The kanda zvokutanga chitundumuseremusere muchadenga. Recent chombo chinonyengera. Statistics Space Launch

Nhasi, mumwe chitundumuseremusere kanda, riri akaudza munhau, zvinoita purogiramu chikamu choupenyu. Yechimbadzo chikamu vanhuwo zvavo, sezvinoita mutemo, inomuka chete kana totaura huru zvirongwa kuti muchadenga ubanguranyika kana nyaya tsaona yakaipisisa. Zvisinei, kwete kuti kare, pakutanga yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura, mumwe vanotanga zvombo akaita panguva -oma yose nyika, nokuti nezvatisina vakatarisa zvinhu zvose. Zvakanga zviri pakutanga nzvimbo zera uye US, uye ipapo dzose apo chirongwa akabhedhenurwa pachavo ndege yavo nyeredzi. Ndizvo nezvatisina makore iwayo nheyo pamusoro izvo zvakawedzera chitundumuseremusere nesayenzi, uye nawo kanda nzvimbo, uye yakagozha michina. Muchidimbu, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa yayo kare, mamiriro, zvinhu uye nhamba vakakodzera kufarirwa.

Chinhu chikuru Muchidimbu

Booster ari musiyano pakati multistage ballistic chombo, ane chinangwa kubviswa zvimwe zvinhu zviri muchadenga. Zvichienderana basa akaparirwa midziyo chitundumuseremusere anogona nacho kuti geocentric muchadenga, kana kuti kumhanyisa kutiza Dzenyika giravhiti wongoramba.

Kazhinji, kuti chitundumuseremusere kanda imhaka yaro akarurama chinzvimbo. Very kashoma kushandisa mhepo kutanga mhando kana mumuchina kutanga akanunura Via ndege kana mamwe mudziyo akafanana imwe urefu, uye ipapo kumhanya.

multistage

Imwe nzira patsanura zvitundumuseremusere - kuwanda constituent dzavo nzendo. Midziyo kusanganisira mumwe chete pamwero wakadaro, uye panguva imwecheteyo anokwanisa kununura mumwe payload muchadenga, kuti zuva, pane kuramba chete hope vagadziri uye mainjiniya. The protagonist Vachitaura pakuparurwa nzvimbo nyika - a multi-padanho midziyo. Kutaura zvazviri, inoitwa interconnected zvitundumuseremusere anoverengeka kutevedzana inosanganisira kutiza uye patsanura pamusoro apedza basa rayo.

Kudiwa chourongwa yakadaro kuoma kukurira giravhiti paNyika. The chombo anofanira patsanura pachiso wayo uremu kuitika kazhinji tani peturu uye propulsion hurongwa, uye payload uremu. In chikamu muzana nemashoko, yokupedzisira ndiyo 1.5-2 chete% chevanhu vakawanda pamusoro chitundumuseremusere kanda. Detaching kuti chiutsi kutiza matanho hwezvekukurukurirana basa anoramba uye kuti ndege rikurumidze. Mumamiriro kuvakwa kwakadaro pane marapirwo: zvinoita chaiyo inodiwa kuti cosmodrome. Vanoda mapazi isina vanhu, apo apedza Danho vachawira.

Reusability

Zvinonzi kunzwisiswa kuti ari kuvaka yakadaro, booster haagoni kushandiswa kupfuura kamwe. Zvisinei, masayendisiti ari kuramba kushanda kusika zvakafanana zvirongwa. Fully reusable chitundumuseremusere zvevakomana hakuwaniki nekuda kudiwa kushandisa yepamusorosoro, vanhu havasati kuwanika. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane chinozoiswa chirongwa ubatanidzwewo reusable hurongwa - ndiro American "Space Shuttle". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chimwe chikonzero kuti Developers vari kuedza kuumba reusable chitundumuseremusere - ndiyo chido kuderedza mari kanda nemotokari. Zvisinei, "Space Shuttle" asina akauya anokarirwa kunoguma mupfungwa iyi.

Wokutanga chitundumuseremusere kanda

Kana iwe dzokera nhoroondo dambudziko, pakuonekwa chaiwo zvitundumuseremusere asati pakusika ballistic zvombo. Mumwe wavo, yokuGermany "V-2" Raishandiswa vekuAmerica kuti kutanga kuedza 'kuvavarira "kune pezvakasikwa. Kunyange asati hondo, pakutanga 1944, vanoverengeka kutwasuka Zara rwaiitwa. The chitundumuseremusere ndokusvika kukwira pamusoro 188? Km.

More zvinokosha zvabuda dzave kubudirira pashure pemakore mashanu. Paiva chombo pakuparurwa iri US panguva landfill White Sands. Chaiva muzvikamu zviviri: kuti zvombo "V-2" uye "WAC-koporo" uye akakwanisa kusvika kukwirira 402 km.

First Booster

Zvisinei, pakutanga nzvimbo zera iri kuonekwa 1957. Zvadaro ndakatanga chaiye wokutanga mupfungwa yose mutakuri chitundumuseremusere, Soviet "Sputnik". The kanda akanga akatakurwa pana Baikonur Cosmodrome. The chitundumuseremusere yakabudirira kurarama basa ichi - kuisa muchadenga yokutanga kubata Pasi Satellite.

The kanda "Sputnik" ayo okunatsiridza "Sputnik-3" yakabereka anokwana kanokwana, nhatu dzakanga akabudirira. Zvadaro, pahwaro chikwata ichi wakasikwa mhuri yose kanda motokari, vanoonekwa vakuru tsika simba uye dzimwe maitiro.

The pakuparurwa muchadenga, kugadzirwa 1957, gungano iroro raikosha chiitiko muzvinhu zvakawanda. Ndechokupemberera kutanga itsva padanho kwevanhu ubanguranyika pakati nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, chaizvoizvo akazarura nzvimbo yaitonga, akanongedza yaaizova uye kuitwa magadzirirwo nguva, uye akapa USSR chinokosha paanopfuura America iri nzvimbo munhangemutange.

The ano Danho

Today vaiona simba kupfuura booster zvitundumuseremusere "Purotoni-M" anogadzirwa Russia, US "Delta-IV Heavy», uyewo European "Ariane 5". The pakuparurwa iri mhando unokubvumira kuona chitundumuseremusere kupinda muchadenga, anovata pagungano kukwira pamusoro 200 km uye payload yairema matani 25. akadaro mano asati geopromezhutochnoy muchadenga vanokwanisa kuunza 6-10 matani kuti geostationary - matani 3-6.

Hazvina kukodzera kuramba boosters "Purotoni". The Soviet uye Russian nzvimbo ubanguranyika, airidza basa rinokosha. It raishandiswa Implementation nzvimbo dzakasiyana zvirongwa, kusanganisira kutumira nzvimbo chiteshi modules "Mir". Uchibatsirwa raro muchadenga zvakakumikidzwa "Dawn" uye "Star", rinokosha Mks dzakabatana. Pasinei chokwadi kuti havasi vose achangobuda chinonyengera pamusoro zvitundumuseremusere iyi mhando vakabudirira, "Purotoni" chichiri inonyanya kufarirwa launcher: pagore ichibudisa 10-12 anotanga.

vatorwa navo

"Ariane-5" ane analogue kuti "Purotoni". chitundumuseremusere ichi ane nhamba dzakasiyana kubva Russia, zvikurukuru, ayo kanda zvakawanda zvinodhura, asi ane hukuru mutoro makadirwa. On geopromezhutochnuyu muchadenga "Ariane-5" anogona kuunza satellites maviri kamwe. Yakanga kushanda imwe nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere kwakadai kwakanga mavambo Implementation of "Rosetta" basa yakapemberera vachiongorora, iyo pashure pemakore gumi vatize rava Satellite pamusoro kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

"Delta-IV» akatanga ake "basa" muna 2002. Mumwe okunatsiridza ayo, Delta IV Heavy, maererano nemashoko pamusoro 2012 ndiyo yaiva payload pakati kanda nemotokari munyika.

zvinoumba kubudirira

A inobudirira chombo kanda hazvisi chete inobva yakanaka hwokugadzira zvechadenga mudziyo. Zvakawanda zvinoenderana rakasanangurwa pakati kanda ikanyanya. Location Baikonur anobatsira basa rinokosha iri kubudirira basa akaparirwa mudziyo.

Energy kunwa nokuti nokubviswa Satellite muchadenga vari kuderedzwa apo pakona kuti mafungiro anoenderana rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira umo kutanga rinoitwa. Ndicho zvinokosha zvaungasarudza izvi kutanga michina, wavakapiwa geosynchronous muchadenga. The nzvimbo kutanga somunhu chitundumuseremusere - zviri ikweta. The kutsaudzira dhigirii pamusoro neequator kunoguma aifanira kuisa nokukurumidza pa 100 m / That mukuru. By parameter ichi pakati anopfuura 20 kanda site nyika zvikuru zvinobetsera nzvimbo inogarwa European Kuru iri pana Latitude 5º, Alcantara Brazilian (2,2º), uyewo Sea Launch, akayangarara kanda nzvimbo kugona kumhanya zvakananga chitundumuseremusere kubva neequator.

Focus Counts

Chimwe chinhu chiri chokuita nyika wacho kutenderera. Tanga kubva neequator chitundumuseremusere pakarepo kuwana zvikuru anoyevedza kumhanya nenzira kumabvazuva, iro kunobatanidzwa chete vachishandisa kutenderera Earth. Panyaya iyi, vose ndege nzira, sezvinoita mutemo, vari kumhanya nenzira easterly divi. Not rombo panyaya iyi, Israel. Anofanira kutungamirira chombo kusvikira kumavirira, kuita edza kukurira kutenderera nyika, kana kumabvazuva kunyika dziri tuvira mamiriro.

munda kuitika

Sezvambotaurwa, akapedza chitundumuseremusere matanho mumusungo Earth, saka pedyo spaceport igadzikwe akakodzera nharaunda iyi. Excellent kusarudza - mvura mugungwa. Vazhinji nzvimbo nzvimbo uye saka riri pamhenderekedzo. Muenzaniso wakanaka - ari Cape Canaveral kanda nzvimbo uye US ndokuisa pano.

Russian kanda nzvimbo

Spaceports nyika yedu vakasikwa panguva Hondo Yemashoko, uye saka aisagona riri North Caucasus uye kuFar East. Wokutanga pasi nokuda nezvekutanga zvitundumuseremusere vakava Cosmodrome, iri Kazakhstan. Pano pane yakaderera zvizivikanwe nemichina basa, mamiriro okunze akanaka dzakawanda pagore. Possible tsaona zvinhu zvombo muAsia ane imwe zvainoita nzvimbo yebasa. Baikonur pane kudikanwa kunyatsoongorora ashandure ndege nzira kuti chiutsi Danho vakanga kwete dzinogarwa munzvimbo uye zvombo regai kuwira airspace of China.

Free cosmodrome, riri kuFar East, ane anobudirira zvikuru placement wokuwa yeminda; anowira munyanza. Mumwe kanda nzvimbo, apo unogona kazhinji kuona kushanda chitundumuseremusere - Plesetsk. It anoiswa kuchamhembe zvose zvimwe zvakafanana nzvimbo munyika uye rakanakira nokutumira motokari kupinda polar muchadenga.

Statistics chombo chinonyengera

Kubva muzana remakore basa panguva kanda nzvimbo nyika rawa chaizvo. Kana tikaenzanisa maviri kunyika kutungamirira mune zvekutepfenyura ichi, United States, uye Russia, rokutanga gore unobereka chinonyengera yekudyidzana vashoma pane yechipiri. Munguva kubva 2004 kusvika 2010 yemubatanidzwa, pamwe America cosmodrome vatanga 102 zvitundumuseremusere vakabudirira zvapedza basa ravo. Uyezve, kwaiva akakundikana chinonyengera shanu. In nyika yedu zvapedza 166 kunotangira, apo sere yakaguma kukundikana.

tsaona "Purotoni-M" Pakati pfungwa huru vakundikana chinonyengera mano muRussia. Munguva kubva 2010 kusvika 2014 somugumisiro kukundikana dzakadaro dzave akarasika kwete chete boosters, asi vashoma satellites Russian, uyewo imwe rubatsiro wokumwe. Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nomumwe simba kupfuura kanda motokari asina kuonekwa: vaendeswa machinda munyaya panowanikwa nokukundikana izvi, vakatanga kuva chirongwa kuti ndiwedzere nzvimbo indasitiri munyika yedu.

Nhasi, sezvo makore 40-50 apfuura, vanhu vakanga vachiri kuda muchadenga kudziongorora. Danho kuitika pamusoro mukana akasiyana uzere dzakawanda pamwe, iro riri zvinobudirira rakatangwa muna ISS chirongwa. Zvisinei, zhinji zvinhu zvinoda akavandudzika, upgraded kana yakadzokororwa. Ndinoda kutenda kuti pakatanga itsva ruzivo rwokugadzira kutanga kupota nhamba uchava nomufaro.