Hydrogen bhomba RDS-37: unhu, nhoroondo

Gumi okutanga pashure peHondo Yenyika II (WWII) akaisa pasi mutoro unorema pamapfudzi reSoviet vanhu. Kudzorerwa indasitiri, zvokurima, kuchinja kubva mumamiriro hondo shure kune vakawanda vehurumende kuitika pasi kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kudzvinyirirwa maoko rudzi uye chinyararire nebope pakati nyika mbiri dzine zvikuru nguva: Soviet Union neUnited States.

Engineering shasha kunyika maviri nerimwe gore vanova nekuita muna simbi zvikuru uye zvinotyisa zvikuru zvombo zvinoparadza. In ichi anotyisa nhangemutange Soviet Union akaputsa kupinda kutungamirira kunyange panguva Second World War, akasada zvinzvimbo zvavo kusvikira vanonzi "chombo dambudziko Cuban". Yaiva nguva yokutanga nyika yedu yakaratidza nyika mbiri-mudariro yenyukireya rehydrogen bhomba vanokwanisa vanopfuura 1 Mt, kureva RDS-37.

zvombo zvitsva

Engineering kuongorora kuti idzva rehydrogen bhomba dzine akatanga muSoviet Union muna 1952 ari pamusoro-muchivande uye akavhara magadzirirwo Bureau KB-11. Zvisinei, chinhu chikuru kudzidza zvidzidzo yokungotaura uye Modelling waivako vakatanga maviri chete pashure pemakore.

Saizvozvowo 1954 nyaya chokuita mukuru pfungwa iyoyo. Ya B. Zeldovich uye A. D. Saharov. RDS-37 - H-bhomba rimwe chizvarwa chitsva - aifanira kutaura shoko zvitsva muchiuto nesimba Soviet Union. Uye May 31, 1955 Gurukota Medium Machine Building uye mutevedzeri sachigaro USSR Council of Vashumiri Zavenyaginym A. P. chakazoitwa kuti dzinobvumira aronga CB-11 mutyairi namano chombo itsva.

RDS-37, achiongorora zvaive abbreviations maererano zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana, unorira iyo, kuti: "Russia unoita pacharo" kana "Stalin kuti Rocket Engine", asi chaizvoizvo chiri "rinokosha ndege injini", chakatangira wake muupenyu.

patani

Hwakabva RDS-3, mabikirwo mutsva akatora dzinokosha yokungotaura pfungwa implosion, vanonzi kuputika nechomukati rinokweva akawisa. Zvisinei, chikamu Masvomhu yakatorwa kusanganisira pamusoro RDS-6s, yakafanana superbomb yakatanga, rimwe-mudariro mhando, iro rave zvinobudirira kuedzwawo August 1953 pagungano bvunzo nzvimbo muna Semipalatinsk.

Nokuti nemhaka RDS-37 akasarudzwa sezvo nheyo maviri Danho hydrodynamic implosion mutariri. Chaizvo ngaaverenge sequential maitiro mashandiro zvakanga zvakaoma panguva. Engineering uye kadambari nezvaanogona vokutanga mashanu hazvigoni kuenzaniswa aivapo Michina kombiyuta. Simulation muoti compression yechipiri chikwata pedyo spherically symmetric muoti (implosion, kubva Chirungu implosion -. "Implosion") rwaiitwa mudzimai "supercomputer" panguva - iri electronic kombiyuta "Strela".

Kusiyana RDS-37

Features zvombo zvitsva nokutendeka zvakavanzika kubva zvavo vagari. Kunyange nhasi, dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kuwana yakavimbika nemigove parameters ayo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti musiyano mukuru waiva kushandisa idzva renyukireya bhomba uranium exchange-238 isotope. Mhosva yakanga lithium-6 deuterium, kugadzikana chaizvo fuma, precluding vaingoerekana detonation.

Secondary nesimba kuputika, yakavakirwa hydrodynamic nhungamiro implosion, havafaniri kuva kuvatumwa nesimba kwokutanga kuputika. Vacherechedzi akacherechedza donje kaviri panguva kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa ndima tiine chakatodzana akasimba uye unopinza mutswe mheni. Chiedza achine kuchinyanya kwakanga kwakadaro kuti chinhambwe makiromita matatu kubva kwacho ari kuputika pakarepo dzakaparira uye akapisa mapepa.

ivhu

Kuti tiedze RDS-37 itsva yenyukireya bhomba, simba iro vanofungidzirwa anenge 3 Mt, akasarudzwa 2nd State Central Test Site (2 GTSIP) akavhara Kurchatov guta, 130? Km kuchamhembe-rwamavirazuva rweguta Semipalatinsk (nharaunda Kazakhstan ano) . Mune dzimwe mepu uye anenge zvokuvakisa, guta rino Kunonziwo se "Moscow-400", "Beach" (anotevera anobuda Irtysh River), "Semipalatinsk-21," "Ichapedza" (mu g / chiteshi zita), uyewo "Moldary" (musha yakanga wakazopinzwa muguta Kurchatov). uchiraira simba munguva nemiedzo kwakasarudzwa kuderedza nehafu, kusvika munenge 1.6 Mt.

kudzidza

Yokuderedza nemwaranzi nokufumura yakapoteredza kwezvivako, kwakasarudzwa kuti Activate ari RDS-37 mutariri pagungano kukwira pamusoro 1500 metres kupfuura pasi pamwero. Kuderedza zvinokonzerwa kuputika pamusoro mutakuri ndege akatora matanho kuwedzera kuwanda uye matanho muderedze kupisa pamusoro pake. The TU-16 akasarudzwa sezvo mutakuri ndege. Kubva pasi fuselage ukashambidzwa varnish, zvose hukawanika rima ainyorwa chena ruvara, nemicherechedzo ne zvakawanda moto nemishonga. Samu bhomba aigarira parachuti kuderedza goho kune chinangwa pakakwirira kuputika.

The Soviet Union chakanyatsorongwa chaizvo kugadzirira kuedza itsva bhomba RDS-37. Miedzo yaiitwa munzvimbo namahwindo nzvimbo lotnom, ndege-inotakura murindi third-17, ndege kudzora midziyo uye zvinoitiswa VS murayiro pfungwa.

Kuunganidza mhepo ivhu kubva migumisiro kuputika uye kuchengeta kwebasa radioactive gore rave zvakananga dzinounzwa wandei IL-28. November 20, 1955, ari mangwanani, 9 maawa uye maminitsi 30, ndege chaizvo suspensions akatasva bhomba tabva imwe Banga Jean-Mhuri. Zvisinei, zvinhu hazvina kufamba sezvo aronga.

chimbichimbi mamiriro ezvinhu

Nokuti pfupiso okunze ramangwana pamusoro nguva bvunzo munhu aitarisira munyika mukuru meteorologist EK Fedorov. Day aifanira kuva akajeka uye jeka. Zvisinei, hunhu bhiri iri aiva pachake zvirongwa zvayo. Munguva simbe run-up okunze akatendeuka yakaipa, uye denga zvikanganiswe pamusoro. Kwakasarudzwa kuti pave kutungamirirwa radar chokugadza mungarava ndege, asi zviri dzakabvarurwa. For zvikumbiro zvose dispatcher centre anotumira chete murayiro: ". Mirira"

Paiva chakakomba pakaita dambudziko. Haana rakaitwa kumanikidzwa achiwana ndege ane yenyukireya bhomba mundege. Center kufunga nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira okuyerera RDS-37 kubva nemisha pamakomo, mu "ndisina rukuru", kureva. E. Pasina triggering yenyukireya warhead kuputika. Nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, vose vakanga varamba.

Kana mafuta akanga atova anenge ari zero, ndege kumhara akabvumirwa. Izvi zvakaitwa chete pashure Zel'dovich uye Sakharov pachake akasaina pfungwa rakanyorwa kuchengeteka yokuwana pamwe rehydrogen bhomba mundege.

kuputika

Shure kwemazuva maviri miedzo vave abudirira. With mutakuri ndege panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 12 km yakanga yabudirira itangezve ari RDS-37, izvo raputika pagungano kukwira pamusoro 1550 metres. Kutamira ari kumhanya 870 km / h, TU-16, zvakanga ari chinhambwe 15 km kubva kuputika, asi kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa yasvika ayo chaizvo 224 seconds. The vashandi akanzwa yakasimba chafariz zvainoita munzvimbo pachena.

Mushure maminitsi 7 pashure pokuputika kwacho RDS-37 dhayamita "howa" yakasvika 30 km, uye rakanga rakakwirira makubhiti 14 km.