumayunivhesiti akasiyana.

NSFNet zvose kwezvivako kwakavakirwa Internet

NSFNet kwezvivako anobvumira kupa dzinokwanisa yepamusoro simba mashoko. Iye akakura zvikuru basa kumhanya. Zvishoma nezvishoma, "Internet" pakuzivikanwa se nguva inokura NSFNet network. Muna 1988, zvakakwanisika kushandisa zviwanikwa kuti sangano pakarepo mameseji mukati mungotaura pamanyorerwo - Via IRC.

Muna 1989, musayendisiti British Tim Berners-Lee akakurukura pfungwa yose kombiyuta network, World Wide Web. Mumakore akatevera 2 years, anosika kuchinjwa dzakati kuti hypertext - HTTP, HTML mutauro, uyewo identifiers URL. Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, tinoonga nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Tim Berners-Lee Internet somunhu yose mashoko hurongwa vakatanga nokukurumidza kufora mhiri nyika.

zvinodiwa izvi, uyewo mukana zvakasikwa TCP / IP dzakati akwanise kukwira Nyika Wide Web pasi pose rakakura nokukurumidza. Mukutanga 90-ies akaumba dzinokosha nezvaanogona Indaneti, kuwanikwa vanoshandisa nhasi: kuwana kuwana padandemutande mapeji mhiri browsers, achiisa mashoko pamusoro pavo, kugamuchira uye tama mafaira. Chokwadi, akaramba dzakakurumbira mabasa e-mail, IRC.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. Xia nani mutauro hypertext kugutsikana utariri michina. NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. Somunhu kwezvivako hwaro Internet kwenguva refu NSFNet servers zvinoshandiswa, asi muna 1995 basa iri akachinjirwa Network rubatsiro. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. Muna 1996 akava inowanzobvunzwa yokuvamba WWW mureza naro zvaibvira uchatamisa chero Data kushandisa Internet makwara. FTP. Asi rakaramba kwayo kushanda uye ftp mureza. интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. Nhasi, dzakawanda paIndaneti zvinhu kuramba kurishandisa kuronga vakarongeka faira kugoverana.

In zvatinosiita chimiro World Wide Web yose vakaumba pakutanga 2000s. Paunenge kuwedzera kumhanya User kuwana paIndaneti mari kuburikidza michina yakadai DSL, faibha, 3G, 4G, kunyanya dzakakurumbira ndivo zvinhu zvakumbirwa vhidhiyo, akadai YouTube, uchitamba mutambo nezvikumbaridzo, gore mabasa. It sangano kuburikidza neindaneti kwete chete pakukurukurirana pakati vanhu, asi pakati zvakasiyana mano - kubva nyore zvemumba guru maindasitiri kwezvivako. Pane zvakawanda pfungwa yesayenzi kuti sei kukudziridza Internet sezvo yose mashoko wemuTesitamende ramangwana. Zvakasiyana chaizvo, uye muzvinhu zvakawanda Kuziva kwavo kunobva chaiko nzira kukura kombiyuta michina.

History of Internet kuRussia

Tichave zvino kudzidza, kana Indaneti ari Russia. On yokumadokero muenzaniso kutanga kukurukura paIndaneti, takadzidza, yava kukosha kwatiri kuti tinzwisise sei kuti pave zvakakodzera kwezvivako munyika yedu.

Sezvatatoona munyaya ino, kwenguva refu, mashoko michina muSoviet Union yakatanga muna kufanana kumadokero. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamwero mukuru kukura kwavo chakaiswa zvibvire anoonga chidzoke Soviet Union pfuma kuti kubereka ari kumadokero mujinga microprocessor, iro rave achishingaira chinozoiswa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana wevakuru vehurumende kukurukurirana zviri 60-70s, asi vasati kuti masayendisiti Soviet aiva mberi chaizvo kukura yavowo . Asi kana nzira, musimboti Internet ari dudziro Western aigona akasiyana zvinhu vaya vanodzidziswa kombiyuta network iri USSR.

Kare 1950s, masayendisiti Soviet vakaumba nomumbure kombiyuta sezvo chikamu chombo kudzivirira kwezvivako muzvirongwa. network izvi zvaibva Soviet makombiyuta mhando "Diana-I», «Diana-II» uye dzimwe sarudzo. The kupanana ruzivo pakati kuMudzidzisi makombiyuta rinoitwa kuverenga trajectory kuti chombo kutiza.

In 1970, kombiyuta network uye zviri kuitika munyika yevagari bhora - zvikurukuru sezvo kwezvivako ari gadziriro iri mhando ACS Express hurongwa uye "sairini", kunoita iwe kuchengetera ukuwo, njanji uye mhepo matikiti. Muna 1974, kombiyuta yagadzirwa Koi-8.

Mune wokutanga hafu 80th Institute VNIIPAS akatanga dzika, vachishandisa makombiyuta, kure mashoko exchange nemasangano dzavatorwa. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). Kazhinji, mumakore 80 ari nekutumirwa kwemauto of Soviet networked makombiyuta vakaenda chaizvo, kunyanya nokuda chidzoke Soviet Union vemunyika shanduro Unix uchishanda system (pamusoro nenhungamiro Linux ano nhengo uyewo, kwakavakirwa ayo uchishandisa hurongwa Android, izvo zvinogona kunzi kune rakajairika munyika, kana iwe utore Mobile musika). Kutaura zvazviri, pakazosvika 1990 Soviet Union ose anodiwa kwezvivako kuti mberi nenzvimbo muSoviet kombiyuta network uye Indaneti kushanda pahwaro NSFNet Resources yakatangwa.

"RELCOM" - yenyika kombiyuta Network

Pane zvose-Union kombiyuta Network "RELCOM" zviri kushandiswa protocols uye Internet michina. Kukurukurirana pakati makombiyuta inopiwa runhare makwara. A inokosha pakuita kuvaka kwezvivako izvi vairidza Developers ari "Demos" pamwe, mubasa kukura siyana-software mhinduro.

Muna August 1990, vaongorori kubva Kurchatov Institute makasimbisa akwirwe nayo University of Helsinki kuitira kushanda mae-mail mashoko mukati nokupfuuridzirwa migero, chokwadi, Indaneti. Muna September 1990 nyanzvi 'RELCOM "uye" Demos "kambani vakanyorwa umambo .su Soviet Union, iyo ichiri kushandiswa - uye pane shanduro yaro mukurumbira kuchawedzera.

Mune USSR, inodzidzisa mambure FIDO yakatanga pamwe "RELCOM". By 1991, nokuti vanoshandisa Soviet angadaro ari "RELCOM" kuva iripo mari kugadzirisa nzvimbo - sezvo ari ano Internet. Muna 1992, kare muna Russian Federation pane rubatsiro vokutanga.

Uchishandisa International Standard TCP / IP yokuRussia iri kuva ubiquitous. Muna April 1994, National umambo .ru rakanyoreswa. Kubvira ipapo, Indaneti kuRussia yakatanga yose uyewo munyika dzokuMadokero. Panguva iyoyowo, vanachiremba Russian vave vakaita rakakura kukura World Wide Web, kunyanya pachiyero kukura Anti-utachiona, Server zvingaitwa.

Saka, takadzidza kuti pomumbure ndiye Internet, kunyanya kukura zvakakodzera yekufambisa muRussia uye iri West. zvino isu kudzidza kuti ndiye World Wide Web nhasi.

Modern Internet: basa rinobatsirwa

Indaneti kuti vanoshandisa ISP. Tiri kudzidza zvinetso chaizvo kuti kugadziriswa navo.

Ndiani Akatipa paIndaneti? In makore World Wide Web mangwanani kwainzi neboka rakadai kugovera nokuchinja rubatsiro kupa pakukurukurirana inodzidzisa uye rwakapoteredza Internet servers. Zvino Provider - a Mupi shoma yokukurukura zvinhu nokuda kwomudzimu nemambure kwezvivako mune kwematunhu uye dzimwe nguva pamwero wenyika. Companies kugovera mabasa, anogona kuva huru kwazvo, dzakawanda uye nemakanzuru, izvo zvinogona kushanda pamwero mumwe guta.

Kune vakawanda unyanzvi nako basa rubatsiro inogona mabasa avo: Manyiminya uye runhare migero, Satellite, mobile Indaneti. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ine zvakanakira nekuipira. On iyo channel vakajaira pamwero mutengo Internet kunotangira ari ISP. Kazhinji, kupfuura inokwanisika mutengo kuti User is the wired migero, zvishoma zvinodhura - muchitokisi, dzinodhura kwazvo - Satellite. Panyaya iyi, muripo kunogona basa Provider:

• ari pamwedzi muripo pamanyorerwo;
• nokuti motokari;
• mune dzimwe nguva - nokuti nguva kuwana Net.

Basa Internet munyika yanhasi kuchikonzerwa kupa vanoshandisa mukana wokushanyira nzvimbo dzakasiyana.

Modern Internet: Websites

Posted on paIndaneti - dzakaunganidzwa mafaira (chinyorwa, Graphics, mavhidhiyo uye maCD ane zvimwe Multimedia zvinoriumba), izvo kupindamo Via protocols akadai WWW, HTTP, ftp, uye vamwe kuti vari Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri neimwe nyaya. Chokwadi, mashoko mafaira mune imwe nzira zvakanyatsorongwa kuti zviite omumwe mashoko nokuda user.

The chikuru chinhu wegadziriro nzvimbo - Utava peji. Kazhinji, chinoitwa mumutauro HTML, kazhinji vachishandisa mumanyoro siyana. Nzvimbo angava akasiyana dingindira. Izvi zvinogona kuva paIndaneti pepanhau, blog, mavhidhiyo Hosting, mitambo, varaidzo portal - kune yakawanda siyana zvinhu zvinganzi iri World Wide Web.

Modern Internet: Radio uye TV

Above tinoona kuti pamwe kukura yekufambisa uye vawedzere date zvazvingava, kuwedzera kukurumbira yakasiyana vhidhiyo pfuma paIndaneti. Sezvo vakadaro vanogona kunzi Somuenzaniso, Indaneti TV uye paIndaneti redhiyo. ruzivo izvi kuti tikwanise kutakura nhepfenyuro TV uye zveparedhiyo kunyatsonzwisisa nzvimbo nokushandiswa dzinokosha ruzivo.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti vakawanda yepamusoro mabasa kubvumira kuti kuronga yako chiziviso kune mushandisi vanofarira. Internet TV kufungisisa kuwanda mukuru-nokukurumidza mitsetse - ichi hachisi chikomborero, asi chimwe chinogona. Panguva iyoyowo kungada chinokosha mubhizimisi kubva anoishandisa (human, zvemari) kwaro kusimudzirwa uye kubudirira. The chete zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Websites. Online pepanhau kana varaidzo portal inogona vakanyorwa maererano munhu anoda, asi achivatsausa kuva kucherechedzwa pefiyumu - zvisiri nyore.

Modern Internet: Mobile mafomu

Chimwe chezvinhu akazivisa nezvemaitiro kukura ano Internet inogona kunzi ubiquitous Mobile mafomu - Software chaiyo kuti raparurwa ne smartphones kana mahwendefa. Vakuru, kushanda Data muzviitiko zvakawanda zvingava rakafanana Web mapeji. Asi pane dzakananga zvinogadzirisa ari zvakakodzera mhando Somuenzaniso, akachinja kupa yakachengeteka kuwana pachavo nyaya dzakadai kubhengi. Internet nhasi - aakaudzwa ezvinhu umo munokwanisa kushandisa digitaalinen mashoko chero, uye kakawanda kacho zvinoda kushandiswa chaizvo protocols uye ruzivo, kusanganisira vaya Mobile mafomu.

pfupiso

Saka, takadzidza zvinhu pfungwa World Wide Web, uyewo anokosha ruzivo vari kushandiswa kuitira kushanda kwayo. Musimboti paIndaneti - kupa vanoshandisa pose mudanga rweruzhinji kuwana-siyana anobatsira mashoko, mafaira, Multimedia kugutsikana, uyewo zvinhu izvo vanhu vanogona kutaura nemumwe uye kuchinjana zvakasiyana siyana mashoko. Akadaro mukana nhasi inozivikanwa vagere, pamwe pose, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvamboshandiswa kuwanikwa vanhu vashoma chaizvo, kakawanda kacho, vaigona chete kushandiswa pamberi soro zvinodiwa mumunda mashoko michina.

Ndiani Mugoveri Indaneti, izvo wavo anogona batanidza kuti zvakaitwa mutengo - mibvunzo kuti zvichaita zvinenge muchaziva hwokufananidzira mugari ane guru ano. The World Wide Web kuramba ichishanduka: kune mabasa matsva, ruzivo, pfungwa dzesangano kukurukurirana vanoshandisa Kuvandudzwa mudziyo nokuti mashoko chinja. Nzira kuenda ndiyo zvokugadzira zvinhu mberi, Saka, chii chichaita upfumi nyika, isu rinotsanangura Vector nokuda pakuzadzisa Indaneti.