The uchitsanya hypersonic ndege munyika. Russian hypersonic ndege

Munhuwo ndege ichibhururuka ari kumhanya anenge 900 km / h. Jet vemauto murwi anogona kusvika anenge katatu nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, mainjiniya ano kubva kuRussia uye dzimwe nyika vari kushingaira dzichiri zvakawanda mukuru-nokukurumidza michina - hypersonic ndege. Ndezvipi chaizvo kuti pfungwa?

Nzira dzekuziva nadzo hypersonic ndege

Chii chinonzi hypersonic ndege? Under avo inowanzobvunzwa kunzwisiswa se muchina inokwanisa kubhururuka dzimwe aimhanya nguva zhinji dzakakwirira kupfuura inzwi. Nzira kutsvakurudza zvimwe zviratidzo chaizvo izvozvo zvakasiyana. Vakagovera nzira iri iyo ndege dzinofanira kuonekwa sechinhu hypersonic, kana chiri vakawanda kupfuura uchitsanya nokumhanya mabasa ano supersonic mano. Ndeupi zvuru 3-4. Km / h. Kureva, munhu hypersonic ndege, kana ukatevera nzira iyi, inofanira kusvika nokukurumidza 6 zviuru. Km / h.

Unmanned uye kuvhiyiwa motokari

Anosvika vatsvakurudzi vanogona siyana uyewo mune zvatinoita Pakusarudza nzira kuti unyorwe ane midziyo kuti ndege. Pane shanduro kune avo zvine musoro chete michina avo zvinodzorwa nomurume. Pane pfungwa, maererano izvo ndege kunogonawo kunzi uye unmanned. Naizvozvo, vamwe vaongorori patsanura kuti michina iyi mhando kune avo vari pasi pesimba dzevanhu uye avo kuti ushande autonomously. Kupesana kwakadaro kunganzi nokuti drones vanogona zvikuru inozezesa zvekushandisa maitiro, somuenzaniso, maererano nokukurumidza uye accelerations.

Zvisinei, vaongorori vakawanda funga hypersonic ndege sezvo rimwe pfungwa, nokuti iyo inokosha chakarurama - nokukurumidza. Kungava chidhiraivho ari mumuchina munhu anogara kana muchina kudzorwa robhoti - chikuru chinhu kuti ndege akanga zvakakwana kutsanya.

Simuka - oga kana achibatsirwa nevamwe?

Kuparadzirwa kupatsanura hypersonic ndege, iyo yakavakirwa - kuti patsanura muboka revaya kuti vanokwanisa kubvisa pachavo, kana vaya zvinoda pekugara kuti motokari kupfuura simba - munhu chitundumuseremusere kana zibhokisi ndege. Pane pfungwa pamusoro izvo apparatuses iri mhando pemurairo vaiti kunyanya avo kuti vanokwanisa kubvisa pasi yayo kana shoma kubatanidzwa nezvimwe marudzi michina. Zvisinei, vaongorori avo vanotenda kuti huru yokuona kunozivisa munhu hypersonic ndege - akurumidze, zvinofanira kuva kukosha chero kupatsanura. Kana iri basa riri mudziyo kuti unmanned, dzinodzorwa, vaigona kubvisa pasi yayo kana nedzimwe motokari - kana runoenzanirana chinoratidza kunosvika tsika pamusoro, zvinoreva kuti tiri kutaura pamusoro hypersonic ndege.

Matambudziko chikuru hypersonic dambudziko

Dzidziso hypersonic negadziriso - kwemakumi akawanda emakore. Mumakore kukura yakakodzera mhando mano mainjiniya dzenyika kugadzirisa zvinetso dzinokosha, chinangwa mukuvhiringidza akaisa nyaya "hypersonic" riri rukova - akafanana sangano kugadzirwa turboprop ndege.

The huru kuoma pamasikiro hypersonic ndege - kugovera injini anokwanisa kuva zvakakwana magetsi. Chimwe chinetso - the inogara zvaida chafariz kuchengetedzwa mudziyo. Chokwadi kuti kumhanya hypersonic ndege iri tsika kuti dzatakurukura kumusoro, rinoratidza kudziyisa simba muviri nokuda kukweshera zvomumhepo.

Nhasi tiri kutarisa zvishoma mimwe vakabudirira prototypes ndege yacho yakakodzera mhando, iyo Developers vaigona yekudyidzana kusimuka Pakuurayiwa anobudirira mhinduro yacho ataurwa matambudziko. zvino isu kudzidza yakakurumbira zvikuru zviitiko yose pamusoro pakusika hypersonic ndege iyi mhando.

The uchitsanya ndege kubva Boeing

The uchitsanya hypersonic ndege munyika, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, ichi chinhu American Boeing X-43A. Somuenzaniso, munguva kuidzwa mudziyo zvikanzwikwa hwakanyorwa kuti asvika ari kumhanya zvinopfuura 11 zviuru. Km / h. Ndizvo anenge 9.6 nguva dzichimhanya kupfuura kumhanya inzwi.

Chii zvinokosha zvikuru hypersonic ndege X-43A? Zvakakurukurwa ndege sezvinotevera:

- kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza akanyorwa pamusoro miedzo, - 11 kusvika 230 km / h;

- mapapiro - 1.5 M;

- Hull kureba - 3.6 M;

- Engine - cocurrent, Supersonic Combustion Ramjet;

- mafuta - mumhepo yakachena, rehydrogen.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti nyaya muchina ndeimwe zvakatipoteredza ushamwari. Chokwadi chokuti mafuta akashandiswa kushanda kunosanganisira inotungamirwa chepfu combustion zvigadzirwa.

Hypersonic ndege X-43A yakazokudziridzwa anorenda kubudikidza NASA mainjiniya, uyewo mapoka Orbical Science Corporation uye Minocraft. The ndege akasikwa makore anenge 10. kukura kwayo kwave paakapiwa anenge 250 mln. Dollars. Conceptual utsva vaiona ndege kuti akasikirwa yokuedza noungwaru zvigadzirwa kuitira nokushanda injini huru.

Development kubva Orbital Science

The kambani Orbital Science, izvo, sezvataona kumusoro, muchirongwa pakusikwa mudziyo X-43A, uyewo vakakwanisa kusika yayo hypersonic ndege - X-34.

Its pamusoro nokukurumidza - vanopfuura zviuru 12 km / h .. Zvisinei, muna nemiedzo zvinoshanda haisati kubudirira - chokwadi nayo chizadzike nangananga, sezvinoratidzwa ndege X43-A. Viewed ndege nokukurumidza kuburikidza harnessing zvombo "Pegasus", uchishanda hwakasimba mafuta. Machine X-34 yakatanga kuedzwawo 2001. Viewed ndege yekudyidzana hombe chikwata kubva Boeing - aine kureba 17,78 metres, mapapiro - 8,85 mamita Maximum kukwira hypersonic michina kubva Orbical Science -. 75 makiromita.

The ndege kubva North America

Chimwe chinozivikanwa hypersonic ndege - X-15, wakabudiswa kambani North America. Ichi chikwata vaongorori vanoti kune experimental.

Zvinonzi vakapakata chitundumuseremusere michini, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nedzimwe nyanzvi regai anokukonzera Chokwadi, kuti kirasi ndege. Zvisinei, kuvapo chitundumuseremusere injini inoita muchina, zvikurukuru kuti suborbital ndege. Somuenzaniso, munguva imwe miedzo iri nzira iyi akaedzwa ne vezvikepe. midziyo Chinangwa X-15 - kudzidza chaizvo pakati hypersonic ndege kunyatsoongorora siyana zvakagadzirwa zvinogadzirisa, zvinhu zvitsva uye zvinhu zvakafanana muchina rokudzora siyana akaturikidzana zvomumhepo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pfungwa chirongwa akabvumirwa muna 1954. X-15 dzichibhururuka ari kumhanya dzinopfuura zviuru 7. Km / h. Kuwanda kwayo kutiza - vanopfuura 500 km, nokukwirira mukuru 100 km.

The uchitsanya kugadzirwa ndege

Taidzidza pamusoro motokari hypersonic kutova muchikwata kutsvakurudza. Zvichava kubatsira kufunga zvimwe kugadzirwa yemashoko ndege, pedyo hunhu hypersonic, kana muri (mu kunosiyana methodologies) navo.

Pakati michina iyi - the American kuvandudzika SR-71. The ndege, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanowanzoona kureva hypersonic, kubva kwayo pamusoro nokukurumidza inenge zviuru 3.7. Km / h. Pakati kwayo Cherechedza maitiro - kure vakawanda rinopfuura matani 77. Motokari kureba - anopfuura 23 metres, mapapiro - vanopfuura 13 m.

It anonzi mumwe Russian third-25, ari uchitsanya uto ndege. Mudziyo anogona kusvika aimhanya vanopfuura zviuru 3,3. Km / h. Kunonyanyisa kutora-kure uremu wokuRussia ndege - 41 tani.

Saka, nepamusika kugadzirwa zvisarudzo, pedyo hunhu hypersonic, Russian Federation - mumwe vatungamiri. Asi zvakadini zviitiko zviri Russian chikamu "chaiwo" ndege hypersonic? Ko mainjiniya kubva Russian Federation kusika munhu mhinduro, imwe yemakwikwi motokari kubva Boeing uye Orbital Scence?

Russian hypersonic motokari

Panguva iyoyo, Russian supersonic ndege iri pasi kukura. Asi iye ari chaizvo. Tiri kutaura ndege Ju-71. bvunzo yake yokutanga, maererano nemishumo munhau, dzakaitwa February 2015 muna Orenburg.

Zvinotarisirwa kuti ndege richashandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto. Saka, hypersonic mudziyo anogona, kana zvakakodzera, kuti anunure zvombo kurwisa pamusoro madaro marefu, kuongorora nzvimbo, asi anonziwo kubatanidzwa ive chinhu kurwiswa ndege. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti mumakore 2020-2025. SMF anosvika panguva anenge 20 nhengo mhando ndege.

In nhau pane mishumo kuti Russia vaiona ndege hypersonic vachange kuiswa ballistic zvombo "Sarmat", rinova riri magadzirirwo rwakazara. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti pakuva hypersonic muchina Ju-71 - hazvina kufanana warhead, zvinofanira kuparadzaniswa ballistic zvombo ari chokupedzisira. kutiza, uye ipapo, nokuda kudunhu cho ndege maneuverability kukurira chombo kudzivirira enyika.

"Ajax" chirongwa

Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa mabasa chokuita kuti pave hypersonic ndege - "Ajax". Tichadzidza zvizere. Hypersonic ndege "Ajax" - the Conceptual kukura mainjiniya Soviet. In vezvesayenzi pamusoro wake Kukurukurirana kwakatanga 80s. Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa zvatariswa - pamberi chafariz kuchengetedzwa gadziriro zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira dzimba kubva overheating. Saka, Developers kuti "Ajax" mudziyo ichapa mhinduro imwe matambudziko "hypersonic" pamusoro apa isu.

Traditional chafariz kuchengetedzwa redunhu ichibhururuka michina kunosanganisa placement pamusoro muviri chaiwo zvinhu. "Ajax" Developers kunoburitsa yakasiyana pfungwa, maererano izvo asina kufanira kudzivirira muchina kubva zvokunze kudziyisa, uye kubvuma kupisa mukati muchina, apo kuwedzera ayo simba kunobva. The chikuru mukwikwidzi pamusoro muchina Soviet kwainzi hypersonic ndege, "Aurora", akasika muUnited States. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti vagadziri Soviet Union yekudyidzana akawedzera yaibvira pfungwa, kuwedzera itsva akapiwa zvakawanda akadai sezvo tsvakurudzo. Tinogona kutaura kuti "Ajax" - hypersonic multipurpose ndege.

Ngatikurukurei muudzame ari kwesayenzi zvakagadzirwa zvaipiwa mainjiniya kubva USSR.

Saka, vagadziri Soviet "Ajax" zvinganaka kushandisa kupisa kwakaita somugumisiro pamusoro airframe pakati kukweshera zvomumhepo, unoponesa kupinda anobatsira simba. Zvazviri, izvi zvinogona kuitwa nokuisa mudziyo panorumwe anoshongwa. Somugumisiro, Yakaumbwa chinhu chakafanana muviri wechipiri. mhango Its zvinofanirwa kuzadza vamwe anowedzera, semuenzaniso, musanganiswa combustible zvokunyama uye mvura. Kupisa insulating rukoko wakaitwa zvinhu zvakaoma, "Ajax" Yaizotsiviwa pamusoro mvura, iyo iri rutivi, vanofanira kudzivirira injini, pane dzimwe - aizobatsirawo CATALYTIC maitiro, izvo, zvisinei, anogona pamwe ane endothermic chaizvoizvo - kufamba kupisa achibva kuruvanze zvikamu mukati nyaya. Tichingotarisa, kutonhora chokunze chikamu mudziyo aigona kuva chinhu. Zvakawandisa kupisa, akavapindurawo, Vanzveri kushandisa kunatsiridza kunyatsoshanda ane ndege injini. Uyezve, ruzivo urwu vaizorega huni kuti vaunze nokuda zvakaitwa uye mhando vakasununguka rehydrogen.

vanotsvakurudza pari kuwanikwa kuruzhinji mashoko pamusoro kuenderera kukura "Ajax" iripo, asi tenda kutanga aizobudirira chaizvo pfungwa Soviet kupinda tsika.

Chinese hypersonic motokari

Mukwikwidzi of US uye Russia iri pawaitengesa hypersonic mhinduro inova China. Pakati yakakurumbira mazano mainjiniya kubva China - ndege Wu-14. Zviri inodzorwa hypersonic giraidha kuti anoiswa pamusoro ballistic chombo chinoita zvokukandwa.

IDB paanounza ndege muchadenga, apo motokari zvinoshamisa swoops pasi, kuva hypersonic nokukurumidza. Chinese chikwata anogona kuiswa pa yakasiyana IDB une zvakawanda 2 kusvika 12 zviuru. Km. It Vakawana kuti panguva miedzo muchina Wu-14 akakwanisa kusvika aimhanya zvinopfuura 12 zviuru. Km / h, achiva saka ari uchitsanya hypersonic ndege maererano vamwe vaongorori.

Zvisinei, vaongorori vakawanda vanodavira kuti China kukura chaizvo hazvina mhosva kureva kirasi ndege. Saka, vanhuwo shanduro, hwaakange midziyo chinofanira semhosva yakakura warhead. Uye inoshanda chaizvo. Panguva ndege pasi pamwe anyatsoona nokukurumidza kunyange ano zvinoita zvokukandwa kuzvidzivirira hurongwa haagoni nechokwadi kuvhura chinangwa zvakakodzera.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti kukura hypersonic motokari ine zvinangwa zvechiuto, dzinoitawo Russia uye United States. Zvichakadai, Russian pfungwa, nokuti icho chinangwa kusika zvakakodzera mhando muchina, yakasiyana, sezvinoratidzwa Data mune dzimwe nhau, kubva kwezvinhu zvinotaurwa chinozoiswa vokuAmerica uye Chinese. Saka, zviri Developers yeRussian Federation nekutsvaga nesimba mumunda ndege vakapakata ramjet injini kuti anogona kumhanya pasi. Russia anoronga kushandira pamwe mirayiridzo iyi pamwe India. Hypersonic motokari kusikirwa Russian pfungwa, sezvo vamwe vaongorori vane mari yakaderera uye vakwanise kushanda.

Panguva iyoyowo Russia hypersonic ndege, zvatakakutadzirai vakati pamusoro (U-71), achipfeka, maererano vamwe vaongorori, sezvo nguva anoiswa pamusoro yakatya pakagadzirwa zvombo zveICBMs. Kana mashoko aya ndeechokwadi, ipapo tinogona kutaura chii mainjiniya kubva Russian Federation vari kushanda kubva mbiri dzakakurumbira dzakasiyana mune Conceptual pakuvaka hypersonic ndege.

pfupiso

Saka, zvichida uchitsanya hypersonic ndege munyika, maererano ndege, zvisinei kupatsanura kwavo, kuchiri Chinese muchina Wu-14. Kunyange zvazvo anofanira kunzwisiswa kuti mashoko chechokwadi pamusoro payo, kusanganisira vaya chokuita miedzo, inogona Classified. Izvi zvinoenderana nenhungamiro Chinese Developers, vari kazhinji chero aiedza kuchengetedza rechiuto Michina zvavo pakavanda. Kumhanya of uchitsanya hypersonic ndege - vanopfuura zviuru 12 km / h .. It "anobata kumusoro" ne kukura American X-43A - Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga ndiyo uchitsanya. Tichingotarisa hypersonic Ndege X-43A, uye Chinese Wu-14 anogona kubata pamusoro pokumuka Orbical Science, dzaona pamusoro mwero vanopfuura zviuru 12. Km / h.

Zvinoitwa wokuRussia ndege U-71 haasati zvakazarurirwa veruzhinji. Zvinogoneka kuti vachanzwikwa vakauya pedyo parameters ari Chinese ndege. mainjiniya Russian vanotungamirirawo kukura hypersonic ndege inokwanisa kutora kure yakatya pakagadzirwa zvombo zveICBMs asina kwakavakirwa, uye voga.

Current zvaMambo vatsvakurudzi Russia, China, uye United States nenzira imwe kana mumwe chokuita muchiuto. ndege Hypersonic, pasinei dzavo zvinoita kupatsanura, vanoonekwa zvikurukuru somunhu zvombo inotakura, ungangotarisa enyukireya. Zvisinei, basa vatsvakurudzi pasi pose padzinosangana zvichemo kuti "hypersound" kufanana renyukireya ano, kungava murunyararo.

Zviri veMubatanidzwa kutengeka uye yakavimbika zvinogadzirisa kuronga mukanyiwa kugadzirwa motokari yacho yakakodzera mhando. Kushandiswa kwakadaro mano zvichigoneka widest siyana sectors ose zvoupfumi. Mukuru kudiwa hypersonic ndege vanogona kuwana ari nzvimbo bhizimisi uye tsvakurudzo.

Sezvo mari nhengo kugadzirwa muchina Michina kufarira bhizimisi mabasa akadaro anogona kutanga kushandisa zvifambiso bhizimisi. Industrial makambani, rinobatsirwa mabasa akasiyana-siyana anogona kutanga kufunga "hypersound" sechinhu kuvandudza makwikwi bhizimisi tichitarisa sangano dzakawanda kukurukurirana.